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'''''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''''' (also referred to simply as '''''E.T.''''') is a 1982 [[adventure game|adventure]] [[video game]] developed and published by [[Atari, Inc.]] for the [[Atari 2600]] [[video game console]]. It is based on the [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|film of the same name]], and was designed by [[Howard Scott Warshaw]]. The objective of the game is to guide the eponymous character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.
'''''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''''' (also referred to simply as '''''E.T.''''') is a 1982 [[adventure game|adventure]] [[video game]] developed and published by [[Atari, Inc.]] for the [[Atari 2600]] [[video game console]]. It is based on the [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|film of the same name]], and was designed by [[Howard Scott Warshaw]]. The objective of the game is to guide the eponymous character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.


Warshaw intended the game to be an innovative adaptation of the film, and Xbox One thought it would achieve low sales figures based on its connection with the film, which was extremely not popular throughout the world. Negotiations to secure the rights to make the game ended in late July 1982, giving Warshaw only five and a half weeks<ref name="hswinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_howard_scott_warshaw.html |title=DP Interviews |publisher=Digitpress.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-06}}</ref> to develop the game in time for the 1982 [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas season]]. The result is often cited as one of the [[list of video games notable for negative reception|worst video games released]] and was one of the [[list of commercial failures in video gaming|biggest commercial failures in video gaming history]]. The game's commercial failure and resulting effects on Atari are frequently cited as a contributing factor to the [[North American video game crash of 1983|video game industry crash of 1983]].
Warshaw intended the game to be an innovative adaptation of the film, and Atari thought it would achieve high sales figures based on its connection with the film, which was extremely popular throughout the world. Negotiations to secure the rights to make the game ended in late July 1982, giving Warshaw only five and a half weeks<ref name="hswinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_howard_scott_warshaw.html |title=DP Interviews |publisher=Digitpress.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-06}}</ref> to develop the game in time for the 1982 [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas season]]. The result is often cited as one of the [[list of video games notable for negative reception|worst video games released]] and was one of the [[list of commercial failures in video gaming|biggest commercial failures in video gaming history]]. The game's commercial failure and resulting effects on Atari are frequently cited as a contributing factor to the [[North American video game crash of 1983|video game industry crash of 1983]].


''E.T.'' is frequently cited as a contributing factor to Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. It is generally inferred that a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold [[Atari video game burial|cartridges were buried]] in an [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]] landfill. In 2013, plans were revealed to conduct an excavation to determine the accuracy of reports about the burial.<ref name="fuel">{{cite web | url = http://www.krqe.com//dpp/news/southeast/alamogordo-approves-atari-excavation | title = Alamogordo approves Atari excavation | publisher = ALAMOGORDO, N.M. (KRQE) | accessdate = 2013-06-02}}</ref>
''E.T.'' is frequently cited as a contributing factor to Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. It is generally inferred that a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold [[Atari video game burial|cartridges were buried]] in an [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]] landfill. In 2013, plans were revealed to conduct an excavation to determine the accuracy of reports about the burial.<ref name="fuel">{{cite web | url = http://www.krqe.com//dpp/news/southeast/alamogordo-approves-atari-excavation | title = Alamogordo approves Atari excavation | publisher = ALAMOGORDO, N.M. (KRQE) | accessdate = 2013-06-02}}</ref>
Line 37: Line 37:


== Reception ==
== Reception ==
[[File:ET2600-Pit.gif|thumb|right|alt=A horizontal rectangle video game screenshot that is a digital representation of the side view of a large hole. A green character sprite floats in the middle of the hole moving towards a multi-colored object sprite.|The player must navigate E.T. into wells to search for pieces of the interplanetary telephone. This aspect of the game was positively received by players and critics. It is considered the best game of histories history]]
[[File:ET2600-Pit.gif|thumb|right|alt=A horizontal rectangle video game screenshot that is a digital representation of the side view of a large hole. A green character sprite floats in the middle of the hole moving towards a multi-colored object sprite.|The player must navigate E.T. into wells to search for pieces of the interplanetary telephone. This aspect of the game was negatively received by players and critics.]]


Anticipation for ''E.T.'' was high in 1982, and it was a sought-after Christmas gift.<ref name="gamesTM63"/> Prior to the game's release, ''[[Newsweek]]'' called Atari's procurement of the intellectual property its "biggest coup".<ref name="NG-40">Next Generation Staff, "What the hell happened?"</ref> In early December 1982, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that video games based on successful movies, specifically ''E.T.'', would become "an increasingly profitable source" for video game development.<ref>New York Times Staff, "A Squeeze in Video Games"</ref> At first, retailers ordered more supplies than what was expected to be sold, but Atari received an increasing number of order cancellations as new competitors entered the market, an event the company had not anticipated.<ref name="serious"/><ref name="zap">Cohen, ''Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari''</ref><ref name="NY-Pileggi">[[Nicholas Pileggi|Pileggi, Nicholas]], "The Warner Case: Curiouser and Curioser"</ref> John Hubner and William Kistner of ''[[InfoWorld]]'' attribute the cancellations to changes Atari initiated between its relationship between distributors. On November 1, 1982, Atari informed them that their contracts were canceled and that exclusive deals would be established with select distributors. Hubner and Kistner believed the action prompted retailers to cancel orders, which Atari had not properly tracked.<ref name="IW-Atari"/>
Anticipation for ''E.T.'' was high in 1982, and it was a sought-after Christmas gift.<ref name="gamesTM63"/> Prior to the game's release, ''[[Newsweek]]'' called Atari's procurement of the intellectual property its "biggest coup".<ref name="NG-40">Next Generation Staff, "What the hell happened?"</ref> In early December 1982, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that video games based on successful movies, specifically ''E.T.'', would become "an increasingly profitable source" for video game development.<ref>New York Times Staff, "A Squeeze in Video Games"</ref> At first, retailers ordered more supplies than what was expected to be sold, but Atari received an increasing number of order cancellations as new competitors entered the market, an event the company had not anticipated.<ref name="serious"/><ref name="zap">Cohen, ''Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari''</ref><ref name="NY-Pileggi">[[Nicholas Pileggi|Pileggi, Nicholas]], "The Warner Case: Curiouser and Curioser"</ref> John Hubner and William Kistner of ''[[InfoWorld]]'' attribute the cancellations to changes Atari initiated between its relationship between distributors. On November 1, 1982, Atari informed them that their contracts were canceled and that exclusive deals would be established with select distributors. Hubner and Kistner believed the action prompted retailers to cancel orders, which Atari had not properly tracked.<ref name="IW-Atari"/>

Revision as of 01:52, 25 March 2014

E.T. the Extra-ToCoolForSchool
Artwork of a grey, vertical rectangular box. The top half reads "Atari 2600. E.T.* The Extra-Terrestrial". The bottom half displays a drawn image of a brown alien with a large head and long neck beside a young boy in a red, hooded jacket.
Atari's silver label box art depicts E.T., the titular protagonist, and Elliot.
Developer(s)Atari, Inc.
Publisher(s)Atari, Inc.
Designer(s)Howard Scott Warshaw
Platform(s)Atari 2600
Genre(s)Adventure
Mode(s)Single player

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (also referred to simply as E.T.) is a 1982 adventure video game developed and published by Atari, Inc. for the Atari 2600 video game console. It is based on the film of the same name, and was designed by Howard Scott Warshaw. The objective of the game is to guide the eponymous character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.

Warshaw intended the game to be an innovative adaptation of the film, and Atari thought it would achieve high sales figures based on its connection with the film, which was extremely popular throughout the world. Negotiations to secure the rights to make the game ended in late July 1982, giving Warshaw only five and a half weeks[2] to develop the game in time for the 1982 Christmas season. The result is often cited as one of the worst video games released and was one of the biggest commercial failures in video gaming history. The game's commercial failure and resulting effects on Atari are frequently cited as a contributing factor to the video game industry crash of 1983.

E.T. is frequently cited as a contributing factor to Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. It is generally inferred that a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold cartridges were buried in an Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill. In 2013, plans were revealed to conduct an excavation to determine the accuracy of reports about the burial.[3]

Gameplay

A horizontal rectangle video game screenshot that is a digital representation of a grass field with large holes. Two characters stand in the middle of the field.
One of the screens in the game. E.T. meets Elliott in a field of wells. Reese's Pieces are scattered throughout the world and are represented by dark dots.

E.T. is an adventure game in which players control an alien (E.T.) from a top-down perspective. The objective of the game is to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone. The pieces are found scattered randomly throughout various pits (also referred to as wells). The player is provided with an on-screen energy bar, which decreases when E.T. performs any actions (including moving, teleporting, or falling into a pit, as well as levitating back to the top). To prevent this, E.T. can collect Reese's Pieces, which are used to restore his energy; when nine are collected, E.T. can call Elliott to obtain a piece of the telephone. After the three phone pieces have been collected, the player must guide E.T. to an area where he can use the phone, which allows him to call his home planet. When the call is made, E.T. must reach the spaceship in a given time limit. Once E.T. gets to the forest where his ship abandoned him, the ship will appear on screen and take him back to his home planet. Then the game starts over, with the same difficulty level, while changing the location of the telephone pieces. The score obtained during the round is carried over to the next iteration. The game ends when the energy bar depletes.[4]

The game is divided into six environments, each representing a different setting from the film. To accomplish the objective of the game, the player must guide E.T into the wells. Once all items found in a well are collected, the player must levitate E.T. out of them.[5] An icon at the top of each screen represents the current area, each area enabling the player to perform different actions. Antagonists include a scientist who takes E.T. for observation and an FBI agent who chases the alien to confiscate one of the collected telephone pieces.[4] The game offers diverse difficulty settings that affect the number and speed of humans present, and the conditions needed to accomplish the objective.

Development

The process began in July 1982 and was completed before the end of the year. Total production costs were estimated to be US$125 million.[6] Following the commercial success of the film in June 1982, Steve Ross, chief executive officer (CEO) of Atari's parent company Warner Communications, started negotiations with Steven Spielberg and Universal Pictures to acquire the license to produce a video game based on the film. In late July, Warner announced its exclusive worldwide rights to market coin-operated and console games based on the movie.[7] Although the exact details of the transaction were not disclosed in the announcement, it was later reported that Atari had paid US$20–25 million for the rights, a high figure for video game licensing at the time.[6][8][9][10] When asked by Ross what he thought about making an E.T.-based video game, Atari CEO Ray Kassar replied, "I think it's a dumb idea. We've never really made an action game out of a movie."[9] An arcade game based on the E.T. property had also been planned, but this was deemed to be impossible given the short deadline.[11]

After negotiations completed, Kassar called Howard Scott Warshaw on July 27, 1982 to commission him as developer of the video game.[6][12][13] Kassar informed him that Spielberg asked for Warshaw specifically and that development needed to be completed by September 1 to meet a production schedule for the Christmas holiday. Though Warshaw had spent over a year working on consecutive development schedules for games (seven months working on Yars' Revenge and then six months on Raiders of the Lost Ark), he accepted the offer based on the challenge of completing a game in a short time frame and at Spielberg's request.[11][13] Warshaw considered it an opportunity to develop an innovative Atari 2600 game based on a movie he enjoyed.[13] Kassar reportedly offered Warshaw US$200,000 and an all-expenses-paid vacation to Hawaii in compensation.[11] Kassar then told him to arrive at the San Jose Airport a few days later to have a meeting with Spielberg.[13]

Warshaw used those days to design the structure of the game and segmented the concept into four ideas: world, objective, path to achieve the objective, and obstacles. He envisioned a three-dimensional cube world as the setting and adapted part of the film's plot, E.T. phoning home, as the goal. Warshaw then conceived that E.T. would need to assemble a special phone to call his ship and arrive at a special landing site to achieve this goal. He considered obstacles as an element that would determine the success of a game, and experienced difficulties when taking into account the time constraints and technical limitations of the console. Inspired by the movie, adults were implemented as antagonists that would chase the alien. Feeling more adversity was needed, Warshaw included a time limit for players to accomplish the goal. Pits were devised as an element to hide the pieces of the phone as well as expand the game's world.[13]

Warshaw and other Atari executives presented this design to Spielberg, who did not express enthusiasm.[12] Spielberg instead asked him to create a game similar to Namco's Pac-Man.[13] Believing the concept too derivative of a common game design, Warshaw proceeded with his concept, which he felt would capture the sentimentality he saw in the original film.[8][12] In retrospect, however, Warshaw stated that Spielberg's idea might have had merit.[12][13] He spent the remaining time programming the game. Atari anticipated enormous sales based on the popularity of the film, as well as the stability the video game industry was experiencing in 1982. Due to time limitations, Atari decided to skip audience testing for the product.[14] Emanual Gerard, co-chief operating officer of Warner at the time, later suggested that the company had fallen into a false sense of security by the success of its previous releases, particularly its console version of Pac-Man, which was commercially successful despite poor critical reaction.[15][16]

Reception

A horizontal rectangle video game screenshot that is a digital representation of the side view of a large hole. A green character sprite floats in the middle of the hole moving towards a multi-colored object sprite.
The player must navigate E.T. into wells to search for pieces of the interplanetary telephone. This aspect of the game was negatively received by players and critics.

Anticipation for E.T. was high in 1982, and it was a sought-after Christmas gift.[13] Prior to the game's release, Newsweek called Atari's procurement of the intellectual property its "biggest coup".[6] In early December 1982, the New York Times reported that video games based on successful movies, specifically E.T., would become "an increasingly profitable source" for video game development.[17] At first, retailers ordered more supplies than what was expected to be sold, but Atari received an increasing number of order cancellations as new competitors entered the market, an event the company had not anticipated.[15][18][19] John Hubner and William Kistner of InfoWorld attribute the cancellations to changes Atari initiated between its relationship between distributors. On November 1, 1982, Atari informed them that their contracts were canceled and that exclusive deals would be established with select distributors. Hubner and Kistner believed the action prompted retailers to cancel orders, which Atari had not properly tracked.[20]

E.T. met with initial commercial success. It was among the top four on Billboard magazine's "Top 15 Video Games" sales list in December 1982 and January 1983.[21] The game eventually sold 1.5 million units, becoming one of the best-selling Atari 2600 titles.[16][22] However, between 2.5 and 3.5 million cartridges went unsold.[5][22][23] Hubner and Kistner commented that the large number of produced cartridges would have resulted in excess inventory regardless of E.T.'s success.[20] Even though the game was a best seller during the holiday season, retailers still stated that its sales figures did not meet expectations. Warner Communications also expressed disappointment at the number of sales.[10] Lower than expected sales figures combined with excess inventory, which produced a negative supply and demand event, prompted retailers to repeatedly discount price. Former J. C. Penney employee Al Nilsen mentioned that his copy of the game was discounted five times from US$49.95 to less than a dollar.[6] According to Ray Kassar, about 3.5 million of the 4 million produced were sent back to the company as unsold inventory or customer returns.[24] Despite sales figures, the quantity of unsold merchandise, coupled with the expensive movie license and the large amount of returns, made E.T. a major financial failure for Atari.[23] Next Generation Magazine reported that Atari grossed US$25 million in sales, but netted a loss of US$100 million due to overproduction and returns.[6] By 2004, the cartridges were still very common and priced at very low amounts.[25]

Critical response

While reviews of the movie version of E.T. were highly positive, the game was negatively received by critics, with common complaints focused on the plot, gameplay, and visuals. New York magazine's Nicholas Pileggi described it as a loser when compared to other games Atari could have released like Donkey Kong and Frogger.[19] Kevin Bowen of GameSpy's Classic Gaming called the gameplay "convoluted and insane", also criticizing its story for departing from the serious tone of the film.[4] Author Steven Kent described the game as "infamous" within the industry, citing "primitive" graphics, "dull" gameplay, and a "disappointing story".[9] An editor for The Miami Herald described it as a difficult game to learn to play, but felt it was worth dedicating the time.[26]

People worry I might be sensitive about the ET debacle, but the fact is I’m always happy to discuss it. After all, it was the fastest game ever done, it was a million seller, and of the thousands of 2600 games, how many others are still a topic? Another thing I like to think about is having done ET (consistently rated among the worst games of all time) and Yars' Revenge (consistently rated as one of the best) I figure I have the unique distinction of having the greatest range of any game designer in history.

Howard Scott Warshaw on E.T.'s reception[13]

Critics bemoaned the repetitive gameplay involved with falling down holes.[9][27] Emru Townsend of PC World discussed the game with a group, and found a universal dislike for the pits that E.T. falls into, describing it as "monotonous".[27] Writer Sean "Seanbaby" Reiley also criticized the pits, claiming that they are "time-consuming" and "difficult to leave without falling back in".[28] Trent Ward, a former Next Generation Magazine reviewer, commented that this element prompted him to immediately return the game for a refund after purchasing it in his youth.[6] Classic Gaming argued that despite the negative reception, the game can be enjoyable after the player has learned to navigate the pits.[29]

In published materials written over a decade after its initial release, E.T. has been universally panned by critics and is frequently listed as the worst video game ever.[13] Reiley ranked it number one in a list of the 20 worst games of all time in Electronic Gaming Monthly's 150th issue.[28] Michael Dolan, deputy editor of FHM magazine, has also listed the game as his pick for the worst video game of all time.[30] Townsend placed E.T. at the top of his list of worst video games, noting that, "about a third of the people I quizzed came up with this title almost instantly, and it's not hard to see why."[27] GameTrailers ranked the game the second worst on their "Top Ten Best and Worst Games of All Time" list.[31]

Critics often attribute the poor quality to the short development time.[32][33] Townsend commented that the rushed development was very apparent after playing the game.[27] Warshaw's contributions to the game have been met with mixed responses. Classic Gaming called the game poorly designed, while IGN's Levi Buchanan stated the "impossibly tight schedule" given to Warshaw absolves him of blame.[16] Warshaw does not express regret for his part in E.T., and feels he created a good game given the time available to him.[8][13]

Impact and legacy

E.T. is one of the earliest video games based on a movie.[34] GamePro, GameTrailers, and Bowen cite the game as the first poor quality film–video game tie-in.[4][31][35] Patrick O'Luanaigh of SCi Games called it the most famous disaster story among film-inspired video games as well as within the industry.[36] Describing it as one of the "games that changed the world", GamePro stated that E.T. established a standard of subpar quality video games based on movies. They further commented that other publishers adopted similar marketing and production practices with licensed movie properties.[37] The publication listed the game as the second "worst movie game ever", citing it as an example of how poor gameplay can bring negative reception to strong licenses.[35]

Effect on the industry

Further information: North American video game crash of 1983

The game is often cited as one of the most important titles in the industry's history.[38][39][40] Billboard magazine's Earl Paige reported that the large number of unsold E.T. games along with an increase in competition prompted retailers to demand official return programs from video game manufacturers.[41] The game is also considered to be one of the causes of the video game industry crisis of 1983.[42][43][44] By the end of 1982, Atari had begun to lose dominance as more competitors entered the market.[10] Poor critical reception and lack of a profitable marketing strategy made this game one of many cited decisions that led Atari to report a $536 million loss in 1983 and led to the company being divided and sold in 1984.[23] GameSpy's Classic Gaming called E.T. Atari's biggest mistake, as well as the largest financial failure in the industry.[29][45] Reiley commented that the game's poor quality was responsible for ending the product life of the Atari 2600.[28] Occurring soon after Pac-Man's negative critical response on the Atari 2600, E.T.'s poor reception was attributed by Kent to a negative impact on Atari's reputation and profitability.[9] Authors Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost echoed similar comments about Pac-Man and E.T.'s combined effect on the company's reputation and the industry's reaction.[46] Buchanan also cited the game as a factor to Atari and the industry's crash. He stated that the large amount of unsold merchandise was a financial burden to Atari, which pushed the company into debt.[16]

On December 7, 1982, Kassar announced that Atari's revenue forecasts for 1982 were cut from a 50 percent increase over 1981 to a 15 percent increase.[6][47] Immediately following the announcement, Warner Communications' stock value dropped by around 35 percent—from US$54 to US$35—resulting in the company losing US$1.3 billion in market valuation.[6][48] Kassar sold five thousand of his Warner shares a half hour before the announcement.[6][47] This prompted an investigation for insider trading against him by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.[47] Atari attempted to regain their market share by licensing popular arcade games for the Atari consoles. The games, however, did not reverse Atari's decline and they went further into debt. In 1983, the company had decreased its workforce by 30 percent and lost US$356 million. Other companies—Activision, Bally Manufacturing, and Mattel—experienced similar results as the industry declined.[9]

Atari video game burial

Further information: Atari video game burial

In September 1983, the Alamogordo Daily News of Alamogordo, New Mexico reported in a series of articles that between ten and twenty[49] semi-trailer truckloads of Atari boxes, cartridges, and systems from an Atari storehouse in El Paso, Texas were crushed and buried at the landfill within the city. It was Atari's first dealings with the landfill, which was chosen because no scavenging was allowed and its garbage was crushed and buried nightly. Atari officials and others gave differing reports of what was buried,[50][51][52][53] but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of E.T. are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement.[54] The story of the buried cartridges is regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics—including Warshaw—disregarding the official accounts.[8][33][36]

On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site.[55]

The legend is also the basis for the upcoming independent film Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie in which the eponymous Nerd (played by James Rolfe, who is also the creator of the character of the same name) seeks to learn whether or not the legend is true while attempting to avoid capture by government agents who think he's looking for evidence both of actual ETs as well as confirmation that Area 51 is used for alien study.[56]

Fixing the game

In February 2013, several unofficial fixes for the game were released by Neocomputer.org, a small personal website unrelated to Atari.[57] The website details the long standing issues of the game and provides commentary on the errors, including instruction on fixing it. According to Neocomputer, the infamous issue with E.T. falling into the pits was due to pixel perfect collision detection.[57] If any portion of E.T.'s sprite overlapped a pit, E.T. would then fall into the pit. The website also details numerous other issues that are resolved with reprogramming the game to adjust other aspects of appearances, difficulty and other bugs in the coding.[57]

Re-release

In October 2013 the Internet Archive provided a browser-playable version via MESS.[58]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "E.T.™ NEEDS YOUR HELP!". AtariAge. Atari Age. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  2. ^ "DP Interviews". Digitpress.com. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  3. ^ "Alamogordo approves Atari excavation". ALAMOGORDO, N.M. (KRQE). Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  4. ^ a b c d Bowen, Kevin. "Game of the Week: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". Classic Gaming. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  5. ^ a b "Good Game Stories - Game Review: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". ABC Television (AU). Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Next Generation Staff, "What the hell happened?"
  7. ^ New York Times Staff, "Atari Gets 'E.T.' Rights"
  8. ^ a b c d Keith, Phipps (2005-02-02). "Howard Scott Warshaw". A.V. Club. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games, pp. 237–239.
  10. ^ a b c New York Times Staff, "E.T. Starring in Sales of Toys"
  11. ^ a b c Los Angeles Times Staff, "Many Video Games Designers Travel Rags-to-Riches-to-Rags Journey"
  12. ^ a b c d Bowen, Kevin. "ClassicGaming Expo 2000: Atari 2600 Keynote". GameSpy. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Warshaw, "Core Memory"
  14. ^ Cummings, "How I Got Here"
  15. ^ a b Pollack, "The Game Turns Serious at Atari"
  16. ^ a b c d Buchanan, Levi (2008-08-26). "IGN: Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games". IGN. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
  17. ^ New York Times Staff, "A Squeeze in Video Games"
  18. ^ Cohen, Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari
  19. ^ a b Pileggi, Nicholas, "The Warner Case: Curiouser and Curioser"
  20. ^ a b Hubner and Kistner, "What went wrong at Atari"
  21. ^ Billboard Staff, "Top 15 Video Games", Billboard Volume 95 Issue 1, p. 36
  22. ^ a b Glenday, Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition, "History of Gaming: 1980–1993", p. 20
  23. ^ a b c "Five Million E.T. Pieces". Snopes. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  24. ^ Bruck, Master of the Game: Steve Ross and the Creation of Time Warner, pp 179-180
  25. ^ Ellis, Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games, "The Atari VCS (2000)" p. 85.
  26. ^ The Miami Herald Staff, "E.T. Game is Extra-Tough But Worth The Effort"
  27. ^ a b c d Townsend, Emru (2006-10-23). "The 10 Worst Games of All Time". PC World. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  28. ^ a b c Reiley, Sean. "Seanbaby's EGM's Crapstravaganza: The 20 Worst Video Games of All Time. - #1: ET, The Extra Terrestrial (2600)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  29. ^ a b Classic Gaming Staff. "ClassicGaming.com's Museum: Five Must-See 2600 Games". GameSpy. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  30. ^ "History of Gaming: The Best and Worst Video Games of All Time". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  31. ^ a b "GT Countdown: Top Ten Best and Worst Games of All Time". GameTrailers. 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  32. ^ Elektro, Dan (2003-08-08). "Secrets & Lies". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-09-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ a b Montfort and Bogost, Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System, p. 127
  34. ^ Glenday, Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition, "Movies & Games Round-Up", p. 184
  35. ^ a b Smithee, Alan (2004-07-01). "10 to 1: The Worst Movie Games Ever". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2009-09-28. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ a b Morris, The Art of Game Worlds, p. 126
  37. ^ GamePro Staff (2006-04-04). "20 Games that Changed the World". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2009-09-28. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ Montfort and Bogost, Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System, p. 94
  39. ^ GamePro Staff (2007-04-25). "The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ Parish, Jeremy. "The Most Important Games Ever Made: #13: E.T." 1UP.com. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  41. ^ Earl Paige, "Video Game Firms Ready Formal Returns Policies", Billboard Volume 95 Issue 1, pp. 1 & 21
  42. ^ Dvorak, John C (August 12, 1985). "Is the PCJr Doomed To Be Landfill?". InfoWorld. 7 (32): 64. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  43. ^ Jary, Simon (August 19, 2011). "HP TouchPads to be dumped in landfill?". PC Advisor. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  44. ^ Kennedy, James (August 20, 2011). "Book Review: Super Mario - WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 10, 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ Classic Gaming Staff. "ClassicGaming.com's Museum: Atari 2600 - 1977-1984". GameSpy. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  46. ^ Montfort and Bogost, Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System, p. 76
  47. ^ a b c Game Informer Staff, "This Month in Gaming History"
  48. ^ Taylor, Thompson and Washburn, "Pac-Man Finally Meets His Match"
  49. ^ Quote: "The number of actual trucks which have dumped locally was not known. Local BFI officials put it at 10. However, corporate spokesmen in Houston say it was closer to 20; and city officials say it is actually 14."
    McQuiddy, "City cementing ban on dumping."
  50. ^ McQuiddy, "Dump here utilized."
  51. ^ McQuiddy, "City cementing ban on dumping."
  52. ^ McQuiddy, "City to Atari."
  53. ^ New York Times Staff, "Atari Parts Are Dumped"
  54. ^ Smith, "Raising Alamogordo's legendary Atari 'Titanic'"
  55. ^ Goldsmith, Alex (30 May 2013). "Alamogordo approves Atari excavation". KRQE. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ Santos, Fernanda (18 June 2013). "Hunting for an E.T. Castoff in a Most Terrestrial Place". New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  57. ^ a b c "Fixing E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial for the Atari 2600". Neocomputer. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  58. ^ Robertson, Adi (2013-10-25). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser". The Verge. Retrieved 2013-10-29.

References

Books
Periodicals

External links

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