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* [[GDF3]] is also known as [[Vg-related gene 2]] (Vgr-2). Expression of GDF3 occurs in [[ossification|ossifying]] [[bone]] during [[embryonic development]] and in the [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]] [[brain]] and [[adipose tissue]] of adults. It has a dual nature of function; it both inhibits and induces early stages of development in embryos.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-beta signaling |journal=Cell Cycle |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1069-73 |year=2006 |pmid=16721050}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=209-16 |year=2006 |pmid=16339188}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chen C, Ware S, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins D, Habas R, Matzuk M, Shen M, Brown C |title=The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=319-29 |year=2006 |pmid=16368929}}</ref>
* [[GDF3]] is also known as [[Vg-related gene 2]] (Vgr-2). Expression of GDF3 occurs in [[ossification|ossifying]] [[bone]] during [[embryonic development]] and in the [[thymus]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]] [[brain]] and [[adipose tissue]] of adults. It has a dual nature of function; it both inhibits and induces early stages of development in embryos.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-beta signaling |journal=Cell Cycle |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1069-73 |year=2006 |pmid=16721050}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine A, Brivanlou A |title=GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=209-16 |year=2006 |pmid=16339188}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chen C, Ware S, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins D, Habas R, Matzuk M, Shen M, Brown C |title=The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo |journal=Development |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=319-29 |year=2006 |pmid=16368929}}</ref>
*[[GDF5]] is expressed in the developing [[central nervous system]], with roles in the development of joints and the skeleton, and increasing the survival of [[neurone]]s that respond to a [[neurotransmitter]] called [[dopamine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Keeffe G, Dockery P, Sullivan A |title=Effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro |journal=J Neurocytol |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=479-88 |year=2004 |pmid=15906156}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Buxton P, Edwards C, Archer C, Francis-West P |title=Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and skeletal development |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am |volume=83-A Suppl 1 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=S23-30 |year=2001 |pmid=11263662}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Francis-West P, Parish J, Lee K, Archer C |title=BMP/GDF-signalling interactions during synovial joint development |journal=Cell Tissue Res |volume=296 |issue=1 |pages=111-9 |year=1999 |pmid=10199971}}</ref>
*[[GDF5]] is expressed in the developing [[central nervous system]], with roles in the development of joints and the skeleton, and increasing the survival of [[neurone]]s that respond to a [[neurotransmitter]] called [[dopamine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Keeffe G, Dockery P, Sullivan A |title=Effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro |journal=J Neurocytol |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=479-88 |year=2004 |pmid=15906156}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Buxton P, Edwards C, Archer C, Francis-West P |title=Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and skeletal development |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am |volume=83-A Suppl 1 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=S23-30 |year=2001 |pmid=11263662}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Francis-West P, Parish J, Lee K, Archer C |title=BMP/GDF-signalling interactions during synovial joint development |journal=Cell Tissue Res |volume=296 |issue=1 |pages=111-9 |year=1999 |pmid=10199971}}</ref>
*[[GDF6]] interacts with [[bone morphogenetic protein]]s to regulate [[ectoderm]] patterning, and controls eye development.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chang C, Hemmati-Brivanlou A |title=Xenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs |journal=Development |volume=126 |issue=15 |pages=3347-57 |year=1999 |pmid=10393114}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Asai-Coakwell M, French C, Berry K, Ye M, Koss R, Somerville M, Mueller R, van Heyningen V, Waskiewicz A, Lehmann O |title=GDF6, a novel locus for a spectrum of ocular developmental anomalies |journal=Am J Hum Genet |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=306-15 |year=2007 |pmid=17236135}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hanel M, Hensey C |title=Eye and neural defects associated with loss of GDF6 |journal=BMC Dev Biol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=43 |year= |pmid=17010201}}</ref>
* GDF8 is now officially known as [[myostatin]] and controls the growth of [[muscle]] tissue.<ref>McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. ''Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member.'' [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] 1997;387:83-90. PMID 9139826.</ref>
* GDF8 is now officially known as [[myostatin]] and controls the growth of [[muscle]] tissue.<ref>McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. ''Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member.'' [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] 1997;387:83-90. PMID 9139826.</ref>
* [[GDF9]], like GDF3, lacks one cysteine relative to other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Its gene expression is limited to the [[ovary|ovaries]] and it has a role in [[ovulation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Juengel J, Bodensteiner K, Heath D, Hudson N, Moeller C, Smith P, Galloway S, Davis G, Sawyer H, McNatty K |title=Physiology of GDF9 and BMP15 signalling molecules |journal=Anim Reprod Sci |volume=82-83 |issue= |pages=447-60 |year= |pmid=15271472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hreinsson J, Scott J, Rasmussen C, Swahn M, Hsueh A, Hovatta O |title=Growth differentiation factor-9 promotes the growth, development, and survival of human ovarian follicles in organ culture |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=316-21 |year=2002 |pmid=11788667}}</ref>
* [[GDF9]], like GDF3, lacks one cysteine relative to other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Its gene expression is limited to the [[ovary|ovaries]] and it has a role in [[ovulation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Juengel J, Bodensteiner K, Heath D, Hudson N, Moeller C, Smith P, Galloway S, Davis G, Sawyer H, McNatty K |title=Physiology of GDF9 and BMP15 signalling molecules |journal=Anim Reprod Sci |volume=82-83 |issue= |pages=447-60 |year= |pmid=15271472}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hreinsson J, Scott J, Rasmussen C, Swahn M, Hsueh A, Hovatta O |title=Growth differentiation factor-9 promotes the growth, development, and survival of human ovarian follicles in organ culture |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=316-21 |year=2002 |pmid=11788667}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:00, 24 March 2007

Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development.[1] Several members of this subfamily have been described, and named GDF1 through GDF15.

References

  1. ^ Herpin A, Lelong C, Favrel P (2004). "Transforming growth factor-beta-related proteins: an ancestral and widespread superfamily of cytokines in metazoans". Dev Comp Immunol. 28 (5): 461–85. PMID 15062644.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Rankin C, Bunton T, Lawler A, Lee S (2000). "Regulation of left-right patterning in mice by growth/differentiation factor-1". Nat Genet. 24 (3): 262–5. PMID 10700179.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Lopez-Coviella I, Follettie M, Mellott T, Kovacheva V, Slack B, Diesl V, Berse B, Thies R, Blusztajn J (2005). "Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (19): 6984–9. PMID 15870197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Truksa J, Peng H, Lee P, Beutler E (2006). "Bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 9 stimulate murine hepcidin 1 expression independently of Hfe, transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2), and IL-6". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (27): 10289–93. PMID 16801541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Levine A, Brivanlou A (2006). "GDF3 at the crossroads of TGF-beta signaling". Cell Cycle. 5 (10): 1069–73. PMID 16721050.
  6. ^ Levine A, Brivanlou A (2006). "GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos". Development. 133 (2): 209–16. PMID 16339188.
  7. ^ Chen C, Ware S, Sato A, Houston-Hawkins D, Habas R, Matzuk M, Shen M, Brown C (2006). "The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling pathway in the pre-gastrulation mouse embryo". Development. 133 (2): 319–29. PMID 16368929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ O'Keeffe G, Dockery P, Sullivan A (2004). "Effects of growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro". J Neurocytol. 33 (5): 479–88. PMID 15906156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Buxton P, Edwards C, Archer C, Francis-West P (2001). "Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and skeletal development". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83-A Suppl 1 (Pt 1): S23-30. PMID 11263662.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Francis-West P, Parish J, Lee K, Archer C (1999). "BMP/GDF-signalling interactions during synovial joint development". Cell Tissue Res. 296 (1): 111–9. PMID 10199971.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Chang C, Hemmati-Brivanlou A (1999). "Xenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs". Development. 126 (15): 3347–57. PMID 10393114.
  12. ^ Asai-Coakwell M, French C, Berry K, Ye M, Koss R, Somerville M, Mueller R, van Heyningen V, Waskiewicz A, Lehmann O (2007). "GDF6, a novel locus for a spectrum of ocular developmental anomalies". Am J Hum Genet. 80 (2): 306–15. PMID 17236135.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Hanel M, Hensey C. "Eye and neural defects associated with loss of GDF6". BMC Dev Biol. 6: 43. PMID 17010201.
  14. ^ McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 1997;387:83-90. PMID 9139826.
  15. ^ Juengel J, Bodensteiner K, Heath D, Hudson N, Moeller C, Smith P, Galloway S, Davis G, Sawyer H, McNatty K. "Physiology of GDF9 and BMP15 signalling molecules". Anim Reprod Sci. 82–83: 447–60. PMID 15271472.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Hreinsson J, Scott J, Rasmussen C, Swahn M, Hsueh A, Hovatta O (2002). "Growth differentiation factor-9 promotes the growth, development, and survival of human ovarian follicles in organ culture". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87 (1): 316–21. PMID 11788667.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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