Wikipedia:Sandbox/History: Difference between revisions
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=Ford F-Series= |
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[[Image:1955_Ford_F-100_front.jpg|right|thumb|250px|1955 Ford F-100]] |
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The '''F-Series''' is a series of [[pickup truck#North American full-size pickups|full-size pickup trucks]] from [[Ford Motor Company]] sold for over 5 decades. The most popular variant of the F-Series is the '''F-150'''. It has been [[list of automotive superlatives|the best-selling vehicle in the world]] for 23 years and the best-selling truck in the United States (and possibly the world) for 28 years. Analysts estimate that the F-Series alone makes up half of the Ford Motor Company's profits in recent years. |
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==Current Models (main topic [[Ford F-Series#2004|here]])== |
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The '''F-150''' is the light-duty model of the F-Series line. The truck have been redesigned for 2004. Key features are the fully-boxed [[Ford P platform#P2|P2 platform]] frame, an optional three-valve [[Ford Triton engine|5.4-liter Triton V8]] engine, and quieter interior. |
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The '''Super Duty''' trucks are the heavy-duty truck models for the F-Series line. The truck have been recently redesigned for 2005. Key features are optional [[Ford Power Stroke engine#6.0|6-liter Power Stroke]] V8 turbodiesel engine, [[King Ranch]] option for the Lariat, best-in-class towing capacity, best-in-class payload capacity, a fully-boxed frame on the front, and others. |
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==F-Series History== |
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===1948=== |
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The first F-series truck from Ford was introduced in [[1948]], replacing the company's previous car-based pickup line. It was a modern-looking truck with a one-piece windshield and integrated headlights. The F-series was available as three models: |
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* '''F-1''' - half-[[ton]] |
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* '''F-2''' - three-quarter-[[ton]] |
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* '''F-3''' - Heavy Duty |
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Engines: |
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* 1948-1950 - 226 in³ [[straight-six]], 95 hp |
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* 1948-1952 - 239 in³ ''[[Ford Flathead engine#239|Flathead]]'' [[V8]], 100 hp |
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* 1951-1952 - 215 in³ [[straight-six]], 101 hp |
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===1953=== |
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[[Image:1955_Ford_F-100_rear.jpg|right|thumb|250px|1955 Ford F-100 (rear)]] |
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The F-series was redesigned for [[1953]] with a more integrated look. The pickups also acquired their familiar names: '''F-100''', '''F-250''', and the heavy-duty '''F-350'''. Interior amenities were new, including a dome light, lighter, arm rests, and sun visors. |
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Engines: |
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* 1953 - 239 in³ ''[[Ford Flathead engine#239|Flathead]]'' [[V8]], 100 hp |
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* 1953 - 215 in³ [[straight-six]], 101 hp |
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* 1954-1955 - 223 in³ "Mileage Maker" [[straight-6]], 115 hp |
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* 1954-1955 - 239 in³ ''[[Ford Y-block engine#239|Y-block]]'' "Power King" [[V8]], 130 hp |
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* 1956 - 223 in³ "Mileage Maker" [[straight-6]], 137 hp |
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* 1956 - 272 in³ ''[[Ford Y-block engine#272|Y-block]]'' [[V8]], 173 hp |
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===1957=== |
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The truck was restyled again in [[1957]] with the hood now merging with the fenders. In the back, the traditional separate-fender body was now called ''flareside'', while a new smooth-sided look was ''styleside''. [[Four wheel drive]], now a common feature, was a new addition to the truck in [[1959]]. |
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Engines: |
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* 1958-1960 - 223 in³ [[straight-6]], 137 hp |
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* 1958 - 272 in³ ''[[Ford Y-block engine#272|Y-block]]'' [[V8]], 173 hp |
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* 1959-1960 - 292 in³ ''[[Ford Y-block engine#292|Y-block]]'' [[V8]], 186 hp |
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===1961=== |
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The truck was completely redesigned for [[1961]] with a wider look, and ''styleside'' trucks got an integrated cab and box. Power was over 200 hp with the [[1965]] refresh of the powertrain. |
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Engines: |
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* 1961-1964 - 223 in³ [[straight-6]], 137 hp |
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* 1961-1964 - 292 in³ ''[[Ford Y-block engine#292|Y-block]]'' [[V8]], 186 hp |
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* 1965-1966 - 240 in³ [[straight-6]], 150 hp |
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* 1965-1966 - 300 in³ [[straight-6]], 170 hp |
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* 1965-1966 - 352 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#352|FE]]'' [[V8]], 208 hp |
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===1967=== |
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Another refresh came in [[1967]] along with a now-familiar name: the upscale '''Ranger''' trim line. The front [[leaf spring]]s were replaced by [[coil spring]]s in F-100s in [[1968]] along with a powertrain refresh. A 4-door [[pickup truck#Crew cab|crew cab]] version was introduced in [[1969]], still a popular option. The top trim for [[1970]] was named '''Ranger XLT'''. |
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Engines: |
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* 1967-1972 - 240 in³ [[straight-6]] |
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* 1967-1972 - 300 in³ [[straight-6]] |
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* 1967 - 352 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#352|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1968-1972 - 360 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#360|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1968-1972 - 390 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#390|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1970-1972 - 302 in³ ''[[Ford Windsor engine#302|Windsor]]'' [[V8]], 220 hp |
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===1973=== |
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The truck was redesigned in [[1973]] with an [[automatic transmission]] option. Other changes included the introduction of the '''Twin I-Beam''' suspension, a name that is still used, and the [[1974]] introduction of the extended [[pickup truck#Extended cab|super cab]] version. A luxury '''Lariat''' trim was introduced for [[1978]]. That same year, the F-series became the best-selling vehicle in America, a position it has continued to hold since. |
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Engines: |
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* 1973-1977 - 240 in³ [[straight-6]] |
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* 1973-1977 - 300 in³ [[straight-6]] |
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* 1973-1977 - 352 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#352|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1973-1976 - 360 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#360|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1973-1977 - 390 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#390|FE]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1973-1977 - 302 in³ ''[[Ford Windsor engine#302|Windsor]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1973-1979 - 460 in³ ''[[Ford FE engine#460|385]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1977-1979 - 351 in³ ''[[Ford 335 engine#351 Modified|Cleveland]]'' [[V8]], 163 hp |
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* 1977-1979 - 400 in³ ''[[Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland]]'' [[V8]], 169 hp |
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* 1978-1979 - 300 in³ [[straight-6]], 114 hp |
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===1980=== |
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The next major redesign came in [[1980]]. The new truck had a squarer look, with sharp lines and flat panels. The Ranger trim line was dropped in [[1982]], since that name was to be applied to the new [[Ford Ranger]] [[compact pickup]]. Trim options were now XL, XLT, and XLT Lariat. The big-block V8 was dropped for 1980, but added again in [[1983]] along with a [[Diesel]] option. The base model was renamed to the now-familiar '''F-150''' for [[1984]]. |
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Engines: |
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* 1980-1986 - 300 in³ [[straight-6]] |
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* 1980-1982 - 351 in³ ''[[Ford 335 engine#351 Modified|Cleveland]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1980-1982 - 400 in³ ''[[Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland]]'' [[V8]] |
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* 1983-1986 - 7.5 L ''[[Ford 385 engine|385]]'' [[V8]], 245 hp |
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* 1983-1986 - 6.9 L [[Diesel]] [[V8]], 170 hp |
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===1987=== |
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The [[1987]] refresh was evolutionary. The design was more streamlined, and maintenance items were made simpler. Rear [[antilock brakes]] were now standard, the first truck to boast this. The [[manual transmission]] was revised with five speeds in [[1988]], and the ''flareside'' box was dropped. |
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Four wheel drive improvements included the addition of automatic locking hubs for the F-150 in [[1989]], and for the rest in [[1991]]. The 5.0 L truck also had an optional "Touch Drive" electronic transfer case. |
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Engines: |
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* 1987-1991 - 4.9 L [[straight-6]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 150 hp |
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* 1987 - ''[[Ford Windsor engine#5.0|Windsor]]'' 5.0 L [[V8]] |
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* 1987 - ''[[Ford Windsor engine#351W|Windsor]]'' 5.8 L [[V8]] |
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* 1987-1991 - ''[[Ford 385 engine|385]]'' 7.5 L [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 230 hp |
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* 1987-1991 - 7.3 L ''[[Ford Power Stroke engine#7.3|Power Stroke]]'' [[Diesel]] [[V8]], 180 hp |
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* 1988-1991 - ''[[Ford Windsor engine#5.0|Windsor]]'' 5.0 L [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 185 hp |
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* 1988-1991 - ''[[Ford Windsor engine#351W|Windsor]]'' 5.8 L [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 210 hp |
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===1992=== |
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The [[1992]] truck was much more rounded and aerodynamic-looking, and the ''flareside'' returned until [[1996]]. The [[#Lightning|Lightning]] appeared in [[1993]]. A CD player option was new for [[1994]], as was a driver's-side [[airbag]] and "[[CHMSL]]" third brake light. Following the lead of the [[Ford Explorer|Explorer]], an ''Eddie Bauer'' trim line was added for [[1995]]. |
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Engines: |
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* 1992-1996 - 4.9 L [[straight-6]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 150 hp |
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* 1992-1996 - 7.5 L ''[[Ford 385 engine|385]]'' [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 230 hp |
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* 1992-1996 - 7.3 L [[Diesel]] [[V8]], 180 hp |
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* 1992-1996 - 5.0 L ''[[Ford Windsor engine#5.0|Windsor]]'' [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 185 hp |
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* 1992-1996 - 5.8 L ''[[Ford Windsor engine#351W|Windsor]]'' [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 210 hp |
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* 1993-1995 - 5.8 L ''[[Ford Windsor engine#351W|Windsor]]'' [[V8]], [[fuel injection|FI]], 240 hp ''Lightning'' |
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* 1995-1996 - 7.3 L ''[[Ford Power Stroke engine#7.3|Power Stroke]]'' [[turbo]]-[[Diesel]] [[V8]], 210 hp/425 ft.lbf |
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===1997=== |
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Ford took the aero styling to its conclusion for [[1997]] with an extremely round nose on the new F-series. A wide variety of body options were available: regular, SuperCab, and SuperCrew cabs, standard or flareside boxes, and short and long beds. A new [[#Lightning|Lightning]] was introduced in [[1999]], and [[Harley-Davidson]] and [[King Ranch]] versions were also created. |
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The heavy-duty F-250 and F-350 were retained on the old chassis until [[1999]]. |
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The F-150 was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year|Truck of the Year]] for 1997. |
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Engines: |
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* 1997-2003 - 4.2 L ''[[Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)#4.2|Essex]]'' [[V6]], 202 hp/252 ft.lbf |
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* 1997-2003 - 4.6 L ''[[Ford Triton engine#4.6|Triton]]'' [[V8]], 231 hp/293 ft.lbf |
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* 1997-2003 - 5.4 L ''[[Ford Triton engine#5.4|Triton]]'' [[V8]], 260 hp/350 ft.lbf |
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* 1999-2004 - 5.4 L [[supercharged]] ''[[Ford Triton engine#5.4|Triton]]'' [[V8]], 340 hp (''Lightning'', 2002 ''Harley-Davidson'') |
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* 1999-2003 - 6.8 L ''[[Ford Triton engine#6.8|Triton]]'' [[V10]], 275 hp/410 ft.lbf |
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* 1999-2003 - 7.3 L ''[[Ford Power Stroke engine#7.3|Power Stroke]]'' [[turbo]]-[[Diesel]] [[V8]], 235 hp/500 ft.lbf |
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===2004=== |
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[[Image:Ford F-150 King Ranch.jpg|thumb|right|250px|2005 Ford F-150 [[King Ranch]] edition]] |
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[[Image:Ford F-350 Lariat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|2005 Ford F-350 Super Duty Lariat]] |
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[[Image:2006 f-series.jpg|thumb|right|250px|2006 Ford F-350 Super Duty Lariat]] |
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In 2004, Ford redesigned the F-Series using the new [[Ford P platform#P2|P2 platform]]. Initially, only Ford's 4.6 L [[Ford Triton engine#4.6|Triton]] and new 3-valve 5.4 L [[Ford Triton engine#5.4|3V Triton]] [[V8]] engines and [[automatic transmission]]s were offered on the new luxurious trucks. Work-oriented versions with an available [[Ford Triton engine#4.2|4.2 L Triton]] [[V6]] and [[manual transmission]] will debut for 2005. |
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The previous F-150 was continued in production until the summer of 2004 as the ''Heritage'' model. |
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The new F-150 won the ''[[North American Car of the Year|North American Truck of the Year]]'' award and was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year|Truck of the Year]] for [[2004]]. It also beat the three-time winning [[Chevrolet Silverado]] for ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine's [[Car and Driver Ten Best|Best Pickup Truck]] for 2004 and 2005. Additionally, over 912,000 F-150s were sold in 2004, giving it a [[list of automotive superlatives|single-year sales record]]. |
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The F-150 will have a new Harley-Davidson trim line in 2006 with an available [[all-wheel drive]], while the Super Duty will have an available '''Amarillo''' package or the '''Chrome Package''' for the Lariat. |
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==Lightning== |
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The high-performance '''SVT F-150 Lightning''' debuted in [[1993]]. It used a 240 hp (179 kW) version of Ford's 5.8 L [[V8]]. Designed as a sport truck, it also featured suspension tuning that gave it excellent handling. Production of what is now known as 1st Generation Lightnings lasted through the [[1995]] model year. |
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The 2nd Generation Lightning debuted in [[1999]] on the new F-150 platform. It used a [[supercharged]] 5.4 L [[Ford Modular engine]] that produced 360 hp (268 kW) and 440 ft·lbf (597 N·m) of torque. In [[2001]] improvements were made to the breathing and power rose to 380 hp (283 kW) and 450 ft·lbf (610 N·m) of torque. The last Lightning was produced in [[2004]]. |
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Ford has announced that a new Lightning based on the redesigned F-150 might come in [[2008]]. |
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==References== |
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* {{Web reference | title=A Ford F-Series History | work=Edmunds.com | URL=http://www.edmunds.com/reviews/generations/articles/46026/article.html | date=November 8 | year=2004}} |
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[[Category:Ford vehicles|F-Series]] |
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[[Category:Pickup trucks]] |
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==External Links== |
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*[http://www.fordvehicles.com/trucks/f150/ Ford F-150] |
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*[http://www.ford-trucks.com/specs/index.html Specifications] |
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*[http://www.svtsupercars.com/lightning/ SVT F-150 Lightning Information] |
Revision as of 03:38, 25 June 2005
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omg karl rove touched my junk liberally
i tried all i could, but i could not keep his probing hands away from my cock'n'balls
AND I LOVED EVERY MINUTE OF IT
Ford F-Series
The F-Series is a series of full-size pickup trucks from Ford Motor Company sold for over 5 decades. The most popular variant of the F-Series is the F-150. It has been the best-selling vehicle in the world for 23 years and the best-selling truck in the United States (and possibly the world) for 28 years. Analysts estimate that the F-Series alone makes up half of the Ford Motor Company's profits in recent years.
Current Models (main topic here)
The F-150 is the light-duty model of the F-Series line. The truck have been redesigned for 2004. Key features are the fully-boxed P2 platform frame, an optional three-valve 5.4-liter Triton V8 engine, and quieter interior.
The Super Duty trucks are the heavy-duty truck models for the F-Series line. The truck have been recently redesigned for 2005. Key features are optional 6-liter Power Stroke V8 turbodiesel engine, King Ranch option for the Lariat, best-in-class towing capacity, best-in-class payload capacity, a fully-boxed frame on the front, and others.
F-Series History
1948
The first F-series truck from Ford was introduced in 1948, replacing the company's previous car-based pickup line. It was a modern-looking truck with a one-piece windshield and integrated headlights. The F-series was available as three models:
Engines:
- 1948-1950 - 226 in³ straight-six, 95 hp
- 1948-1952 - 239 in³ Flathead V8, 100 hp
- 1951-1952 - 215 in³ straight-six, 101 hp
1953
The F-series was redesigned for 1953 with a more integrated look. The pickups also acquired their familiar names: F-100, F-250, and the heavy-duty F-350. Interior amenities were new, including a dome light, lighter, arm rests, and sun visors.
Engines:
- 1953 - 239 in³ Flathead V8, 100 hp
- 1953 - 215 in³ straight-six, 101 hp
- 1954-1955 - 223 in³ "Mileage Maker" straight-6, 115 hp
- 1954-1955 - 239 in³ Y-block "Power King" V8, 130 hp
- 1956 - 223 in³ "Mileage Maker" straight-6, 137 hp
- 1956 - 272 in³ Y-block V8, 173 hp
1957
The truck was restyled again in 1957 with the hood now merging with the fenders. In the back, the traditional separate-fender body was now called flareside, while a new smooth-sided look was styleside. Four wheel drive, now a common feature, was a new addition to the truck in 1959.
Engines:
- 1958-1960 - 223 in³ straight-6, 137 hp
- 1958 - 272 in³ Y-block V8, 173 hp
- 1959-1960 - 292 in³ Y-block V8, 186 hp
1961
The truck was completely redesigned for 1961 with a wider look, and styleside trucks got an integrated cab and box. Power was over 200 hp with the 1965 refresh of the powertrain.
Engines:
- 1961-1964 - 223 in³ straight-6, 137 hp
- 1961-1964 - 292 in³ Y-block V8, 186 hp
- 1965-1966 - 240 in³ straight-6, 150 hp
- 1965-1966 - 300 in³ straight-6, 170 hp
- 1965-1966 - 352 in³ FE V8, 208 hp
1967
Another refresh came in 1967 along with a now-familiar name: the upscale Ranger trim line. The front leaf springs were replaced by coil springs in F-100s in 1968 along with a powertrain refresh. A 4-door crew cab version was introduced in 1969, still a popular option. The top trim for 1970 was named Ranger XLT.
Engines:
- 1967-1972 - 240 in³ straight-6
- 1967-1972 - 300 in³ straight-6
- 1967 - 352 in³ FE V8
- 1968-1972 - 360 in³ FE V8
- 1968-1972 - 390 in³ FE V8
- 1970-1972 - 302 in³ Windsor V8, 220 hp
1973
The truck was redesigned in 1973 with an automatic transmission option. Other changes included the introduction of the Twin I-Beam suspension, a name that is still used, and the 1974 introduction of the extended super cab version. A luxury Lariat trim was introduced for 1978. That same year, the F-series became the best-selling vehicle in America, a position it has continued to hold since.
Engines:
- 1973-1977 - 240 in³ straight-6
- 1973-1977 - 300 in³ straight-6
- 1973-1977 - 352 in³ FE V8
- 1973-1976 - 360 in³ FE V8
- 1973-1977 - 390 in³ FE V8
- 1973-1977 - 302 in³ Windsor V8
- 1973-1979 - 460 in³ 385 V8
- 1977-1979 - 351 in³ Cleveland V8, 163 hp
- 1977-1979 - 400 in³ Cleveland V8, 169 hp
- 1978-1979 - 300 in³ straight-6, 114 hp
1980
The next major redesign came in 1980. The new truck had a squarer look, with sharp lines and flat panels. The Ranger trim line was dropped in 1982, since that name was to be applied to the new Ford Ranger compact pickup. Trim options were now XL, XLT, and XLT Lariat. The big-block V8 was dropped for 1980, but added again in 1983 along with a Diesel option. The base model was renamed to the now-familiar F-150 for 1984.
Engines:
- 1980-1986 - 300 in³ straight-6
- 1980-1982 - 351 in³ Cleveland V8
- 1980-1982 - 400 in³ Cleveland V8
- 1983-1986 - 7.5 L 385 V8, 245 hp
- 1983-1986 - 6.9 L Diesel V8, 170 hp
1987
The 1987 refresh was evolutionary. The design was more streamlined, and maintenance items were made simpler. Rear antilock brakes were now standard, the first truck to boast this. The manual transmission was revised with five speeds in 1988, and the flareside box was dropped.
Four wheel drive improvements included the addition of automatic locking hubs for the F-150 in 1989, and for the rest in 1991. The 5.0 L truck also had an optional "Touch Drive" electronic transfer case.
Engines:
- 1987-1991 - 4.9 L straight-6, FI, 150 hp
- 1987 - Windsor 5.0 L V8
- 1987 - Windsor 5.8 L V8
- 1987-1991 - 385 7.5 L V8, FI, 230 hp
- 1987-1991 - 7.3 L Power Stroke Diesel V8, 180 hp
- 1988-1991 - Windsor 5.0 L V8, FI, 185 hp
- 1988-1991 - Windsor 5.8 L V8, FI, 210 hp
1992
The 1992 truck was much more rounded and aerodynamic-looking, and the flareside returned until 1996. The Lightning appeared in 1993. A CD player option was new for 1994, as was a driver's-side airbag and "CHMSL" third brake light. Following the lead of the Explorer, an Eddie Bauer trim line was added for 1995.
Engines:
- 1992-1996 - 4.9 L straight-6, FI, 150 hp
- 1992-1996 - 7.5 L 385 V8, FI, 230 hp
- 1992-1996 - 7.3 L Diesel V8, 180 hp
- 1992-1996 - 5.0 L Windsor V8, FI, 185 hp
- 1992-1996 - 5.8 L Windsor V8, FI, 210 hp
- 1993-1995 - 5.8 L Windsor V8, FI, 240 hp Lightning
- 1995-1996 - 7.3 L Power Stroke turbo-Diesel V8, 210 hp/425 ft.lbf
1997
Ford took the aero styling to its conclusion for 1997 with an extremely round nose on the new F-series. A wide variety of body options were available: regular, SuperCab, and SuperCrew cabs, standard or flareside boxes, and short and long beds. A new Lightning was introduced in 1999, and Harley-Davidson and King Ranch versions were also created.
The heavy-duty F-250 and F-350 were retained on the old chassis until 1999.
The F-150 was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1997.
Engines:
- 1997-2003 - 4.2 L Essex V6, 202 hp/252 ft.lbf
- 1997-2003 - 4.6 L Triton V8, 231 hp/293 ft.lbf
- 1997-2003 - 5.4 L Triton V8, 260 hp/350 ft.lbf
- 1999-2004 - 5.4 L supercharged Triton V8, 340 hp (Lightning, 2002 Harley-Davidson)
- 1999-2003 - 6.8 L Triton V10, 275 hp/410 ft.lbf
- 1999-2003 - 7.3 L Power Stroke turbo-Diesel V8, 235 hp/500 ft.lbf
2004
In 2004, Ford redesigned the F-Series using the new P2 platform. Initially, only Ford's 4.6 L Triton and new 3-valve 5.4 L 3V Triton V8 engines and automatic transmissions were offered on the new luxurious trucks. Work-oriented versions with an available 4.2 L Triton V6 and manual transmission will debut for 2005.
The previous F-150 was continued in production until the summer of 2004 as the Heritage model.
The new F-150 won the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 2004. It also beat the three-time winning Chevrolet Silverado for Car and Driver magazine's Best Pickup Truck for 2004 and 2005. Additionally, over 912,000 F-150s were sold in 2004, giving it a single-year sales record.
The F-150 will have a new Harley-Davidson trim line in 2006 with an available all-wheel drive, while the Super Duty will have an available Amarillo package or the Chrome Package for the Lariat.
Lightning
The high-performance SVT F-150 Lightning debuted in 1993. It used a 240 hp (179 kW) version of Ford's 5.8 L V8. Designed as a sport truck, it also featured suspension tuning that gave it excellent handling. Production of what is now known as 1st Generation Lightnings lasted through the 1995 model year.
The 2nd Generation Lightning debuted in 1999 on the new F-150 platform. It used a supercharged 5.4 L Ford Modular engine that produced 360 hp (268 kW) and 440 ft·lbf (597 N·m) of torque. In 2001 improvements were made to the breathing and power rose to 380 hp (283 kW) and 450 ft·lbf (610 N·m) of torque. The last Lightning was produced in 2004.
Ford has announced that a new Lightning based on the redesigned F-150 might come in 2008.
References
- "A Ford F-Series History". Edmunds.com. November 8.
{{cite web}}
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