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===Caroline Islands===
===Caroline Islands===
{{HurricaneWarnings}}
{{HurricaneWarnings}}
Early on September 28, the [[National Weather Service]] Weather Forecast Office in [[Guam]] using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center placed [[Caroline Islands|Ulithi, Faraulep and Fais]] under tropical storm warnings and declared Tropical storm watches for [[Caroline Islands|Yap and Ngulu]] whilst the depression was moving towards the state of Yap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kD9IiTvN|title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 1|author1=Roger Edson |author2=Derek Williams |author3=Patrick Chan |date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5k7gvwfCq|title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 3|author=Paul Lee|date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> These warnings stayed in effect until early the next day when they canceled the warnings for Faraulep, Fais and Ulithi after the depression had intensified into a named storm, and had passed by the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5k8SONTdA|title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 5|author=Roger Edson, Derek Williams, Mcelroy|date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kEVQV3H8|title=NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 5A|author=Derek Williams, Roger Edson, Mcelroy|date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5k8ofY4oe|title=NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 6|author1=Derek Williams |author2=Charles Guard |date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> NWS Guam then placed [[Caroline Islands|Koror and Kayangel]] under a tropical storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings early on September 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kEVQV3H8|title=NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 8|author=Dan Mundell|date=2009-09-29|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kAIa2RIF|title=NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 10|author1=Roger Edson |author2=Derek Williams |date=2009-09-30|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref>
Early on September 28, the [[National Weather Service]] Weather Forecast Office in [[Guam]] using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center placed [[Caroline Islands|Ulithi, Faraulep and Fais]] under tropical storm warnings and declared Tropical storm watches for [[Caroline Islands|Yap and Ngulu]] whilst the depression was moving towards the state of Yap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kD9IiTvN|title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 1|author1=Roger Edson |author2=Derek Williams |author3=Patrick Chan |date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpq33.pgum.tcp.pq3.txt |title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 3 |author=Paul Lee |date=2009-09-28 |work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=2009-10-01 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k7gvwfCq |archivedate=September 28, 2009 }}</ref> These warnings stayed in effect until early the next day when they canceled the warnings for Faraulep, Fais and Ulithi after the depression had intensified into a named storm, and had passed by the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpq33.pgum.tcp.pq3.txt |title=NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 5 |author=Roger Edson, Derek Williams, Mcelroy |date=2009-09-28 |work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=2009-10-01 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k8SONTdA |archivedate=September 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kEVQV3H8|title=NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 5A|author=Derek Williams, Roger Edson, Mcelroy|date=2009-09-28|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpq33.pgum.tcp.pq3.txt |title=NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 6 |author1=Derek Williams |author2=Charles Guard |date=2009-09-28 |work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=2009-10-01 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k8ofY4oe |archivedate=September 29, 2009 }}</ref> NWS Guam then placed [[Caroline Islands|Koror and Kayangel]] under a tropical storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings early on September 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5kEVQV3H8|title=NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 8|author=Dan Mundell|date=2009-09-29|work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtpq33.pgum.tcp.pq3.txt |title=NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 10 |author1=Roger Edson |author2=Derek Williams |date=2009-09-30 |work=[[National Weather Service|National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=2009-10-01 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kAIa2RIF |archivedate=September 30, 2009 }}</ref>


===Philippines===
===Philippines===

Revision as of 18:17, 4 July 2016

This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For the 2003 typhoon of the same name, see Typhoon Parma (2003). For the 2005 tropical storm of the same name, see Tropical Storm Pepeng (2005). For other uses, see Typhoon Pepeng.
Typhoon Parma (Pepeng)
Very strong typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Parma at peak intensity on October 1
FormedSeptember 27, 2009
DissipatedOctober 14, 2009
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 185 km/h (115 mph)
1-minute sustained: 250 km/h (155 mph)
Lowest pressure930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg
Fatalities500 total
Damage$617 million (2009 USD)
Areas affectedCaroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, China and Vietnam
Part of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Parma, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pepeng, was the second typhoon to affect the Philippines within the span of a week during September 2009.

Typhoon Parma was assigned the name Pepeng by PAGASA when it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility days after Typhoon Ketsana wreaked havoc on the country. Parma spared the capital and instead lashed the northern part of Luzon island.

Parma added to the damage caused by the earlier Typhoon Ketsana, affecting thousands of families on the north, especially on Pangasinan province where the San Roque Dam inadvertently released water to prevent its breach. However, in the first week of October, Parma interacted with the incoming Typhoon Melor on the Pacific (via a Fujiwhara interaction), rendering it stationary as it made landfall on Southern Taiwan. Days later, the greatly weakened Parma retreated back to Luzon making further landfalls on Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. The now severe tropical storm Parma then began to wane its strength as it crossed Luzon island for the second time. It then emerged on the South China Sea as a tropical depression. Parma became one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines in a decade.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
Tropical Storm Parma over Hainan, China on October 12

During September 26, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor an area of convection that was located about 445 km (275 mi), to the southeast of Guam.[1] The system had an elongated low-level circulation center with convection developing around the center.[1] Upper level analysis showed that the system was located in an area of low vertical wind shear and had a good poleward outflow into a tropical upper tropospheric trough.[1] During the next day, convection started to consolidate before both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC initiated advisories on the system, with the JTWC designating it as Tropical Depression 19W. After being classified, the depression remained weak and poorly organized, as it lay close to Tropical Storm 18W. During September 28, as the depression moved away from 18W, the JTWC reported that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm despite it remaining poorly organized, and acquired the name Parma.

Parma started to intensify to a typhoon as it moved closer to the Philippines. On October 1, Parma reached its peak intensity with winds of 250 km/h (155 mph). Afterwards, Parma started a weakening trend as it moved closer to the Philippines and then made landfall in the country. During its landfall in the Philippines, Parma began to travel northwest towards China. It suddenly slowed down (due to interactions with Typhoon Melor) rendering it stationary. Surprisingly, it began to retreat back to mainland Philippines making a second landfall and weakening to a tropical depression and emerged on the South China Sea. After regaining some strength, it began to travel westward towards Vietnam, dissipating over the country on October 14.

Preparations

Caroline Islands

Hurricane warning levels
Hurricane warning
Hurricane conditions
expected within 36 hours.
Hurricane watch
Hurricane conditions
possible within 48 hours.
Tropical storm warning
Tropical storm conditions expected within 36 hours.
Tropical storm watch
Tropical storm conditions possible within 48 hours.
Storm surge warning
Life-threatening storm surge possible within 36 hours.
Storm surge watch
Life-threatening storm surge possible within 48 hours.
Extreme wind warning
Winds reaching Category 3 status or higher likely (issued two hours or less before onset of extreme winds).

Early on September 28, the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center placed Ulithi, Faraulep and Fais under tropical storm warnings and declared Tropical storm watches for Yap and Ngulu whilst the depression was moving towards the state of Yap.[2] Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep.[3] These warnings stayed in effect until early the next day when they canceled the warnings for Faraulep, Fais and Ulithi after the depression had intensified into a named storm, and had passed by the islands.[4][5][6] NWS Guam then placed Koror and Kayangel under a tropical storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings early on September 30.[7][8]

Philippines

Costliest Philippine typhoons
Rank Storm Season Damage Ref.
PHP USD
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 ₱95.5 billion $2.2 billion [9]
2 Odette (Rai) 2021 ₱51.8 billion $1.02 billion [10]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 ₱43.2 billion $1.06 billion [11]
4 Glenda (Rammasun) 2014 ₱38.6 billion $771 million [12]
5 Ompong (Mangkhut) 2018 ₱33.9 billion $627 million [13]
6 Pepeng (Parma) 2009 ₱27.3 billion $581 million [14]
7 Ulysses (Vamco) 2020 ₱20.2 billion $418 million [15]
8 Rolly (Goni) 2020 ₱20 billion $369 million [16]
9
Kristine (Trami) 2024 ₱17.6 billion $357 million [17]
10 Pedring (Nesat) 2011 ₱15.6 billion $356 million [11]

The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) advised all local government officials across Luzon to evacuate people if needed to ensure their safety. In addition to the NDCC, they gave out relief goods and other necessities. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo also requested PAGASA to monitor the super typhoon every two hours and update its website.[18] Also, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) advised all areas with public storm signals to be alerted against storm surges, landslides, and flash floods. The Coast Guard placed the entire country under red alert, meaning that the agency would monitor the whole country, especially Northern and Central Luzon. All ferry stations with routes from Luzon to Visayas and vice versa suspended operations, and fishermen were advised not to go to sea to avoid turbulent waves.[19]

As preparations continued, different dams were opened and large amounts of water freed to avoid the overflowing of dams. In Isabela, the Magat Dam released a large amount of water. Its water was projected to pass through Cagayan River, forcing locals along the river to evacuate. The Angat Dam in Bulacan also released large amounts of water, flooding the towns of Calumpit and Hagonoy. Local officials took evacuated people living in the area. Five barangays in Nueva Ecija were already flooded due to water from Pantabangan Dam, which released 250 cubic meters per second from 1 pm on October 1, 05:00 (UTC) to 1 am on October 2, 17:00 (UTC). Local officials also took charge to evacuate people. In Laguna, the Caliraya Dam released water as a precaution against Parma's heavy rains, even though Laguna would not be directly affected by the super typhoon.[20] On the morning of October 2, President Gloria Macapagal — Arroyo declared the whole country under a state of calamity.

In Metro Manila, billboards were rolled down due to strong winds that were anticipated. Air travel, cargo ships, and other water transport throughout the Islands were suspended.[21] The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) suspended classes for regions 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b, 5 and CAR.[22] In Laguna, the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) evacuated a massive 100,000 residents that live near the Laguna lake.[23]

Taiwan

Following the devastating impacts of Typhoon Morakot in August, residents in southern Taiwan were weary upon hearing of a new typhoon approaching the region. By October 3, residents of six villages in the hard hit county of Kaohsiung began evacuating.[24] The following day, the Central Weather Bureau issued a land warning for the Hengchun Peninsula as Parma moved over the northern Philippines. Residents in the region were advised to prepare for heavy rains and high winds in relation to the storm.[25] At least 55 international flights from Taiwanese airports were cancelled or delayed due to Typhoon Parma as it stalled in the Bashih Channel.[26] On October 5, mandatory evacuations were put in place for portions of southern Taiwan, leading to roughly 6,000 residents leaving the area for shelter. Emergency officials deployed 200 elite soldiers to the region to assist in the evacuation and placed 35,000 more on standby for relief operations.[27]

Impact

Caroline Islands

Typhoon Parma casualties in the Philippines
NDCC death tally[28]
Region Deaths
Region I 95
CAR 346
Region III 19
Region IV-A 1
Region V 4
Total 465
Damages[28]
Amount
Agriculture PhP5,106,746,713.93
($108,538,654.92)
Infrastructure PhP14,516,879,535.98
($308,541,541.68)
Private PhP2,770,000
($58,873.54)
Total damages[29] PhP19,626,396,249.91
($417,139,070.14)

While it was a Tropical Storm, Parma passed to the south of the westernmost state of Yap, battering the east coast of the main island with torrential rain and winds of up to 95 km/h (60 mph). As a result, Continental Micronesia cancelled its scheduled passenger flight to Guam, while the governor of Yap ordered that government employees stay at home and that residents take all precautions that were possible while placing Yap under the highest state of storm alerts.[30][31][32]

Philippines

Severe Tropical Storm Parma interacting with Typhoon Melor on October 7, 2009.

Even though Parma was still too far to make its landfall in northern Philippines, various transportation was suspended before the super typhoon draw near. In Catanduanes, where the first signal warning no.3 was raised, the province's power and communications were cut. Fallen trees were already in the main roads. About 30,000 families were evacuated. In addition also to the Bicol region, more than 2,000 passengers were stranded in ferry stations.[33] 39 provinces including Metro Manila were put to signal warnings, with each place experienced massive rainfall with strong winds. Parma made its landfall at Northeastern Cagayan at 3:00pm PST/07:00 (UTC). In Cagayan, at least 6,036 people in 39 barangays (villages) were affected, while P20.33 million worth of agricultural produce were destroyed. Also, in the Chico River was swelled due to the typhoon, making the Maguilling Overflow Bridge along the Cagayan-Apayao Road impassable. The Maharlika Highway in Ilagan, Isabela to Cagayan became hardly passable due to the trees and electric posts that fell when Pepeng battered the area. Total power interruption also crippled the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and the northern towns of Isabela. In Kalinga, landslides were reported on roads linking the provincial capital, Tabuk, to upland towns. In Zambales, at least 2,100 families were evacuated as Pepeng brought heavy rains causing the Bucao River to swell. The Carael section of the Zambales highway became impassable due to rising floodwaters.[34] Due to heavy downpour, the San Roque Dam in Eastern Pangasinan and Pantabangan Dam in Nueva Ecija was forced to release huge amount of water. It caused major flooding in Tarlac which is their neighbouring province and also caused flooding Eastern and Central Pangasinan as well as Nueva Ecija. In Metro Manila the area is still experienced torrential rains and strong winds. Floodwaters continue to rise in some areas in Metro Manila and Calabarzon. In Pateros, Muntinlupa, and Taguig, in Taytay town in Rizal province, and in the towns of Biñan and San Pedro in Laguna province, the flood is not subsiding. The Laguna de Bay is breaking a 90-year record in meters of water, which threatens to submerge more areas in Metro Manila.[35] In Benguet, a landslide killed at least 200 as Tropical Depression Parma continues to bring rain across northern Luzon.[36] Due to severe flooding, Leptospirosis became a problem that affected many. In Pasig City General Hospital alone, 30 people have been taken in for diagnosis. The Department of Health announced that there is a Leptospirosis outbreak in Marikina.

Taiwan

Torrential rainfall fell across southern Taiwan as Typhoon Parma stalled south of the island. In some areas, more than 500 mm (20 in) of rain fell, resulting in floods up to .5 m (1.6 ft) deep. These floods prompted emergency evacuations in hundreds of villages throughout Taiwan. After 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain fell in Yilan County, emergency officials enacted the first mandatory evacuation in northern Taiwan, relocating hundreds of residents. Several landslides were reported in mountainous regions, mainly in southern parts of the island. Military convoys loaded with sandbags traveled to rising rivers to help reinforce them and prevent them from overflowing their banks. As a result of the continuous rainfall and cloud cover, temperatures across Taiwan fell below average.[37]

Off the coast of Taiwan, a ship carrying 14 people sank after being battered by rough seas produced by Typhoon Parma. One person was confirmed dead, three were rescued and ten others were listed as missing.[38]

China

Off the cost of Hainan Island, a ship carrying nine people capsized. Three people were confirmed to have drowned, five were rescued and one other remains missing.[39]

Vietnam

Typhoon Parma made its final landfall near Hai Phong on October 15 after causing damage to Bach Long Vi island where 62 fishing boats were sunk. No deaths were reported.[40]

Retirement

Due to the large number of fatalities and damage caused by the storm, the names Parma and Pepeng were later retired. The committee selected the name In-fa to replace "Parma" on the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2011. For the PAGASA, on 2012, the name chosen to replace "Pepeng" was Paolo for the 2013 season.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and Southern Pacific Oceans 2009-09-27 06z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  2. ^ Roger Edson; Derek Williams; Patrick Chan (2009-09-28). "NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 1". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  3. ^ Paul Lee (2009-09-28). "NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 3". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Roger Edson, Derek Williams, Mcelroy (2009-09-28). "NWS Guam Tropical Depression 19W Advisory 5". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Derek Williams, Roger Edson, Mcelroy (2009-09-28). "NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 5A". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-10-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Derek Williams; Charles Guard (2009-09-28). "NWS Guam Tropical Storm Parma (19W) Advisory 6". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Dan Mundell (2009-09-29). "NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 8". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  8. ^ Roger Edson; Derek Williams (2009-09-30). "NWS Guam Typhoon 19W (Parma) Advisory 10". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ del Rosario, Eduardo D. (April 2014). FINAL REPORT Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA (HAIYAN) (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  10. ^ SitRep No. 44 for Typhoon ODETTE (2021) (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  11. ^ a b Uy, Leo Jaymar G.; Pilar, Lourdes O. (8 February 2018). "Natural disaster damage at P374B in 2006-2015". Business World. Retrieved 8 February 2018 – via PressReader.
  12. ^ Ramos, Benito T. (16 September 2014). FINAL REPORT re Effects of Typhoon (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  13. ^ Jalad, Ricardo B. (5 October 2018). Situational Report No.55 re Preparedness Measures for TY OMPONG (I.N. MANGKHUT) (PDF) (Technical report). NDRRMC. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  14. ^ Rabonza, Glenn J. (20 October 2009). FINAL Report on Tropical Storm \"ONDOY\" {KETSANA} and Typhoon \"PEPENG\ (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  15. ^ Jalad, Ricardo B. (January 13, 2021). SitRep no. 29 re Preparedness Measures and Effects for TY ULYSSES (PDF). ndrrmc.gov.ph (Report). Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  16. ^ Jalad, Ricardo B. (November 10, 2020). "SitRep No.11 re Preparedness Measures for Super Typhoon Rolly" (PDF). NDRRMC. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  17. ^ Situational Report No. 34 for Combined Effects of TCs Kristine and Leon (2024) (PDF) (Report). Quezon City, Philippines: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  18. ^ 'Pepeng could be super-typhoon'. ABS-CBN. October 1, 2009.
  19. ^ QTV: Pagasa update on typhoon 'Pepeng'. GMA News. October 1, 2009.
  20. ^ Saksi: Magat dam releases water; evacuation along Cagayan river. GMA News. October 2, 2009.
  21. ^ 26 domestic flights canceled as Manila braces for ‘Pepeng’. GMA News. October 2, 2009.
  22. ^ QTV: CHED suspends classes in Region 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b, 5 and CAR. GMA News. October 2, 2009.
  23. ^ "Evacuation of 100,000 residents near Laguna lake recommended". Gmanews.tv. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
  24. ^ Agence France-Presse (October 6, 2009). "Taiwan braces for Typhoon Parma". The Age. Retrieved April 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Central News Agency (October 4, 2009). "Weather bureau issues land warning for Typhoon Parma". Taiwan News. Retrieved April 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Staff Writer (October 4, 2009). "Typhoon Parma approaches Taiwan". Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  27. ^ Associated France-Presse (October 5, 2009). "Typhoon Parma: Taiwan evacuates over 6 000". Independent Online. Retrieved April 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Situation Report: Ondoy" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  29. ^ Total damages figure includes agriculture, infrastructure, casualties, etc. damages.
  30. ^ "Tropical storm passes Yap in FSM". Radio New Zealand. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  31. ^ "Yap hit by intense weather system". Radio New Zealand. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  32. ^ "Yap in FSM threatened by tropical storm". Radio New Zealand. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  33. ^ Isabela, Aurora, Bicol region begin evacuations. GMA News. October 2, 2009.
  34. ^ "'Pepeng' downs power and cell services in NE Luzon". GMANews.TV. 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  35. ^ "Floodwaters continue to rise in Metro Manila, Calabarzon areas". GMANews.TV. 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  36. ^ (ABS-CBN News)
  37. ^ Staff Writer (October 5, 2009). "Typhoon Parma lingers". The China Post. Retrieved April 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ "Ship sinks off Taiwan; 1 dead, 10 missing". News.asiaone.com. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
  39. ^ "Asia News - South Asia News - Latest headlines – News, Photos, Videos". UPIAsia.com. 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
  40. ^ http://www.vietnamnet.vn/xahoi/200910/Hon-100-tau-thuyen-bi-chim-hu-hong-do-bao-so-10-873780/
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