Five Races Under One Union: Difference between revisions
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{{Chinese|pic=Republic of China Flags.jpg|picsize=250px|piccap=The center flag is the [[Flag of the Republic of China|Five-Colored Flag of the Republic of China]] , underneath the flags is the message: "Long live the union" (共和萬歲)|t=五族共和|p=wǔzú gōnghé|w=wǔ-tsú kūng-hé|myr=wǔdzú gūnghé|mi={{IPAc-cmn|wu|3|z|u|2|-|g|ong|1|h|e|2}}|j=ng5 zuk6 gung6 wo4|l=five races (ethnic groups) living together in mutual harmony|y=ngh juhk guhng wòh|ci={{IPA-yue|ŋ̬̍ tsʊ̀k kʊ̀ŋ wɔ̏ː|}}|poj={{Unicode|gō͘}} cho̍k kiōng-hô}} |
{{Chinese|pic=Republic of China Flags.jpg|picsize=250px|piccap=The center flag is the [[Flag of the Republic of China|Five-Colored Flag of the Republic of China]] , underneath the flags is the message: "Long live the union" (共和萬歲)|t=五族共和|p=wǔzú gōnghé|w=wǔ-tsú kūng-hé|myr=wǔdzú gūnghé|mi={{IPAc-cmn|wu|3|z|u|2|-|g|ong|1|h|e|2}}|j=ng5 zuk6 gung6 wo4|l=five races (ethnic groups) living together in mutual harmony|y=ngh juhk guhng wòh|ci={{IPA-yue|ŋ̬̍ tsʊ̀k kʊ̀ŋ wɔ̏ː|}}|poj={{Unicode|gō͘}} cho̍k kiōng-hô}} |
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'''Five races under one union''' was one of the major principles upon which the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was originally founded in 1911 at the time of the [[Xinhai Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+huangdi&hl=en&ei=7tq5TIaDIoaglAfAtfyyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20huangdi&f=false|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|editor=Murray A. Rubinstein|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|edition=illustrated|location=|page=416|isbn= |
'''Five races under one union''' was one of the major principles upon which the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was originally founded in 1911 at the time of the [[Xinhai Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+huangdi&hl=en&ei=7tq5TIaDIoaglAfAtfyyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20huangdi&f=false|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|editor=Murray A. Rubinstein|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|edition=illustrated|location=|page=416|isbn=1-56324-193-5|pages=485|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&hl=en&ei=etu5TMOkBYX6lwfItaTODA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20hui%20yellow%20emperor&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|page=208|isbn=0-231-13924-1|pages=440|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CLiFAAAAIAAJ&q=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&dq=chiang+kai-shek+hui+yellow+emperor&hl=en&ei=CNy5TJmlDMH_lgfzlriHDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ|title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|coauthors=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|edition=5, illustrated|location=|page=409|isbn=|pages=536|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=gwH3TYSYCuXb0QGql_ywCw&ct=result&id=pmEQAAAAIAAJ&dq=subdivisions%E2%80%94+Chinese%2C+Manchus%2C+Mongols%2C+Mohammedans%2C+and+Tibetans.+It+will+never+be+known+whether+this+radical+policy+would+have+brought+unity%2C+because+it+was+not+put+into+practice.+Dr.+Sun+died+in+the+early+1920%27s+before+his+movement&q=subdivisions%E2%80%94+Chinese%2C+Manchus%2C+Mongols%2C+Mohammedans%2C+and+Tibetans.+It+will+never+be+known+whether+this+radical+policy+would+have+brought+unity|title=Harper's magazine, Volume 198|author=Making of America Project|year=1949|publisher=Harper's Magazine Co.|location=|page=104|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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This principle emphasized the harmony of the five major ethnic groups in China as represented by the colored stripes of the [[Flag of the Republic of China|Five-Colored Flag of the Republic]]: the [[Han Chinese|Han]] (red); the [[Manchu]]s (yellow); the [[Mongols]] (blue); the "[[Hui_people#Etymology|Hui]]" (the name given to the [[Islam in China|Muslims]] at that time) (white); and the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] (black).<ref name="fitzj">Fitzgerald, John. [1998] (1998). Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford University Press publishing. ISBN |
This principle emphasized the harmony of the five major ethnic groups in China as represented by the colored stripes of the [[Flag of the Republic of China|Five-Colored Flag of the Republic]]: the [[Han Chinese|Han]] (red); the [[Manchu]]s (yellow); the [[Mongols]] (blue); the "[[Hui_people#Etymology|Hui]]" (the name given to the [[Islam in China|Muslims]] at that time) (white); and the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] (black).<ref name="fitzj">Fitzgerald, John. [1998] (1998). Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford University Press publishing. ISBN 0-8047-3337-6, 9780804733373. pg 180.</ref> |
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The term "Muslim" in this context (including the term 回, ''huí'', in Chinese) primarily referred to the Muslim [[Turkic peoples]] in Western China, since the term "Muslim Territory" (回疆; "Huijiang") was an older name for [[Xinjiang]] during the [[Qing Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhkweJozrS0C&pg=PA171&dq=chiang+kai+shek+yellow+emperor+han+hui+in+this+case+referring+to+turkic+speaking+people+in+xinjiang&hl=en&ei=F-b2Td6fFIyt0AHwxvXHCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%20hui%20%20case%20referring%20%20turkic%20speaking%20people%20%20xinjiang&f=false|title=A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism|author=Suisheng Zhao|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|page=171|isbn= |
The term "Muslim" in this context (including the term 回, ''huí'', in Chinese) primarily referred to the Muslim [[Turkic peoples]] in Western China, since the term "Muslim Territory" (回疆; "Huijiang") was an older name for [[Xinjiang]] during the [[Qing Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhkweJozrS0C&pg=PA171&dq=chiang+kai+shek+yellow+emperor+han+hui+in+this+case+referring+to+turkic+speaking+people+in+xinjiang&hl=en&ei=F-b2Td6fFIyt0AHwxvXHCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%20hui%20%20case%20referring%20%20turkic%20speaking%20people%20%20xinjiang&f=false|title=A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism|author=Suisheng Zhao|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|page=171|isbn=0-8047-5001-7|pages=355|accessdate=2011-06-12}}</ref> The meaning of the term "Hui people" gradually shifted to [[Hui people|its current sense]]—a group distinguished from the [[Han Chinese]] by little other than their [[Islam|Muslim]] faith and distant foreign ancestry during the period of roughly 1911–49 in the [[Republic of China]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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After the [[Wuchang Uprising]], the Qing dynasty transitioned to the [[Republic of China]]. There were a number of competing flags that could have been used by the [[Tongmenghui|revolutionaries]]. The military units of Wuchang wanted the 9-star flag with [[Taijitu]].<ref name="fitzj"/> [[Sun Yat-sen]] considered the [[Blue Sky and White Sun]] flag to honor [[Lu Hao-tung]].<ref name="fitzj" /> |
After the [[Wuchang Uprising]], the Qing dynasty transitioned to the [[Republic of China]]. There were a number of competing flags that could have been used by the [[Tongmenghui|revolutionaries]]. The military units of Wuchang wanted the 9-star flag with [[Taijitu]].<ref name="fitzj"/> [[Sun Yat-sen]] considered the [[Blue Sky and White Sun]] flag to honor [[Lu Hao-tung]].<ref name="fitzj" /> |
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Despite the general target of the uprisings to be the manchus, Sun Yat-sen, [[Song Jiaoren]] and [[Huang Xing]] unanimously advocated [[racial integration]] to be carried out on the frontiers hence the different colors used for the flag.<ref>Hsiao-ting Lin. [2010] (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Taylor & Francis publishing. ISBN |
Despite the general target of the uprisings to be the manchus, Sun Yat-sen, [[Song Jiaoren]] and [[Huang Xing]] unanimously advocated [[racial integration]] to be carried out on the frontiers hence the different colors used for the flag.<ref>Hsiao-ting Lin. [2010] (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Taylor & Francis publishing. ISBN 0-415-58264-4, 9780415582643. pg 7.</ref> The general idea is that all of the non-[[Han Chinese|Han]] races were Chinese also despite the non-Han portion making up a very small percentage of the population.<ref>Chow, Peter C. Y. [2008] (2008). The "one China" dilemma. Macmillan publishing. ISBN 1-4039-8394-1, 9781403983947. pg 31.</ref> |
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The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]]. |
The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]]. |
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Revision as of 19:06, 6 May 2012
| Five Races Under One Union | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 The center flag is the Five-Colored Flag of the Republic of China , underneath the flags is the message: "Long live the union" (共和萬歲) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 五族共和 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | five races (ethnic groups) living together in mutual harmony | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Five races under one union was one of the major principles upon which the Republic of China was originally founded in 1911 at the time of the Xinhai Revolution.[1][2][3][4]
Description
This principle emphasized the harmony of the five major ethnic groups in China as represented by the colored stripes of the Five-Colored Flag of the Republic: the Han (red); the Manchus (yellow); the Mongols (blue); the "Hui" (the name given to the Muslims at that time) (white); and the Tibetans (black).[5]
The term "Muslim" in this context (including the term 回, huí, in Chinese) primarily referred to the Muslim Turkic peoples in Western China, since the term "Muslim Territory" (回疆; "Huijiang") was an older name for Xinjiang during the Qing Dynasty.[6] The meaning of the term "Hui people" gradually shifted to its current sense—a group distinguished from the Han Chinese by little other than their Muslim faith and distant foreign ancestry during the period of roughly 1911–49 in the Republic of China.
History
After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing dynasty transitioned to the Republic of China. There were a number of competing flags that could have been used by the revolutionaries. The military units of Wuchang wanted the 9-star flag with Taijitu.[5] Sun Yat-sen considered the Blue Sky and White Sun flag to honor Lu Hao-tung.[5]
Despite the general target of the uprisings to be the manchus, Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated racial integration to be carried out on the frontiers hence the different colors used for the flag.[7] The general idea is that all of the non-Han races were Chinese also despite the non-Han portion making up a very small percentage of the population.[8]
The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the Northern Expedition.
A variation of this flag was adopted by Yuan Shikai's empire and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (Flag of Manchukuo). In Manchukuo, similar slogan (五族協和) was used, but the five races are changed into Japanese (red), Han Chinese (blue), Mongols (white), Koreans (black) and Manchus (yellow).
Gallery
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Military insignia based on the flag -
Air force roundel -
National flag 1912-1928 -
National flag of Empire of China 1916 -
National flag of Empire of China 1916 -
National flag of Manchukuo 1932-1945 -
Flag of the Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1938-1940)
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See also
References
- ^ Murray A. Rubinstein (1994). Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.). The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 416. ISBN 1-56324-193-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 208. ISBN 0-231-13924-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970) (5, illustrated ed.). Prentice-Hall. 1971. p. 409. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Making of America Project (1949). Harper's magazine, Volume 198. Harper's Magazine Co. p. 104. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
- ^ a b c Fitzgerald, John. [1998] (1998). Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford University Press publishing. ISBN 0-8047-3337-6, 9780804733373. pg 180.
- ^ Suisheng Zhao (2004). A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-8047-5001-7. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Hsiao-ting Lin. [2010] (2010). Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west. Taylor & Francis publishing. ISBN 0-415-58264-4, 9780415582643. pg 7.
- ^ Chow, Peter C. Y. [2008] (2008). The "one China" dilemma. Macmillan publishing. ISBN 1-4039-8394-1, 9781403983947. pg 31.
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