List of programming languages by type: Difference between revisions
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[[Array programming]] (also known as ''vector'' or ''multidimensional'' languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays. |
[[Array programming]] (also known as ''vector'' or ''multidimensional'' languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays. |
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* [[ZPL (programming language)|ZPL]] |
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Revision as of 21:44, 27 June 2011
Programming language lists |
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This is a list of programming languages grouped by category. Some languages are listed in multiple categories.
Array languages
Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays.
Aspect-oriented languages
Assembly languages
Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) in order to allow machine code instructions to be written in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages allow programmers to use symbolic addresses which are later converted to absolute addresses by the assembler. Most assemblers also allow for macros and symbolic constants.
- ASEM-51
- AKI [disambiguation needed] (AvtoKod "Inzhener", "Engineer's Autocode" for Minsk family of computers)
- ASCENT (ASsembler for CENTral Processor Unit of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
- ASPER (ASsembler for PERipheral Processor Units of Control Data Corporation computer systems pre-COMPASS)
- AUTOCODER (for IBM 1401 and 1440 mainframe systems)
- BAL (Basic AssembLer) - for IBM System/360 and later mainframe systems
- C-- (name used by a few languages that bring C language closer to Assembly)
- COMPASS (COMPrehensive ASSembler)
- Emu8086 [1] (x86 assembler and Intel's 8086 microprocessor emulator)
- EDTASM (Microsoft editor/assembler for Motorola 6809 on the Color Computer)
- FAP (Fortran Assembly Program, for IBM 709, 7090, 7094 mainframes)
- FASM (Flat Assembler; IA-32, IA-64)
- GAS (GNU Assembler)
- HLA (High Level Assembly)
- HLASM (High Level Assembler, for mainframes)
- LC-3
- Linoleum (for cross-platform use)
- MACRO-11 (for DEC PDP-11)
- MACRO-20 (for DEC DECSYSTEM-20)
- MACRO-32 (for DEC VAX)
- MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler)
- MI (Machine Interface, compile-time intermediate language)
- MIPS (for MIPS architecture) Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
- Motorola 68k Assembly (for Motorola 68000 family) of CPUs
- NASM (Netwide Assembler)
- NEAT (National's Electronic Autocoder Technique), for NCR computers, evolved into NEAT/3 (comment: NEAT/3 was more an RPG clone than an assembler type language)
- PAL-III (for DEC PDP-8)
- PASM (for Parrot virtual machine)
- RosAsm (32-bit Assembler; The Bottom Up Assembler)
- SC123 (for educational computer developed at CSU)
- Sphinx C-- (mixes Assembly commands with C-like structures)
- SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") for Minsk family of computers
- TASM (Turbo Assembler, Borland)
- Yasm (Rewrite of NASM)
- Z80A Mnemonic language used to represent instructions for the Z80A microprocessor
Authoring languages
- Bigwig (web design language)
- Coursewriter
- PILOT
- TUTOR
Command line interface languages
Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages, or job control languages. Examples:
- 4DOS (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs)
- .bat (Windows batch file language as understood by COMMAND.COM and Command Prompt)
- Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
- CHAIN (Datapoint)
- CLIST (MVS Command List)
- DCL DIGITAL Command Language - standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP)
- DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DR-DOS, MS-DOS, or PC-DOS before Windows)
- EA_QB_Command
- CMS EXEC
- EXEC 2
- JCL (punch card-oriented batch control language for IBM System/360 family mainframes)
- sh (the standard UNIX shell, written by Stephen R. Bourne)
- csh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)
- Ch (C-compatible shell)
- tcsh (a UNIX shell)
- bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU/FSF)
- ksh (a standard UNIX shell, written by David Korn)
- zsh (a UNIX shell)
- Rc (command-line shell for Plan 9)
- Es shell (shell based on Rc)
- REXX
- Shadow Command Line Interface
- SpiritShadow Command Line Interface (2009)
- Tandem Advanced Command Language (TACL)
Compiled languages
These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted. See also compiled language.
- Ada (multi-purpose language)
- ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
- Ateji PX, an extension of the Java language for parallelism
- BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
- BCPL
- C (one of the most widely-used procedural programming languages)
- C++
- CLIPPER 5.3 (Programming Language for dos base software)
- C# (compiled into Intermediate Language which is used to generate a native image at runtime)
- CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) used the compiler for the British Leo computers
- CLush (Lush)
- COBOL
- Cobra
- Common Lisp
- Corn
- Curl
- D (Attempts a "C++ done right" philosophy)
- DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc., which are further compiled into a .war file
- Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
- DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
- Dylan
- dylan.NET
- eC (Ecere C)
- Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer)
- eLisp Emacs Lisp
- Factor
- Fancy
- Forth (professional systems, like VFX and SwiftForth)
- Fortran (the first high level, compiled, language, from IBM, John Backus, et al.)
- Go
- Haskell
- Harbour
- Java (usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true native-code compiled versions exist)
- JOVIAL
- LabVIEW
- Nemerle (compiled into Intermediate Language bytecode)
- Objective-C
- Pascal (most implementations)
- Plus
- ppC++
- RPG (Report Program Generator)
- Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
- Smalltalk generally compiled to platform independent bytecode that runs on a Virtual Machine.
- ML
- Turing
- Urq
- Visual Basic (earlier versions compiled directly to a native runtime. Recent .NET versions are compiled into Intermediate Language which is used to generate a native image at runtime)
- Visual FoxPro
- Visual Prolog
- WinDev
- X++
- XL
- Z++
Concurrent languages
Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency based on monitors. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the π-calculus, but have had little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent programming is only one option available.
- Ada (multi-purpose language)
- Afnix – concurrent access to data is protected automatically (previously called Aleph, but unrelated to Alef)
- Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
- ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
- Cilk – a concurrent C
- Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
- Clojure – a dialect of Lisp for the Java Virtual Machine
- ConcurrentLua – a Lua extension
- Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
- Corn
- Curry
- E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
- Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
- Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
- Go
- Java
- Join-calculus
- Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
- Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
- MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
- occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP).
- occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
- Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures
- Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
- SALSA – actor language with token-passing, join, and first-class continuations for distributed computing over the Internet
- Scala – implements Erlang-style actors on the JVM
- SR – research language
Curly-bracket languages
The curly bracket programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the curly bracket or brace characters {
and }
. A lot of these languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include:
- ABCL/c+
- Alef
- AutoHotkey
- AWK
- bc
- BCPL
- C - developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs
- C++
- C#
- ChucK - audio programming language
- Cilk - concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
- Coyote - safer C variant to lower the likelihood of some common errors, e.g., buffer overflows
- Cyclone - safer C variant
- D
- DASL - based on Java
- DINO
- eC (Ecere C)
- E
- ECMAScript
- Frink
- ICI
- Java
- LPC
- Mythryl
- Nemerle - combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension capabilities
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PHP
- Pico
- Pike
- Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
- ppC++
- R
- S-Lang
- Scala
- sed
- Suneido
- SuperCollider
- TorqueScript
- UnrealScript
- Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
- Yorick
Dataflow languages
Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:
- Hartmann pipelines
- G (used in LabVIEW)
- Lucid
- Max
- Prograph
- Pure Data
- VEE
- VisSim
- WebMethods Flow
- Monk
- Oz
- VHDL
Data-oriented languages
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include:
- Clarion
- Clipper
- dBase a relational database access language
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work.)
- SPARQL
- SQL
- Tutorial D, see also The Third Manifesto
- Visual FoxPro, a native RDBMS engine, object oriented, RAD
- WebQL
Data-structured languages
Data-structured languages are those where logic is structured in ways similar to their data. Such languages are generally well suited to reflection and introspection. There are three main types:
Assembly languages which statically link data inline with instructions can also be considered data-structured, in the most primitive way.
Declarative languages
Declarative languages describe a problem rather than defining a solution. Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where serial orders (imperatives) are given to a computer. In addition to the examples given just below, all (pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative. In fact, "functional" and "logical" constitute the usual subcategories of the declarative category.
- Ant (partially Declarative languages, partially imperative programming)
- DASL (partially Declarative languages, partially imperative programming)
- Lustre
- MetaPost
- Modelica
- Prolog
- SQL
- xBase
- XSL Transformations
- Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
Esoteric languages
An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke.
- Befunge
- Brainfuck
- Chef
- FALSE
- INTERCAL
- LOLCODE
- Malbolge
- merd
- Piet
- Qwertycode
- Shakespeare
- SNUSP
- Var'aq (Klingon programming language)
- Whitespace
Extension languages
Extension programming languages are languages intended to be embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.
- Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
- AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD)
- CAL
- C/AL(C/SIDE)
- DeScribe Macro Language (DML - specific to the DeScribe Word Processor)
- Guile
- Lua
- OptimJ an extension of the Java programming language with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing.
- Python (Maya and other 3-D animation packages)
- REXX
- Ruby (Google SketchUp)
- S-Lang
- SQL
- Tcl
- Vimscript
- VBA
- Windows PowerShell
Fourth-generation languages
Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments.
- ABAP
- ADMINS
- BuildProfessional
- CorVision
- CSC's GraphTalk
- dylan.NET
- Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
- FOCUS
- GEMBASE
- IBM Informix-4GL / Aubit-4GL
- LINC 4GL
- MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS
- MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
- Oracle Express 4GL
- Progress 4GL
- Querix 4GL
- Revolution (not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs)
- SAS
- Sculptor
- Today
- Ubercode (VHLL, or Very High Level Language)
- Uniface
- Visual DataFlex
- Visual FoxPro
- xBase
- XMLmosaic
Functional languages
Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Not surprisingly, many of these languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
Pure
Impure
- APL
- Curl
- Erlang
- F#
- FPr
- Hop
- J
- Joy
- Kite
- Lisp
- Lush
- Mathematica
- ML
- Nemerle
- Opal
- OPS5
- Poplog
- Q (equational programming language)
- Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
- R
- REFAL
- Russell
- Scala
- Spreadsheets
Interactive mode languages
Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately.
- BASIC (some dialects)
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Erlang
- F#
- Fancy
- Forth
- FPr
- Fril
- Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
- IDL
- J
- Lua
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
- Maple
- Mathematica
- MATLAB
- ML
- Mythryl
- Perl (with the perl shell, psh)
- PostScript
- Python
- R
- Scala
- REXX
- Ruby (with IRB)
- Scheme
- Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
- S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
- Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
- Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
Interpreted languages
Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term *interpreted language* generally refers to languages that are commonly interpreted rather than compiled.
- Ant
- APL
- AutoHotkey scripting language
- AutoIt scripting language
- BASIC (some dialects)
- DATABUS (later versions added optional compiling)
- Eiffel (via "Melting Ice Technology" in EiffelStudio)
- Forth (interactive shell only; otherwise compiled to native or threaded code)
- FPr (Virtual machine: Text is compiled to linked lists; linked lists are interpreted)
- Frink
- Game Maker Language
- Groovy
- Haskell (GHCi, Hugs, NHC, YHC etc.)
- J
- Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed)
- LPC
- Lua
- Lush
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
- Maple
- Mathematica
- Pascal (early implementations)
- PCASTL
- Perl
- Pikt
- PostScript
- Python
- REXX
- R
- Ruby
- S-Lang
- Spin
- Tcl
- TorqueScript
- thinBasic scripting language
- VBScript
- Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
- XMLmosaic
- Some scripting languages (below)
Iterative languages
Iterative languages are built around or offering generators.
- Aldor
- Alphard
- C#
- CLU
- Cobra
- Eiffel, through "agents"
- Icon
- IPL-v
- Lua
- Lush
- Python
- Sather
- XL ("iterator" construct)
List-based languages – LISPs
List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the list data structure.
Little languages
Little languages serve a specialized problem domain.
- apply is a domain-specific language for image processing on parallel and conventional architectures
- awk can serve as a prototyping language for C, because the syntax is similar
- Comet is used to solve complex combinatorial optimization problems in areas such as resource allocation and scheduling.
- SQL has only a few keywords, and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language. Many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a stored procedure language.
Logic-based languages
Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution. Examples:
- ALF
- Alma-0
- CLACL (CLAC-Language)
- Curry
- Fril
- Janus
- λProlog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming)
- Leda
- Oz
- Poplog
- Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical resolution)
- Mercury (based on Prolog)
- Strawberry Prolog (standard Prolog with some extensions)
- Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension)
- ROOP
Machine languages
Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families which are based on a shared architecture, the same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served as the basis for a family of processors:
- ARM
- Intel 80x86
- IBM System/360
- Intel 8008/8080/8085
- MIPS R2000/R3000
- MOS Tech 6502 and 6510 (Commodore 64 CPU)
- Motorola 6800
- Motorola 68000 family
- National 32032
- Power Architecture - (POWER and PowerPC)
- StrongARM
- Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC
- Zilog Z80
Macro languages
Macro languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text.
- cpp (the C preprocessor)
- m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with UNIX)
- PHP
- SMX, dedicated to web pages
Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, DMDScript, ECMAScript for XML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications so that they behave like macro languages.
Metaprogramming languages
Metaprogramming is writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
- C++
- Curl
- D
- Fancy
- Forth
- Haskell
- Lisp
- Lua
- Maude system
- Mathematica
- MetaL
- MetaOCaml
- Nemerle
- Perl
- Python
- Ruby
- Smalltalk
- XL (concept programming)
Multiparadigm languages
Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
- Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- ALF (functional, logic)
- Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic)
- APL (functional, imperative)
- BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
- ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
- Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
- Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
- Corn (concurrent, generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
- D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Delphi (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
- ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
- Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic)
- F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
- Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
- FPr (function-level, object-oriented (class-based))
- Harbour
- Hop
- J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
- Lasso (macro, object-oriented (prototype-based), procedural, scripting)
- Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual)
- Leda (functional, imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based))
- Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
- Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
- Mythryl (functional, imperative)
- Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
- Objective Caml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed)
- Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
- PHP (imperative, object-oriented)
- Pliant (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Poplog (functional, imperative, logic)
- ppC++ (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
- Python (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative)
- R
- REBOL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
- ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
- Ruby (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
- Scala (functional, object-oriented)
- Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic)
- SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
- Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
- Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
- XL (concept programming approach)
Numerical analysis
Non-English-based languages
- ARLOGO - Arabic
- Chinese BASIC - Chinese
- Fjölnir - Icelandic
- HPL - Hebrew
- Lexico - Spanish
- Rapira - Russian
- Glagol - Russian
- Portugol - Portuguese
Object-oriented class-based languages
Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages.
Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system).
Single dispatch
- Actor
- Ada 95 and Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language)
- BETA
- C++
- C#
- Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome)
- ChucK
- Cobra
- ColdFusion
- Corn
- Curl
- D
- DASL
- Delphi
- dylan.NET
- E
- GNU E
- eC (Ecere C)
- Eiffel
- Fancy
- F-Script
- Fortran 2003
- Fortress
- FPr
- Gambas
- Game Maker Language
- Harbour
- J
- Java
- JavaScript
- Kite
- LabVIEW
- Lava
- Lua
- Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
- Modula-3 (added more object oriented features to Modula-2)
- Moto
- Nemerle
- IBM NetRexx
- Oberon-2 (full object orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
- Object Pascal
- Object REXX
- Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
- Objective Caml
- Oz
- Perl 5
- PHP
- Pliant
- ppC++
- Prograph
- Python (object oriented interpretive language)
- Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
- Ruby
- Scala
- Seccia (assisted object-oriented programming)
- Simula (the first object oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard)
- Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, developed at Xerox PARC)
- SPIN
- SuperCollider
- VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
- Visual DataFlex
- Visual FoxPro
- Visual Prolog
- X++
- XOTcl
Object-oriented prototype-based languages
Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed:
- ABCL/1
- ABCL/R
- ABCL/R2
- ABCL/c plus
- Agora
- Cecil
- ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- DMDScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- Etoys in Squeak
- Glyphic Script
- Io
- Lisaac
- Lua
- MOO
- NewtonScript
- Obliq
- R
- REBOL
- Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)
- Slate
- TADS
Off-side rule languages
Off-side rule languages are those where blocks are formed, indicated, by their indentation.
- ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
- ABC, Python's parent
- HyperTalk
- Ivy
- Miranda, Haskell's parent
- F#
- Occam
- Pliant
- SPIN
- XL
Procedural languages
Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range of an executable code statement). A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
- Ada (multi-purpose language)
- ALGOL (extremely influential language design. The second high level language compiler.)
- Alma-0
- BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
- BCPL
- BLISS
- C
- C++ (C with objects + much else)
- C# (similar to Java/C++)
- ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
- COBOL
- Cobra
- ColdFusion
- Combined Programming Language (CPL)
- Curl
- D
- DASL (partly declarative, partly imperative)
- dylan.NET
- eC (Ecere C)
- ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- DMDScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- Eiffel
- Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
- Go
- Harbour
- HyperTalk
- Java
- JOVIAL
- Lasso
- Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
- Oberon and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
- MATLAB
- MUMPS (more modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; the standard has become still more modular since then)
- Nemerle
- Occam
- Pascal (successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
- Free Pascal (FPC)
- Object Pascal (Delphi)
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PL/C
- PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
- Plus
- Python
- R
- Rapira
- RPG (only available in IBM's System i midrange computers)
- S-Lang
- VBScript
- Visual Basic
- Visual FoxPro
- X++
- XL
- XMLmosaic
Reflective languages
Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:
- Aspect-oriented
- Befunge
- C#
- Charm
- ChucK
- Cobra
- Component Pascal BlackBox Component Builder
- Curl
- Delphi
- ECMAScript
- Eiffel
- Forth
- Harbour
- Java
- Lisp
- Lua
- Maude system
- .NET Framework Common Language Runtime
- Oberon-2 ETH Oberon System
- Objective-C
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PHP
- Pico
- Pliant
- Poplog
- Prolog
- Python
- REBOL
- Ruby
- Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
- Snobol
- Tcl
- X++
- XL
Rule-based languages
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set will be selected and the statements belonging to those rules will be executed. Examples of rule-based languages include:
- awk
- CLIPS
- Constraint Handling Rules
- GOAL (agent programming language)
- Jess
- OPS5
- Prolog
- Poses++ (language of the simulation system with the same name)
Scripting languages
"Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs allow users to implement custom functions by providing them with built-in languages. Those which are of interpretive type, are often called scripting languages.
More recently many of these applications have chosen to "build in" traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few "native" scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java).
- AppleScript
- AWK
- BeanShell
- Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
- CLIST
- ColdFusion
- ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- DMDScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- CMS EXEC
- EXEC 2
- F-Script
- Falcon
- Fancy
- Frink
- Game Maker Language (GML)
- ICI
- Io
- JASS
- Groovy
- Join Java
- Tea
- Lua
- MAXScript
- MEL
- Mondrian
- Mythryl
- Perl
- PHP (intended for Web servers)
- Pikt
- Python
- R
- REBOL
- REXX
- Revolution
- Ruby
- Smalltalk
- S-Lang
- sed
- Tcl
- TorqueScript
- VBScript
- Windows PowerShell (Microsoft .NET-based CLI)
- Winbatch
- Many shell command languages such as the UNIX shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting capabilities.
Stack-based languages
Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based upon the stack data structure.
- Cat
- colorForth
- Factor
- Forth
- Joy (all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters)
- Piet
- Poplog via its implementation language POP-11
- PostScript
- RPL
- Urq
Synchronous languages
Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are found often in embedded uses. Examples:
Syntax handling languages
These languages assist with generating lexical analzyers and parsers for Context-free grammars.
- ANTLR
- Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)
- GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
- GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex)
- lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
- M4
- yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)
- JavaCC
- Rats!
Visual languages
Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types.
- CODE
- Fabrik
- G (used in LabVIEW)
- Lava
- Limnor
- Max
- NXT-G
- Pict programming language
- Prograph
- Pure Data
- Quartz Composer
- Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk)
- Simulink
- Subtext
- VEE
- VisSim
- vvvv
- EICASLAB
Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.
Wirth languages
Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.
- ALGOL W
- Modula
- Modula-2 (and Modula 3, etc. variants)
- Obliq Modula 3 variant
- Oberon (Oberon, Oberon-07, and Oberon-2)
- Pascal
- Object Pascal (original name for Delphi language)
XML-based languages
These are languages based on or that operate on XML. Although the big-boy equivalents of Oracle/PostgreSQL/MSSQL don't yet exist for XML, there are languages to navigate through it and its more tree-oriented structure.
See also
- Programming paradigms
- IEC 61131-3 - a standard for PLC programming languages
- Educational programming language
- Esoteric programming language