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[[File:B. G. Tilak.gif|left|upright|thumb|[[Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]
[[File:B. G. Tilak.gif|left|upright|thumb|[[Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]


It is not known when and how Ganesh Chaturthi was first celebrated. But according to the historian Shri Rajwade, the earliest Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations can be traced back to the times of the reigns of dynasties as [[Satavahana]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} [[Rashtrakuta]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} and [[Chalukya]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Historical records reveal that Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations were initiated in Maharashtra by Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, a great Maratha ruler, to promote culture and nationalism. And it had continued ever since. There are also references in history to similar celebrations during Peshwa times. It is believed that Lord Ganapati was the family deity of the Peshwas. After the end of Peshwa rule, Ganesh Chaturthi remained a family affair in Maharashtra from the period of 1818 to 1892.
It is not known when and how Ganesh Chaturthi was first celebrated in Maharastra. But according to the historian Shri Rajwade, the earliest Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations can be traced back to the times of the reigns of dynasties as [[Satavahana]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} [[Rashtrakuta]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} and [[Chalukya]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Historical records reveal that Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations were initiated in Maharashtra by Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, a great Maratha ruler, to promote culture and nationalism. And it had continued ever since. There are also references in history to similar celebrations during Peshwa times. It is believed that Lord Ganapati was the family deity of the Peshwas. After the end of Peshwa rule, Ganesh Chaturthi remained a family affair in Maharashtra from the period of 1818 to 1892.


In 1893, [[India]]n freedom fighter and social reformer [[Lokmanya Tilak]] transformed the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organized public event.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R.|authorlink= |coauthors=Metcalf, Barbara Daly|title=A Concise History of India |year= |publisher= |location=|isbn=0521630274}}Metcalf and Metcalf, p. 150.</ref>
In 1893, [[India]]n freedom fighter and social reformer [[Lokmanya Tilak]] transformed the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organized public event.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R.|authorlink= |coauthors=Metcalf, Barbara Daly|title=A Concise History of India |year= |publisher= |location=|isbn=0521630274}}Metcalf and Metcalf, p. 150.</ref>

Revision as of 16:10, 5 September 2011

Ganesh Chaturthi
File:Lalbaughcha raja.jpg
Lalbaughcha Raja (2007) Ganesha image worshipped in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is the most visited Ganesha Mandal in Mumbai.[1]
Observed byHindus
TypeReligious, folk
CelebrationsSetting up Pandals, street processions and idol immersion
BeginsBhadrapada shukla chaturthi
EndsAnant Chaturdashi
DateAugust/September
2024 datedate missing (please add)

Ganesha Chaturthi (Marathi: गणेश चतुर्थी, Hindi: गणेश चतुर्थी, Tamil: விநாயகர் சதுர்த்தி Kannada: ಗಣೇಶ ಚತುರ್ಥೀ,Telugu: వినాయక చవితి), also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi is the Hindu festival of Ganesha also called Vinayagar in Tamil Nadu, the son of Shiva and Parvati, who is believed to bestow his presence on earth for all his devotees in the duration of this festival. It is the day Shiva declared his son Ganesha as superior to all the gods. Ganesha is widely worshipped as the god of wisdom, prosperity and good fortune and traditionally invoked at the beginning of any new venture or at the start of travel.

The festival is observed in the Hindu calendar month of Bhaadrapada, starting on the shukla chaturthi (fourth day of the waxing moon period). The date usually falls between 20 August and 15 September. The festival lasts for 10 days, ending on Anant Chaturdashi (fourteenth day of the waxing moon period).

While celebrated all over India, it is most elaborate in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa. Outside India, it is celebrated widely in Nepal and by Hindus in the United States, Canada, Singapore and Fiji.

Legend

Traditional stories tell that Lord Ganesha (or Ganapati) (the names mean "Lord isha or pati of Shiva's hosts gana) was created by goddess Parvati, consort of Lord Shiva. Parvati created Ganesha out of sandalwood paste that she used for her bath and breathed life into the figure. She then set him to stand guard at her door while she bathed. However, while she bathed, Lord Shiva returned and as Ganesha didn't know him, he didn't allow him to enter. Lord Shiva became enraged and severed the head of the child and entered his house. After realizing that he had beheaded his own son, Lord Shiva fixed the head of an elephant (in some versions, Airavata, the vehicle of the god Indra) in place of Ganesha's head. In this way, Lord Ganesha came to be depicted as the elephant-headed God.

Date

The festival is observed in the Hindu calendar month of Bhaadrapada, starting on the shukla chaturthi (fourth day of the waxing moon period). The date usually falls between 20 August and 15 September. The festival lasts for 10 or 12 days, ending on Anant Chaturdashi. This festival is observed in the lunar month of bhadrapada shukla paksha chathurthi madhyahana vyapini purvaviddha. If Chaturthi prevails on both days, the first day should be observed. Even if chaturthi prevails for the complete duration of madhyahana on the second day, if it prevails on the previous day's madhyahana period even for one ghatika (24 minutes), the previous day should be observed.[2]

Celebration, rituals and tradition

In India

2011 India's Biggest Ganesh Murti(more than 70 feet) in Vishakhapatnam

Two to three months prior to Ganesh Chaturthi, artistic clay models of Lord Ganesha are made for sale by specially skilled artisans. They are beautifully decorated & depict Lord Ganesh in various poses. The size of these statues may vary from 3/4 of an inch to over 70 feet.

Ganesh Chaturthi starts with the installation of these Ganesh statues in colorfully decorated homes and specially erected temporary structures mandapas (pandals) in every locality. The pandals are erected by the people or a specific society or locality or group by collecting monetary contributions. The pandals are decorated specially for the festival, either by using decorative items like flower garlands, lights, etc. or are theme based decorations, which depict religious themes or current events.

The priest, usually clad in red or white dhoti and uttariyam(Shawl), then symbolically invokes life into the statue by chanting mantras. This ritual is the Pranapratishhtha. After this the ritual called as Shhodashopachara (16 ways of paying tribute) follows. Coconut, jaggery, 21 modakas, 21 durva (trefoil) blades of grass and red flowers are offered. The statue is anointed with red unguent, typically made of Kumkum & Sandalwood paste . Throughout the ceremony, Vedic hymns from the Rig Veda, the Ganapati Atharva Shirsha Upanishad, and the Ganesha stotra from the Narada Purana are chanted.

Ganesh Visarjan in Mumbai
Vinayaka Nimarjanam in Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh

Ganesha is worshiped for 10 days from Bhadrapada Shudha Chaturthi to the Ananta Chaturdashi. On the 11th day, the statue is taken through the streets in a procession accompanied with dancing, singing, and fanfare to be immersed in a river or the sea symbolizing a ritual see-off of the Lord in his journey towards his abode in Kailash while taking away with him the misfortunes of his devotees, this is the ritual known as Ganesh Visarjan in Marathi and Vinayaka Nimarjana or Vinayaka Nimajjanam in Telugu. At individual homes the Visarjan/Nimajjanam is also done on 3rd, 5th or 7th day as per the family tradition. All join in this final procession shouting "Ganapati Bappa Morya, Pudhachya Varshi Laukar ya" (O lord Ganesha, come again early next year) in Maharastra and "Ganesh Maha Raj ku, Jai" (lord Ganesha, victory is yours) in Andhra Pradesh. After the final offering of coconuts, flowers and camphor is made, people carry the idols to the river to immerse it.

The main sweet dish during the festival is the modak (modak in Marathi, modakam in Telugu, modaka in Kannada and modagam in Tamil). A modak is a dumpling made from rice flour/wheat flour with a stuffing of fresh or dry-grated coconut, jaggery, dry fruits and some other condiments. It is either steam-cooked or fried. Another popular sweet dish is the karanji (karjikai in Kannada) which is similar to the modak in composition and taste but has a semicircular shape.

In Andhra, Kudumu(Rice flour dumplings stuffed with coconut and jaggery mixture),Vundrallu(steamed coarsely grounded rice flour balls), Panakam (jaggery, black pepper and cardamom flavored drink), Vadapappu(soaked and moong lentils), Chalividi (cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture) etc.. are offered to Ganesha along with Modakams. These offerings to god are called Naivedyam in Telugu.

Public celebrations of the festival are hugely popular, with local communities (mandalas) vying with each other to put up the biggest statue & the best pandal. The festival is also the time for cultural activities like singing and theater performances, orchestra and community activities like free medical checkup, blood donation camps, charity for the poor, etc.

Today, the Ganesh Festival is not only a popular festival, it has become a very critical and important economic activity for Mumbai, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam, Bangalore and Chennai . Many artists, industries, and businesses survive on this mega-event. Ganesh Festival also provides a stage for budding artists to present their art to the public. In Maharashtra, not only Hindus but many other religions also participate in the celibration of Ganesha festival like Muslims, Jains, Christian and others.

This festival has managed to re-establish the unity among the Indians during British Era.

Outside India

Dancers on the streets of Paris during the 2009 Ganesh Chaturthi festival

Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in the UK by the migrant Hindu population as well as the large number of Indians residing there. The Hindu culture and Heritage Society, UK - a Southall based organisation celebrated Ganesh Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at The Vishwa Hindu Temple. The Idol was immersed in the river Thames at Putney Pier. Another celebration organised by an Gujarati group has been celebrated in the Southend on Sea which attracts over 18000 devotees.[3] Annual celebrations also take place on the River Mersey at Liverpool.[4][5]

The festival is similarly celebrated in many locations across the world. The Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh USA, an organisation of Hindus based in the US organises many such events to mark the various Hindu festivals.

In USA, Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated by various associations of Telugu speaking people. (Telugu Association of North America, Bay Area Telugu Association and Balaji Temples acrosss USA)

In Canada, Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated by various associations of Marathi speaking people. (MBM in Toronto, MSBC in Vancouver etc.).

Celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi in Mauritius dates back to 1896. The first Ganesh Chaturthi Puja was held in the 7 Cascades Valley next to Henrietta village by the Bhiwajee family who is still celebrating this pious festival for more than a century.

Over the years the festival gained such popularity on the island that Mauritian government has attributed a public holiday for that day.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Revival efforts

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak

It is not known when and how Ganesh Chaturthi was first celebrated in Maharastra. But according to the historian Shri Rajwade, the earliest Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations can be traced back to the times of the reigns of dynasties as Satavahana,[citation needed] Rashtrakuta[citation needed] and Chalukya.[citation needed] Historical records reveal that Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations were initiated in Maharashtra by Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, a great Maratha ruler, to promote culture and nationalism. And it had continued ever since. There are also references in history to similar celebrations during Peshwa times. It is believed that Lord Ganapati was the family deity of the Peshwas. After the end of Peshwa rule, Ganesh Chaturthi remained a family affair in Maharashtra from the period of 1818 to 1892.

In 1893, Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak transformed the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organized public event.[6]

Tilak recognized the wide appeal of the deity Ganesh as "the god for everybody",[7][8] and popularized Ganesh Chaturthi as a national festival in order "to bridge the gap between Brahmins and 'non-Brahmins' and find a context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them", and generate nationalistic fervor among people in Maharashtra against the British colonial rule.[9][10]

Tilak encouraged installation of large public images of Ganesh in pavilions, and also established the practice of submerging in rivers, sea, or other pools of water all public images of the deity on the tenth day after Ganesh Chaturthi.[11]

Under Tilak's encouragement, the festival facilitated community participation and involvement in the form of intellectual discourses, poetry recitals, performances of plays, musical concerts, and folk dances. It served as a meeting ground for people of all castes and communities in times when, in order to exercise control over the population, the British discouraged social and political gatherings.

Environmental impact

Lake contaminated with Plaster of Paris Ganesha idols

The most serious impact of the Ganesh festival on the natural environment is due to the immersion of icons made of Plaster of Paris into lakes, rivers and the sea. Traditionally, the Ganesh icon was sculpted out of earth taken from nearby one’s home. After worshipping the divinity in this earth icon, it was returned back to the Earth by immersing it in a nearby water body. This cycle represented the cycle of creation and dissolution in Nature.

However, as the production of Ganesh icons on a commercial basis grew, the earthen or natural clay (shaadu maati in Marathi) was replaced by Plaster of Paris. Plaster is a man made material, easier to mould, lighter and less expensive than clay. However, plaster takes much longer to dissolve and in the process of dissolution releases toxic elements into the water body. The chemical paints used to adorn these plaster icons themselves contain heavy metals like mercury and cadmium.

On the final day of the Ganesh festival thousands of plaster icons are immersed into water bodies by devotees. These increase the level of acidity in the water and the content of heavy metals.[12] Several non governmental and governmental bodies have been addressing this issue. Amongst the solutions proposed by various groups some are as follows:

  • Return to the traditional use of natural clay icons and immerse the icon in a bucket of water at home.[13]
  • Use of a permanent icon made of stone and brass, used every year and a symbolic immersion only.
  • Recycling of plaster icons to repaint them and use them again the following year.
  • Ban on the immersion of plaster icons into lakes, rivers and the sea.[14]
  • Creative use of other biodegradable materials such as paper mache to create Ganesh icons.
  • Encouraging people to immerse the icons in tanks of water rather than in natural water bodies.[15]

To handle religious sentiments sensitively, some temples and spiritual groups have also taken up the cause.[16]

Celebrations (past and future)

  • 2005: 7 September
  • 2006: 27 August
  • 2007: 15 September
  • 2008: 3 September
  • 2009: 23 August
  • 2010: 11 September
  • 2011: 1 September
  • 2012: 19 September

Gallery

  • Ganesh Chaturthi
  • Large idols such as this are seen all over Mumbai during the festival
    Large idols such as this are seen all over Mumbai during the festival
  • An Indian Coast Guard helicopter patrols Girgaum Chowpatty during Ganesh Immersion
    An Indian Coast Guard helicopter patrols Girgaum Chowpatty during Ganesh Immersion
  • A boat at Girgaum Chowpatty during immersion
    A boat at Girgaum Chowpatty during immersion
  • Idols at Girgaum Chowpatty on their way for immersion
    Idols at Girgaum Chowpatty on their way for immersion
  • Street festivities in Hyderabad during the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi.
    Street festivities in Hyderabad during the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi.
  • Small idols are brought home for celebration
    Small idols are brought home for celebration
  • A Ganesh Procession in Mumbai, India prior to immersion.
    A Ganesh Procession in Mumbai, India prior to immersion.
  • Imersion of Ganesh Idols at Foreshore Estate, Chennai
    Imersion of Ganesh Idols at Foreshore Estate, Chennai
  • A small clay Ganesh idol worshipped in a home during Ganesh Festival
    A small clay Ganesh idol worshipped in a home during Ganesh Festival
  • Statue of Ganesha, put up in Khairatabad, Hyderabad, India in 2008 during Ganesh Chaturthi, worshipped for 9 days and then immersed in water.
    Statue of Ganesha, put up in Khairatabad, Hyderabad, India in 2008 during Ganesh Chaturthi, worshipped for 9 days and then immersed in water.
  • Immersion of Ganesh Idol in Sankey Tank, Bangalore, India
    Immersion of Ganesh Idol in Sankey Tank, Bangalore, India
  • Immersion in Hyderabad
    Immersion in Hyderabad

See also

References

  1. ^ Ganesha with most Fans – Lalbaugcha Raja, news.inmumbai.org, 11 September 2010, retrieved 02 August 2011 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ (Ref. Dharmasindhu and Indian Calendric System, by Commodore S.K. Chatterjee (Retd). Madhyahana is the 3rd / 5th part of the day (Sunrise-sunset). (Ganesh Chaturthi festival calculation information provided by mypanchang.com)
  3. ^ http://www.southendstandard.co.uk/news/southend/4573277.Thousands_turn_out_for_Hindu_Festival_at_Shoebury_East_Beach/
  4. ^ BBC report on 2008 Festival of Immersion
  5. ^ Liverpool Daily Post: Report on 2010 event
  6. ^ Metcalf, Thomas R. A Concise History of India. ISBN 0521630274. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)Metcalf and Metcalf, p. 150.
  7. ^ Momin, A. R., The Legacy Of G. S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift, p. 95.
  8. ^ For Ganesha's appeal as "the god for everyman" as a motivation for Tilak, see: Brown (1991), p. 9.
  9. ^ Brown, Robert L. (1991). Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God. Albany: State University of New York. ISBN 0-7914-0657-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)Brown (1991), p. 9.
  10. ^ For Tilak's role in converting the private family festivals to a public event in support of Indian nationalism, see: Thapan, p. 225.
  11. ^ For Tilak as the first to use large public images in maṇḍapas (pavilions or tents) see: Thapan, p. 225.Thapan, Anita Raina (1997). Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers. ISBN 81-7304-195-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ M. Vikram Reddy, A. Vijay Kumar (December 2001). "Effects of Ganesh-icon immersion on some water quality parameters of Hussainsagar Lake". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ The Ecosensitive Ganesh Festival campaign
  14. ^ Ganesh immersions ruled unlawful
  15. ^ Green Ganesh
  16. ^ Ganesh immersion: temple’s campaign finds many takers

External links

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