1268–1271 papal election: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:San Lorenzo Viterbo.jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Viterbo Cathedral|Duomo di Viterbo]], where the election began]] |
[[Image:San Lorenzo Viterbo.jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Viterbo Cathedral|Duomo di Viterbo]], where the election began]] |
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The cardinals began the election by meeting and voting once a day in the [[Viterbo Cathedral]] before returning to their respective residences; tradition dictated that the election should take place in the Cathedral of the city where the previous pope died, if the late pontiff had died outside Rome.<ref name="bower"/> After two months, the cardinals nearly elected [[Philip Benizi de Damiani|Philip Benizi]], general of the [[Servite Order]], who had come to Viterbo to admonish the cardinals, but fled to prevent his election.<ref name="baumgartner"/> Charles of Anjou was in Viterbo for the entirity of the election;<ref>''The Quarterly Review''. 1896. p. 511-512.</ref> Philip III of France visited the city in March [[1271]].<ref name="baumgartner"/> |
The cardinals began the election by meeting and voting once a day in the [[Viterbo Cathedral]] before returning to their respective residences; tradition dictated that the election should take place in the Cathedral of the city where the previous pope died, if the late pontiff had died outside Rome.<ref name="bower"/> After two months, the cardinals nearly elected [[Philip Benizi de Damiani|Philip Benizi]], general of the [[Servite Order]], who had come to Viterbo to admonish the cardinals, but fled to prevent his election.<ref name="baumgartner"/> Charles of Anjou was in Viterbo for the entirity of the election;<ref>''The Quarterly Review''. 1896. p. 511-512.</ref> Philip III of France visited the city in March [[1271]].<ref name="baumgartner"/> |
Revision as of 14:23, 6 July 2007
The papal election from November 1268 to September 1, 1271, following the death of Pope Clement IV, was the longest papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.[1][2] The election of Tebaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X, the first example of a papal election by "Compromise,"[3] was effected by a Committee of six cardinals agreed to by the other remaining ten, occurred more than a year after the magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in, reduced their rations to bread and water, and legendarily removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo.[1][4][5]
As a result of the length of the election, during which three of the twenty cardinal-electors died and one resigned, Gregory X promulgated the apostolic constitution, Ubi periculum, on July 7 (or 16), 1274, during the Second Council of Lyon, establishing the papal conclave, whose rules were based on the tactics employed against the cardinals in Viterbo. The election itself is sometimes viewed as the first conclave.[4]
Cardinal electors
The dynamic of the conclave was divided between the French Angevin cardinals, mostly created by Pope Urban IV, who were amenable to an invasion of Italy by Charles of Anjou, and the non-French mostly Italian cardinals whose numbers were just sufficient to prevent a French pope from being elected.[6] Clement IV's crown of Charles of Anjou as King of Naples and Sicily, previously a papal fief,[7] had cemented the influence of the French monarhcy in the Italian peninsula and created an intense division within the College of Cardinals between those who opposed and supported French influence, and by extension: ultramontanism.[8] Conradin, the last ruler of the House of Hohenstaufen had been beheaded in Naples just a month before the death of Clement IV.[9]
Some sources say there were only nineteen cardinal electors;[7] others eighteen or seventeen.[9] In any event, after August 11, 1270, there were only sixteen remaining cardinal electors.[6]
Elector | Nationality | Order | Title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enrico Bartolomei de Susa (or Segusio) | French | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Ostia and Velletri | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Dean of the College of Cardinals Resigned and departed on June 8, 1270 |
Odon de Châteauroux (or Eudes) | French | Cardinal-bishop | O.Cist., bishop of Frascati | 1244, May 28 | Innocent IV | |
John of Toledo | English | Cardinal-bishop | O.Cist., bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 1244, | Innocent IV | |
Stefan "Stephen" Vancza† (or Vancsa, or Vancha) | Hungarian | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Palestrina | 1251, December | Innocent IV | Died on July 9, 1270, first Hungarian cardinal[10] |
Raoul Grosparmi† (Rodolphe de Chevriêres) | French | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Albano | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | Died on August 11, 1270 |
Simone Paltineri (or Paltinieri) | Paduan | Cardinal-priest | Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | Committee member |
Simon Monpitie de Brie (or de Brion) | French | Cardinal-priest | S. Cecilia | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | Future Pope Martin IV |
Ancher Pantaleon (or Antero) | French | Cardinal-priest | S. Prassede | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Cardinal-nephew |
Guillaume de Bray | French | Cardinal-priest | S. Marco | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | |
Guy de Bourgogne (or Guido) | French | Cardinal-priest | O.Cist., S. Lorenzo in Lucina | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Committee member |
Annibale Annibaldeschi de Molaria | Roman | Cardinal-priest | O.P., Ss. XII Apostoli | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Treated with Philip III of France and Charles I of Naples[11] |
Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | O.S.B., deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 1239 | Gregory IX | Committee member Nephew of Pope Alexander IV |
Ottaviano Ubaldini | Florentine | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 1244, May 28 | Innocent IV | Committee member |
Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere | 1244, May 28 | Innocent IV | Committee member Future Pope Nicholas III |
Ottobono Fieschi dei Conti di Lavagna | Genoese | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Adriano | 1251, December | Innocent IV | Future Pope Adrian V, Cardinal-nephew |
Uberto Coconati dei Conti d'Elci | Sienese | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Eustachio | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | |
Giacomo Savelli | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | Committee member Future Pope Honorius IV |
Goffredo (Geoffroy) da Alatri | Neapolitan | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 1261, December 17 (or 24) | Urban IV | |
Giordano dei Conti Pirunto da Terracina† | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Died in October 1269, Vice-chancellor |
Matteo Orsini Rosso | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Nephew of Pope Nicholas III |
† denotes a cardinal elector who died during the election.
Absentee cardinal
Elector | Nationality | Order | Title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bernard Ayglier | French | Unknown | O.S.B., unknown title | Clement IV | Unknown | Clement IV's only cardinal creation Some scholars doubt whether he was created cardinal |
Procedure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/San_Lorenzo_Viterbo.jpg/260px-San_Lorenzo_Viterbo.jpg)
The cardinals began the election by meeting and voting once a day in the Viterbo Cathedral before returning to their respective residences; tradition dictated that the election should take place in the Cathedral of the city where the previous pope died, if the late pontiff had died outside Rome.[5] After two months, the cardinals nearly elected Philip Benizi, general of the Servite Order, who had come to Viterbo to admonish the cardinals, but fled to prevent his election.[7] Charles of Anjou was in Viterbo for the entirity of the election;[12] Philip III of France visited the city in March 1271.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/PhilipBenizi.jpg)
In late 1269, after several months of deadlock during which the cardinals had met only intermittently,[13] Ranieri Gatti,[14] the Prefect of Viterbo, and Albertus de Montebono, the Podesta, ordered (some sources say, at the urging of Saint Bonaventure[15]) the cardinals sequestered in the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo until a new pope was elected.[5] On June 8, 1270, the cardinals addressed a Diploma to the two magistrates asking that Enrico Bartolomei de Susa, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, be dismissed from the "Palatio discooperto" ("the uncovered Palace") owing to his ill health and his having already renounced his right to vote.[5] Some sources say that a makeshift roof was reassembled after the cardinals threatened to put the entire city of Viterbo under interdict.[7]
Country | Number of Electors |
---|---|
France† | 7 |
Rome† | 6 |
England, Florence, Genoa, Hungary†, Naples, Padua, Siena | 1 |
† one cardinal died before final scrutiny |
According to the account of Onofrid Panvinius, Cardinal John of Toledo suggested that the roof be removed ("Let us uncover the Room, else the Holy Ghost will never get at us"—the first recorded reference to the notion that the Holy Spirit should guide cardinal electors[7]), which the two magistrates readily obliged.[5] Other sources say it was Charles of Anjou who orchestrated the reduction of the diet of the cardinals to bread and water and removal the roof of the Papal Palace.[16]
The Committee
Under pressure from Philip III of France and other rulers, on September 1, 1271, the cardinals agreed to cede their authority to a committee of six, drawn equally from the French and Italian cardians, which chose Tebaldo Visconti, a non-cardinal, who was currently in Acre with the retinue of Edward, Prince of Wales (the eldest-son of Henry III of England) as papal legate to the Ninth Crusade.[6] Having been informed of his election, Visconti departed on November 19, 1271 and reached Viterbo on February 12, 1272, where he took the name Gregory X, entered Rome on March 13, 1272 and was crowned on March 27, 1272.[6] During the final leg of his journey, from Brindisi on January 11, 1272, Visconti was accompanied by Charles of Anjou.[5]
Legacy
The techniques employed against the dillatory cardinals in Viterbo formed the basis for the canonical laws of papal conclaves as laid out in the apostolic constitution, Ubi periculum, of Pope Gregory X, promulgated during the Second Council of Lyon on July 7 (or 16), 1274.[16] Popular accounts of the conclave, as early as those of French historian Georges Goyau, neglect to mention the political intrigue of Charles of Anjou or his nephew, Philip III of France, as the masterminds of the hardships employed by the "citizens of Viterbo."[16]
Designed both to accelerate future elections and reduce outside interference, the rules of Ubi periculum provide for the cardinal electors to be secluded for the entirity of the conclave, including having their meals passed through a small opening, and for their rations to be reduced to a single meal at the end of three days, or bread and water (with a little wine) after eight days.[16] Cardinals also do not collect from the Apostolic Camera any payments they might otherwise recieve during the conclave.[13]
The stringent rules of Ubi periculum were used in the conclaves that elected Pope Innocent V (January 1276) and Pope Adrian V (July 1276), lasting one and nine days respecitvely.[6] However, at the urgings of the College, the newly-elected Adrian V suspected the constitution on July 12, 1276—indicating that he wished to revise it—and died on August 18, without having promulgated a revised version.[6]
Therefore, the election of Pope John XXI (August-September 1276) did not follow Ubi periculum, and—once elected—John XXI promulgated a bull, Licet felicis recordationis, formally revoking Ubi periculum.[6] The next five papal elections—1277 (Pope Nicholas III), 1280—1281 (Pope Martin IV), 1285 (Pope Honorius IV), 1287—1288 (Pope Nicholas IV), and 1292—1294 (Pope Celestine V)—occured sans conclave, often at great length. Celestine V, whose election took two years and three months, reinstated the conclave with a series of three decrees, and his successor, Pope Boniface VIII restored the conclave into the Code of Canon Law.[6]
References
- ^ a b Wright, David. 2005, April 18. "Inside Longest Papal Conclave in History." ABC News.
- ^ McWhirter, Norris. 1983. Guinness Book of World Records. Bantam Books. p. 464.
- ^ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They are. Chapman and Hall. p. 54.
- ^ a b Levillain, Philippe, The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0415922283. p. 392.
- ^ a b c d e f Bower, Archibald. 1766. The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to the Present Time. p. 283-284.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Papal elections and conclaves of the XIII Century (1216-1294)."
- ^ a b c d e f Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312294638. p. 41.
- ^ Trollope, 1876, p. 59.
- ^ a b Trollope, 1876, p. 60.
- ^ Levillain, 2002, p. 451.
- ^
"Annibale d'Annibaldi" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ The Quarterly Review. 1896. p. 511-512.
- ^ a b Bellitto, Christopher M. 2002. The General Councils: A History of the Twenty-one Church Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II. Paulist Press. ISBN 0809140195. p. 61.
- ^ Trollope, 1876, p. 61.
- ^ Bidwell, Walter Hilliard, and Agnew, John Holmes. Eds. 1876. Eclectic Magazine. p. 476.
- ^ a b c d Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton, and Bourne, Francis. 1907. The Secrets of the Vatican. Hurst and Blackett Limited. p. 48-50.