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{{Infobox flag
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| Name = Sudan
| Image = Flag of Sudan.svg
| Use = 111110
| Symbol =
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = 20 May 1970
| Design = A horizontal tricolour of red, white, and black; with a green triangle based at the hoist.
| Image2 = Naval ensign of Sudan.svg
| Use2 = 000001
| Proportion2 = 1:2
| Adoption2 = 1970
| Design2 =
| Type =
}}

The '''flag of [[Sudan]]''' ({{lang-ar|'''علم السودان'''}}) was adopted on May 20, 1970, and consists of a horizontal red-white-black [[Triband (flag)|tricolor]], with a green triangle at the hoist. The flag is based on the Arab Liberation Flag shared by [[Flag of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Flag of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Flag of Syria|Syria]], and [[Flag of Yemen|Yemen]], that uses a subset of the [[Pan-Arab colors]] in which green is less significant. Prior to the 1969 military coup of [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], a blue-yellow-green tricolor design was used.

According to ''World Flags 101'':

{{quote|text=Red, white, black and green are called the pan-Arab colors and have been historically linked to the Arab people and Islamic religion for centuries. The colors stand for Arab unity and independence. The red stripe represents Sudan's struggle for independence and many other struggles, and the sacrifices of the country's martyrs. The white represents peace, light and optimism. It also represents the [[White Flag League]] which was a nationalist group that rose up against colonial rule in 1924. The black represents Sudan; in Arabic 'Sudan' means black. It also represents the black flag of nationalists who fought colonial rule during the [[Mahdist War|Mahdist Revolution]], late in 19th century. Green represents [[Islam]], agriculture and the prosperity of the land.<ref name="worldflags101">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldflags101.com/s/sudan-flag.aspx |title=Sudan Flag - World Flags 101 |accessdate=2008-08-09 |author=World Flags 101 |work=WorldFlags101.com |publisher=Moxy Media}}</ref>}}

==Historical flags==

===Mahdist Revolt===
In 1881, at the beginning of the [[Mahdist War]], the Mahdi [[Muhammad Ahmad]] appointed [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]] as one of his four caliphs (''Khalifa'') and handed him a black flag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Richard Leslie |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QS_GYMeSzRMC&pg=PA6 |edition=2nd |origyear=First published 1951 |year=1967 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-1037-5 |page=6}}</ref> Abdallahi used his black flag to recruit [[Baggara Arabs]] and other tribes from the west. The other caliphs used differently colored flags.<ref>{{cite book |last=Featherstone |first=Donald F. |authorlink=Donald Featherstone (wargamer) |title=Khartoum 1885: General Gordon's Last Stand |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NPxN5dNSrvEC&pg=PA18 |series=Osprey military campaign series, v. 23 |year=1993 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-85532-301-8 |page=18}}</ref> The black horizontal stripe in the current Sudanese flag is a reference to this Mahdist-era black flag.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fadlalla |first=Mohamed Hassan |title=The Problem of Dar Fur |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oN5LbDnKCt4C&pg=PA33 |year=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-36502-9 |page=33}}</ref>

===Anglo-Egyptian Sudan===
Between 1899 and 1956, [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] was administered jointly as a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]] by [[Egypt]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The condominium did not have its own flag; instead the [[flag of Egypt]] and the [[flag of the United Kingdom]] were always flown together, with the British flag taking precedence.<ref>http://flagspot.net/flags/sd-hist.html#cond</ref>

A flag did exist as a rank flag for the British Governor General of the Sudan. In common with the rank flags of governors and commissioners of other British overseas territories, it consisted of a Union Flag defaced with a white disk bearing the territory's badge or coat of arms, surrounded by a wreath of laurel. As no badge or coat of arms existed for Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the disk instead contained the words "'''G'''OVERNOR '''G'''ENERAL OF THE '''SUDAN'''.

===1956-1970 flag===
Upon independence from [[Egypt]] and the [[United Kingdom]] on 1 January 1956, Sudan adopted a blue-yellow-green tricolor as its national flag. This flag remained in use until 1970, when the current flag was adopted.<ref>http://flagspot.net/flags/sd-hist.html</ref> The colours of the flag represented the River Nile (blue), the Sahara Desert (yellow) and farmlands (green). They were chosen as they were neutral between ethnic groups and political parties.<ref>http://www.rbvex.it/africapag/sudanrb.html</ref>

==Gallery==

===Current flags===
<gallery class="center">
File:Presidential Standard of Sudan.svg|Standard of the [[President of Sudan]]
File:Presidential Standard of Sudan (variant).svg|Standard of the President of Sudan (variant)
</gallery>

===Historical flags===
<gallery class="center">
File:Flag of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg|Flags used in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
File:Flag of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg|Flag of the [[List of governors of pre-independence Sudan|British Governor General]]
File:Flag of Sudan (1956-1970).svg|Former flag of [[History of Sudan (1956–1969)|Sudan]] (1956–1970)
File:Naval ensign of Sudan (1956–1970).svg|Naval ensign of Sudan (1956–1970)
File:Presidential Standard of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan.svg|Standard of the President of [[History of Sudan (1969–1985)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan]] (1970–1985)
File:Standard of the President of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan (variant).svg|Standard of the President of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan (variant)
</gallery>

===Provincial flags===
<gallery class="center">
File:Flag_of_North_Kurdufan.svg|Flag of [[North Kurdufan]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Sudan]]
* [[Emblem of Sudan]]
* [[Flag of South Sudan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FOTW|id=sd|title=Sudan}}

{{clear}}
{{Arab Flags}}
{{Africa topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Africa]]}}
{{nationalflags}}<!-- to edit this table, go to [[Template:Nationalflags]] -->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan, Flag of}}
[[Category:1970 introductions]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sudan|Flag]]
[[Category:Flags of Africa]]
[[Category:National flags|Sudan]]

Revision as of 08:27, 1 March 2016

Sudan
UseNational flag, civil and state ensign
Proportion1:2
Adopted20 May 1970
DesignA horizontal tricolour of red, white, and black; with a green triangle based at the hoist.
UseNaval ensign
Proportion1:2
Adopted1970

The flag of Sudan (Arabic: علم السودان) was adopted on May 20, 1970, and consists of a horizontal red-white-black tricolor, with a green triangle at the hoist. The flag is based on the Arab Liberation Flag shared by Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, that uses a subset of the Pan-Arab colors in which green is less significant. Prior to the 1969 military coup of Gaafar Nimeiry, a blue-yellow-green tricolor design was used.

According to World Flags 101:

Red, white, black and green are called the pan-Arab colors and have been historically linked to the Arab people and Islamic religion for centuries. The colors stand for Arab unity and independence. The red stripe represents Sudan's struggle for independence and many other struggles, and the sacrifices of the country's martyrs. The white represents peace, light and optimism. It also represents the White Flag League which was a nationalist group that rose up against colonial rule in 1924. The black represents Sudan; in Arabic 'Sudan' means black. It also represents the black flag of nationalists who fought colonial rule during the Mahdist Revolution, late in 19th century. Green represents Islam, agriculture and the prosperity of the land.[1]

Historical flags

Mahdist Revolt

In 1881, at the beginning of the Mahdist War, the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad appointed Abdallahi ibn Muhammad as one of his four caliphs (Khalifa) and handed him a black flag.[2] Abdallahi used his black flag to recruit Baggara Arabs and other tribes from the west. The other caliphs used differently colored flags.[3] The black horizontal stripe in the current Sudanese flag is a reference to this Mahdist-era black flag.[4]

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Between 1899 and 1956, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was administered jointly as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom. The condominium did not have its own flag; instead the flag of Egypt and the flag of the United Kingdom were always flown together, with the British flag taking precedence.[5]

A flag did exist as a rank flag for the British Governor General of the Sudan. In common with the rank flags of governors and commissioners of other British overseas territories, it consisted of a Union Flag defaced with a white disk bearing the territory's badge or coat of arms, surrounded by a wreath of laurel. As no badge or coat of arms existed for Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the disk instead contained the words "GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE SUDAN.

1956-1970 flag

Upon independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom on 1 January 1956, Sudan adopted a blue-yellow-green tricolor as its national flag. This flag remained in use until 1970, when the current flag was adopted.[6] The colours of the flag represented the River Nile (blue), the Sahara Desert (yellow) and farmlands (green). They were chosen as they were neutral between ethnic groups and political parties.[7]

Current flags

Historical flags

Provincial flags

See also

References

  1. ^ World Flags 101. "Sudan Flag - World Flags 101". WorldFlags101.com. Moxy Media. Retrieved 2008-08-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Hill, Richard Leslie (1967) [First published 1951]. A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7146-1037-5.
  3. ^ Featherstone, Donald F. (1993). Khartoum 1885: General Gordon's Last Stand. Osprey military campaign series, v. 23. Osprey Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-85532-301-8.
  4. ^ Fadlalla, Mohamed Hassan (2005). The Problem of Dar Fur. iUniverse. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-595-36502-9.
  5. ^ http://flagspot.net/flags/sd-hist.html#cond
  6. ^ http://flagspot.net/flags/sd-hist.html
  7. ^ http://www.rbvex.it/africapag/sudanrb.html
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