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* State limits within the United States: [[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Florida]]: 1 ppb
* State limits within the United States: [[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Florida]]: 1 ppb


The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] and [[California]] have set public health goals for benzene of 0 ppb and 0.15 ppb respectively.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-voc/benzene.html Consumer Factsheet on Benzene]</ref>
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] and [[California]] have set public health goals for benzene of 0 ppb and 0.15 ppb.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-voc/benzene.html Consumer Factsheet on Benzene]</ref>


== Environmental exposure to benzene ==
== Environmental exposure to benzene ==

Revision as of 17:44, 5 June 2012

Benzene in soft drinks is of some concern due to the carcinogenic nature of the benzene molecule. This contamination is a public health concern and has caused significant outcry among environmental and health advocates. Benzene levels are regulated in drinking water nationally and internationally, and in bottled water in the United States, but only informally in soft drinks. The benzene results from decarboxylation of the preservative benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) especially under heat and light.

Limit standards in drinking water

Various authorities have set limits on benzene content in drinking water. The following limits are given in parts per billion (ppb; μg/kg).

The EPA and California have set public health goals for benzene of 0 ppb and 0.15 ppb.[4]

Environmental exposure to benzene

Benzene in soft drinks has to be seen in the context of other environmental exposure. Taking the worst example found to date of a soft drink containing 87.9 ppb benzene,[1] someone drinking a 350 ml (12 oz) can would ingest 31 μg (micrograms) of benzene, almost equivalent to the benzene inhaled by a motorist refilling a fuel tank for three minutes. While there is no justification for a soft drink to contain high levels of benzene ("There is a difference here between a small and unavoidable risk, and a small but avoidable risk.”[5]), the casual consumption of such a drink is unlikely to pose a significant health hazard to a particular individual (see, for example, the EPA IRIS document on benzene[6]). However, spread out over millions of people consuming soft drinks each day, there might be a small number of cancers caused by this exposure.[7]

The UK Food Standards Agency has stated that people would need to drink at least 20 litres (5.5 gal) per day of a drink containing benzene at 10 μg to equal the amount of benzene they would breathe from city air every day.[8] Daily personal exposure to benzene is determined by adding exposure from all sources.

  • Air: A European study found that people breathe in 220 μg of benzene every day due to general atmospheric pollution. A motorist refilling a fuel tank for three minutes would inhale a further 32 μg.[9][10] The estimated daily exposure from "automobile-related activities" is 49 μg and for driving for one hour is 40 μg.[8]
  • Smoking: For smokers, cigarette smoking is the main source of exposure to benzene. Estimates are 7900 μg per day (smoking 20 cigarettes per day),[9] 1820 μg/day, and 1800 µg/day.[8]
  • Passive smoking: Benzene intake from passive smoking is estimated at 63 μg/day (Canada) and 50 µg/day.[8]
  • Diet and drinking water: 0.2 to 3.1 μg per day.[8]

Formation in soft drinks

The major cause of benzene in soft drinks is the decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300) or erythorbic acid (a diastereomer of ascorbic acid, E315). Benzoic acid is often added to drinks as a preservative in the form of its salts sodium benzoate (E211), potassium benzoate (E 212), or calcium benzoate (E 213).[11] Citric acid is not thought to induce significant benzene production in combination with benzoic acid, but some evidence suggests that in the presence of ascorbic or erythorbic acid and benzoic acid, citric acid may accelerate the production of benzene[citation needed].

Other factors that affect the formation of benzene are heat and light. Storing soft drinks in warm conditions speeds up the formation of benzene.

Calcium disodium EDTA and sugars have been shown to inhibit benzene production in soft drinks.[2]

The International Council of Beverages Associations has produced advice to prevent or minimize benzene formation.[12]

Events

1990s

In 1990, a study reported having found unsafe levels of benzene in bottles of Perrier for sale in the United States.[13][14] The parent company of Perrier shifted from one explanation to another on the issue, finally stating that it was an isolated incident of a worker having made a mistake in the filtering procedure.

In the early 1990s, the soft drink industry initially approached FDA with concerns about benzene formation in soft drinks. Following testing, FDA asked manufacturers to voluntarily reformulate. By 1993, FDA determined that most drinks had little benzene contamination.[15]

In 1993, research showed how benzene can form from benzoic acid in the presence of vitamin C.[11][16]

In the summer of 1998, a number of well known soft drinks manufacturers had to withdraw large quantities of their products from sale after benzene contamination in some production plants was discovered.[17]

2005

In November 2005, the FDA received test results conducted by private citizens that benzene was forming at low levels in several types of beverages.[18]

In December 2005, Germany's Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung) published a review of benzene's possible formation in foods and drinks.[19]

2006

In February 2006, an unnamed former chemist at the FDA publicly revealed that benzene may be created as part of a chemical reaction during production of soft drinks, particularly those having an orange flavor.[20] Full scale investigations immediately started at the Food Standards Agency (UK) and in Germany to reveal exactly which amounts of benzene, if any, were present, with several other organizations awaiting their findings.[21]

The United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency released results on March 31, 2006 for 150 beverages.[9] Its results showed 43 beverages contained benzene, four of which contained levels above the World Health Organization drinking water standards (10 ppb). These four were withdrawn from sale.[22][23]

In April 2006, the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) announced that it had detected benzene in 27 out of 30 vitamin-enriched drinks on sale in South Korea. It said the detected amount of benzene – ranging from 5.7 to 87.8 ppb – was not harmful to humans but advised manufacturers of beverages containing more than 10 ppb of benzene to voluntarily recall their products.[1]

The FDA released preliminary results[18] in May 2006 for 100 beverages showing that many soft drinks contained low levels of benzene (less than 5 ppb, the federal drinking water limit) while four drinks contained amounts above the standard. Two of these drinks contained amounts 15-18 times above the drinking water standard. Many of the products showed large variations in the amount of benzene they contained. The FDA stated that it is working with manufacturers to reformulate products that contain benzene above the federal drinking water standard.

These test results are both lower and more accurate than a previous long-term study by the FDA. In the Total Diet Study[24] that FDA conducted from 1996 - 2001 to determine the amounts of volatile organic compounds in various foods, FDA used an analytical procedure that caused more benzene to form in the drinks during the test.[25][26]

The FDA emphasized that most beverages contain levels below 5 ppb and pose no risk to consumers. Furthermore, there are no standards for beverages beyond drinking and bottled water. A watchdog organization, the Environmental Working Group, had previously called on the FDA to release its results. The EWG also criticized the FDA for not acting on the Total Diet Study results showing the nearly 80% of the diet soft drinks exceeded the federal drinking water standards.

On 9 June 2006, Health Canada released its study results of benzene levels in beverages. Four products had levels above the Canadian guideline of five micrograms per litre for benzene in drinking water.[27][28]

On 24 August 2006, two soft drink manufacturers agreed to settle a class-action lawsuit that had been filed by a group of parents in the District of Columbia Superior Court. The two companies, Zone Brands Inc., maker of "BellyWashers" products, and TalkingRain Beverage Co., denied that their products were harmful, but agreed to change the ingredients in their drinks.[29]

2008

Coca-Cola announced that it would be phasing out sodium benzoate from many of its drinks, but not Fanta and Sprite.[30] As of January 2010, Coca Cola Zero still contains benzoate (added as potassium salt).

A Belgian study found that plastic packaging may play an important role in the formation of benzene in soft drinks.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b c "South Korea urges recall of benzene-containing drinks"
  2. ^ a b United States Food and Drug Administration: Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages
  3. ^ Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (PDF)
  4. ^ Consumer Factsheet on Benzene
  5. ^ Mercer, C. Doubts hit FDA handling of benzene in soft drinks Food Navigator USA, November 21, 2006. Accessed November 27, 2006
  6. ^ Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System: Benzene Accessed on November 27, 2006
  7. ^ Effect Measure. Back to benzene in soda November 27, 2006
  8. ^ a b c d e New Zealand Food Safety Authority / Te Pou Oranga kai O Aotearoa Benzene in flavoured drinks
  9. ^ a b c Food Standards Agency, March 2006, "Survey of Benzene in Soft Drinks (PDF)
  10. ^ European Commission Joint Research Centre, HEXPOC Human Exposure Characterization of chemical substances; quantification of exposure routes, pp36–59, 2005, EU 21501 EN
  11. ^ a b LK Gardner, GD Lawrence, Benzene Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, May 1993, Volume 41, Number 5; first page
  12. ^ International Council of Beverages Associations ICBA Guidance Document to Mitigate the Potential for Benzene Formation in Beverages
  13. ^ George James Perrier Recalls Its Water in U.S. After Benzene Is Found in Bottles The New York Times February 10, 1990
  14. ^ Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services FDA Enforcement Report February 28, 1990
  15. ^ Letter Regarding Benzene Levels in Soft Drinks
  16. ^ "Cancer chemical found in drinks". BBC News. 1 March 2006.
  17. ^ Coca-Cola agrees to take carcinogenic benzene out of soda
  18. ^ a b FDA. May 19, 2006, "Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages"
  19. ^ Indications of the possible formation of benzene from benzoic acid in foods
  20. ^ Mercer, Chris. Food Production Daily, February 15, 2006, "FDA re-opens probe into benzene contamination of soft drinks"
  21. ^ Mercer, Chris. Food Production Daily, February 20, 2006, "UK, Germany checking soft drinks for benzene"
  22. ^ "Survey of benzene levels in soft drinks"
  23. ^ Elliott, Valerie, The Times, April 1, 2006, "Soft drinks pulled from shelves over cancer fear"
  24. ^ Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) "Total Diet Study"
  25. ^ Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). April 13, 2006, "FDA Statement: Benzene in Soft Drinks"
  26. ^ Hildeman, Bette. "Dispute Over Benzene In Drinks", Chemical and Engineering News, April 24, [2006], Vol. 84, pg 10.
  27. ^ Health Canada releases final results of study of benzene levels in beverages, 9 June 2006
  28. ^ Benzene in Soft Drinks and other Beverage Products
  29. ^ LIBBY QUAID Soft Drink Companies Settle Benzene Case, August 24, 2006
  30. ^ Martin Hickman Coca-Cola to phase out use of controversial additive after DNA damage claim The Independent 25 May 2008
  31. ^ Christof van Poucke et al. Monitoring the Benzene Contents in Soft Drinks Using Headspace Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry: A Survey of the Situation on the Belgian Market J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56 (12), pp 4504–4510
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