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*{{cite web|title=The quest for autonomy: the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985 |last=Hurrell |first=Andrew |url=http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/1086-THE_QUEST_FOR_AUTONOMY.pdf |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão |date=2014 |origyear=1986 |accessdate=20 December 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602092330/http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/1086-THE_QUEST_FOR_AUTONOMY.pdf |archivedate=June 2, 2015 }}
*{{cite web
|title=The quest for autonomy: the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985
|last=Hurrell
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*{{cite journal|last=Neto |first=Raul de Gouvea |url=http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19847.pdf |date=1991 |title=How Brazil Competes In The Global Defense Industry |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=83–108 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208160523/http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19847.pdf |archivedate=December 8, 2014 }}
*{{cite journal
|last=Neto
|first=Raul de Gouvea
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208160523/http://www.plataformademocratica.org/Publicacoes/19847.pdf
|date=1991
|title=How Brazil Competes In The Global Defense Industry
|journal=Latin American Research Review
|volume=26| issue = 3
|pages=83–108
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Revision as of 05:11, 28 March 2016

EE-9 Cascavel
Engesa EE-9 of the Colombian Army
TypeArmoured Car
Place of originBrazil
Service history
In service1974 –[1]
Used bySee Operators
WarsColombian Civil War
Western Sahara War
Libyan–Egyptian War
Chadian–Libyan conflict
Iran-Iraq War
Gulf War
Second Congo War
Iraq War
Internal conflict in Burma
2011 Libyan Civil War
Libyan Civil War (2014–present)
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Production history
DesignerEngesa
Designed1970[1]
ManufacturerEngesa
Unit costUSD $500,000 (new)[2]
Produced1974 – 1993[3]
No. built1,715[3]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass12 tonnes (13 short tons; 12 long tons)[4]
Length6.29 m (20 ft 8 in)[4]
 length5.25 m (17 ft 3 in) (hull)[4]
Width2.59 m (8 ft 6 in)[4]
Height2.60 m (8 ft 6 in)[4]
Crew3 (commander, driver, gunner)[1]
Main
armament
90mm Engesa EC-90 (44 rounds)[1]
Secondary
armament
2x 7.62mm machine guns (2200 - 2400 rounds)[4][1]
EngineDetroit Diesel 6V-53N 5.2 L (320 in3) 6-cylinder water-cooled diesel[4]
212 hp (158 kW) at 2,800 rpm[4]
Power/weight15.82hp/tonne[1]
Suspension6X6 double axle boomerang drive
Ground clearance0.375 m (1 ft 2.8 in)
Fuel capacity360 litres[4]
Operational
range
750 km[4]
Maximum speed 100 km/h[5]

The EE-9 Cascavel (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐʃ.kɐ.ˈvɛɫ], translated to Rattlesnake) is a six-wheeled Brazilian armoured car developed primarily for reconnaissance. It was engineered by Engesa in 1970 as a replacement for the Brazil's ageing fleet of M8 Greyhounds.[6] The vehicle was first fitted with the Greyhound's 37mm main gun, and subsequently, a French turret adopted from the Panhard AML-90. Later models carry unique Engesa turrets with a Belgian 90mm Cockerill Mk.3 cannon produced under licence as the EC-90.[1]

The Cascavel shares many components with the EE-11 Urutu, its armoured personnel carrier counterpart; both entered production in 1974 and are now operated by over 20 nations in South America, Africa, and the Middle East.[6] Rights to the design were also sold to the United States via the FMC Corporation.[7] About 2,767 Cascavels and Urutus were manufactured before Engesa ceased operations in 1993.[6]

History

Development

Throughout the early 1960s, Brazil's bilateral defence agreements with the United States ensured easy access to a postwar surplus of American military equipment, including a number of World War II-vintage M8 Greyhound armoured cars. The Brazilian arms industry limited itself to restoring and maintaining this obsolete hardware until 1964, when American involvement in the Vietnam War placed restrictions on the amount of defence technology available for export.[8] Brazil responded by creating an indigenous import substitution programme in 1968 aimed at reproducing US equipment already in service.[9] By 1970 the Brazilian Army was developing an updated Greyhound known simply by its Portuguese initials, CRR (Carro de Reconhecimento sobre Rodas).[6] Engesa, then an obscure civilian engineering firm, took over the project and by November 1970 a prototype was completed.[1] The new EE-9 Cascavel entered the pre-production phase between 1972 and 1973.[10] Assembly lines for the Cascavel and its armoured personnel counterpart, the EE-11 Urutu, were opened in 1974.[1] The hulls were purchased by the Brazilian Army, but mounted the same antiquated 37mm cannon and turret recycled from its elderly Greyhounds.[11] To compete with more formidable armament available on the international market, Engesa also marketed a heavily modified Cascavel with an automatic transmission and the same 90mm (3.54 in) low-pressure gun found on the Panhard AML.[4] This model, intended for export, drew interest in the Middle East and twenty were immediately purchased by Qatar.[12]

The Qatari Cascavel sale proved to be a major success for Engesa, and Brazil's first successful inroad into the Arabian arms trade. Abu Dhabi followed suit with an order for two hundred Cascavels in 1977. Both Iraq and Libya chose the Cascavel in preference to the Panhard AML-90 or ERC-90 Sagaie,[2] with the former negotiating a $400 million deal for the delivery of two hundred Cascavels and two hundred Urutus.[12] Following the Libyan sale, Engesa unveiled a new production model carrying a Belgian designed, Cockerill main gun[6] manufactured under licence as the EC-90 in Brazil.[4]

Service

The Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya successfully deployed a number of EE-9 Cascavels against Egyptian tanks, likely T-54/55s or T-62s, during the Libyan–Egyptian War in 1977.[13] Libyan Cascavels also saw action in Chad, where they engaged AML-90s of the French Foreign Legion and French Marines.[14] An unknown number of these armoured cars were later donated to the Polisario Front[15] and Togo,[16] while others remained in service as late as the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[17]

Chad's Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) received five EE-9 Cascavels from Libya in 1986.[18] Over the course of the Chadian–Libyan conflict, seventy-nine ex-Libyan Cascavels were captured or recovered from the Aouzou Strip by the Chadian military, which continues to hold them in storage.[19]

During the Iran-Iraq War, EE-9 Cascavels were operated by Iraqi garrisons near the Persian Gulf. The armoured cars were frequently able to outmaneuvre the heavier Iranian tanks and tracked combat vehicles on the relatively flat, sandy terrain near the coastal region.[20] Coalition air strikes later destroyed several north of Kuwait City in Operation Desert Storm.[21] Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the surviving fleet was condemned for scrap; however, American technical personnel did restore thirty-five to working order in 2008 and present them to the New Iraqi Army.[22]

Zimbabwe procured ninety EE-9 Cascavels in 1984 as a suitable replacement for the Eland Mk7.[18] At least one Zimbabwean Cascavel squadron deployed into Mozambique during the Mozambican Civil War to protect Harare's primary commercial links in Tete Province. The armoured cars provided armed escort for local convoys and patrolled the roads to preempt attacks by South African-backed Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) insurgents.[23] During Zimbabwe's intervention in the Second Congo War, Ilyushin Il-76s commandeered from local charter firms were used to airlift twelve Cascavels to N'djili Airport.[24] From there they subsequently engaged Rwandan troops advancing on Kinshasha.[25] Some were abandoned by Zimbabwean troops in the Congo after being sabotaged beyond repair,[26] while four others were captured by rebel factions.[27] Few remain in present service due to lack of funds to source new parts from Brazil.[28]

The EE-9 Cascavel has found favour with many armies due to its simplified design and use of components already ubiquitous to civilian industry.[29] Its low cost next to comparable Western armoured cars makes it an attractive purchase to developing nations in particular. At the height of the Cold War, the strictly commercial nature of Engesa sales—devoid of any political supplier restraints—was also perceived as an acceptable alternative to arms from NATO and the Warsaw Pact.[29]

Description

All EE-9 Cascavels have a similar layout—the driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and to the left, turrets are typically fitted above the centre, with motor and transmission situated at the rear.[1] The Cascavel Mk II has a manual turret, but all later variants have electrically powered traverse.[4] Cascavel Mk IIIs are equipped with an Engesa EC-90 90mm gun firing high explosive (HE), high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) or high explosive squash head (HESH) shells in cartridge form; a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun is also mounted to the left of the main armament.[30] The EC-90 has an elevation of +15° and a depression of -8°.[1] It is not stabilised and only mounts a rudimentary optical fire control system, which has been upgraded with a laser rangefinder in Brazilian service.[4] Late production Cascavels were fitted with run-flat tyres and a unique central tyre pressure regulator accessible from the driving compartment.[1]

External

A boxy, boat-shaped vehicle, the EE-9 Cascavel has a steep frontal glacis which slopes upwards and back towards the horizontal hull roof, with recesses for the headlamps and a thick glacis plate over the driver's seat.[1] The hull sides are nearly vertical, but also sloped inwards towards the roof. There is a low, well-rounded turret on the forward section of the hull with a long, tapered gun barrel and a triple baffle muzzle brake.[5]

Variants

A Cascavel Mk I at a museum in Rio de Janeiro.
  • Cascavel Mk I: Popularly nicknamed Cascavel Magro for its small turret ring, this was Engesa's initial production model and only entered service with the Brazilian Army. It was equipped with a turret adopted from the M8 Greyhound and a manual transmission.[4] Its prevailing feature were two sets of rear road wheels linked by an articulated, boomerang-shaped suspension which boosted rear wheel drive—a characteristic that became nearly synonymous with the Cascavel and Urutu.[1]
  • Cascavel Mk II: Popularly nicknamed Cascavel Gordo for its wide turret ring, this was Engesa's first export model and entered service with Qatar, Bolivia, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Libya. It was equipped with an H-90 turret adopted from the Panhard AML-90 and an automatic transmission.[4]
  • Cascavel Mk III: An improved EE-9 Cascavel Mk II refitted with a diesel engine and an Engesa turret carrying the new Brazilian-manufactured 90mm EC-90 main gun. An anti-aircraft prototype carrying twin 25mm autocannon was also trialled but not adopted.[31] Most Cascavel Mk Is were upgraded to this standard, including automatic transmissions, for the Brazilian Army.[4]
  • Cascavel Mk IV: First production model to be equipped with run-flat tyres and the tyre pressure regulator. Also carried a more integrated fire control system.[4]
  • Cascavel Mk V: An EE-9 Cascavel Mk IV fitted with a Mercedes-Benz OM52A diesel engine developing 190 hp (142 kW). This was the final variant offered for sale by Engesa.[4]

Operators

Map of EE-9 operators in blue with former operators in red
EE-9 Cascavels of the Iraqi 9th Division, 2008

Current operators

Former operators

See also

Engesa series

Vehicles of comparable role, performance, and era

Notes and citations

Wikimedia Commons has media related to EE-9 Cascavel.
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Foss 2000, p. 348.
  2. ^ a b UPI 1980.
  3. ^ a b c Martins 1994, p. 142.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chant 2013, p. 29.
  5. ^ a b AIPD 1999, p. 213.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ogorkiewicz 2015, p. 218.
  7. ^ Neto 1991, p. 87.
  8. ^ Neto 1991, p. 85.
  9. ^ Hurrell 2014, p. 159.
  10. ^ Bastos 2004, p. 43.
  11. ^ Bastos 2004, p. 42.
  12. ^ a b Hurrell 2014, p. 303.
  13. ^ Elliot 1987, p. 229.
  14. ^ Grandolini & Cooper 2015, p. 37.
  15. ^ a b Damis 1983, p. 99.
  16. ^ a b Bastos 2006, p. 38.
  17. ^ a b Cordesman 2011, p. 34.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q SIPRI 2009.
  19. ^ a b Bastos 2006, p. 39.
  20. ^ College 1985, p. 11.
  21. ^ Tucker-Jones 2014, p. 30.
  22. ^ a b Rosencrans 2008.
  23. ^ Emerson 2014, p. 342.
  24. ^ Cooper & 19 October 2013, p. 25.
  25. ^ Cooper & 19 October 2013, p. 32.
  26. ^ Cooper & 19 October 2013, p. 57.
  27. ^ a b Staff 2011.
  28. ^ Kahiya 2000.
  29. ^ a b Gupta 1997, p. 143.
  30. ^ Bastos 2006, p. 41.
  31. ^ Godoy 1986, p. 309.
  32. ^ a b Foss 2000, p. 349.
  33. ^ HRW 2007.
  34. ^ Martin 2013.
  35. ^ Cordesman 2004.
  36. ^ Bastos 2006, p. 37.
Online sources
  • SIPRI, (various) (2009). "Trade Registers". Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hurrell, Andrew (2014) [1986]. "The quest for autonomy: the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985" (PDF). Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Cordesman, Anthony, Vira, Varun, and Arleigh (20 June 2011). "The Libyan Uprising: An Uncertain Trajectory" (PDF). Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 20 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Rosencrans, Aaron (21 February 2008). "U.S. hands over 35 Cascavels to Iraqi Army". Washington: Defense Imagery. Retrieved 20 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Martin, Guy (23 April 2013). "Democratic Republic of Congo". Johannesburg: Defence Web. Retrieved 6 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • HRW, (various) (10 October 2007). "Burma: Security Council should impose arms embargo". New York: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 20 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Newspaper and journal articles
Bibliography
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