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Russian cruiser Moskva

Coordinates: 45°17′42″N 30°52′44″E / 45.2951°N 30.8789°E / 45.2951; 30.8789
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Kurt Leyman (talk | contribs) at 13:10, 17 April 2022 (Removed unnecessary from infobox. Russian denialism is mentioned in article itself). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other ships with the same name, see Moskva (ship).

45°17′42″N 30°52′44″E / 45.2951°N 30.8789°E / 45.2951; 30.8789

Moskva (121)
Moskva seen from the air in 2012
History
→ Soviet Union → Russia
NameSlava (in Soviet service), Moskva (from 1996)
NamesakeGlory (1979–1996), Moscow (1996–2022)
Builder61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant (SY 445), Mykolaiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Laid down1976
Launched1979
Commissioned30 January 1983
DecommissionedSeptember 1990
ReinstatedApril 2000
Identification121
FateSunk by two Ukrainian R-360 Neptune anti-ship missiles on 14 April 2022[1]
NotesFlagship of the Black Sea Fleet
General characteristics
Class and typeSlava-class cruiser
Displacement12,490 tons
Length186.4 m (611 ft 7 in)
Beam20.8 m (68 ft 3 in)
Draught8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
Propulsion4 COGOG gas turbines, 2 shafts 121,000 shp (90,000 kW)
Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement419 enlisted men and 66 officers[2]
Sensors and
processing systems
  • Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) 3D search radar
  • Fregat MR-710 (Top Steer) 3D search radar
  • Palm Frond navigation radar
  • Pop group SA-N-4 fire control radar
  • Top Dome SA-N-6 fire control radar
  • Bass Tilt AK-360 CIWS System fire control radar
  • Bull horn MF hull mounted sonar
Electronic warfare
& decoys
  • Rum Tub and Side Globe EW antennas
  • 2 × PK-2 DL (140mm chaff / flare)
Armament
ArmourSplinter plating
Aircraft carried1 Ka-25 or Ka-27 helicopter

Moskva [ˈmɒsk.və] (Russian: Москва, lit. 'Moscow'), formerly Slava (Russian: Слава, lit. 'Glory'), was a guided missile cruiser of the Russian Navy. The ship was the lead ship of the Project 1164 Atlant class, named after the city of Moscow. Being the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, she led the naval assault during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[3][4] The cruiser had previously been deployed in several military conflicts, including in Georgia (2008), Crimea (2014), and Syria (2015).[5][6]

With a crew of 510, Moskva was the most powerful surface vessel in the Black Sea region.[7] She sank on 14 April 2022 in the Black Sea, 100 km from the coast of Odessa. Ukrainian officials and the US Department of Defense said Ukraine attacked the cruiser with two R-360 Neptune anti-ship missiles.[8] The Russian Ministry of Defence said a fire caused a munitions explosion.[9] The Russian Navy attempted to tow the damaged ship toward Sevastopol, but she sank before reaching the port.[10] Moskva is the largest warship to be sunk in combat since World War II.[11]

History

Slava c. 1983

As Slava

Slava was laid down in 1976 in Shipyard 445 of the 61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant in Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR, launched in 1979, and commissioned on 30 January 1983. Between 18 and 22 November 1986, the ship visited the Greek port of Piraeus.

Slava played a role in the Malta Summit (2–3 December 1989) between Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev and US President George H. W. Bush.[12] She was used by the Soviet delegation, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap.[13][14][15] The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the "Seasick Summit" among international media. In the end, the meetings took place aboard Maxim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship anchored in Marsaxlokk Bay.[16]

Slava returned to Mykolaiv in December 1990 for a refit that lasted until late 1998.[17] On 16 May 1996 the ship was formally renamed Moskva.[citation needed]

As Moskva

Moskva in 2009
Moskva in 2012

Recommissioned in April 2000, Moskva replaced the Kynda-class cruiser Admiral Golovko as the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.[18]

In early April 2003, Moskva, along with the frigate Pytlivyy, Smetlivy, and a landing ship departed Sevastopol for exercises in the Indian Ocean with a Pacific Fleet task group (Marshal Shaposhnikov and Admiral Panteleyev) and the Indian Navy.[19] The force was supported by the Project 1559V tanker Ivan Bubnov and the Project 712 ocean-going tug Shakhter.

Moskva visited Malta's Grand Harbour in October 2004, and the Ensemble of the Black Sea Fleet performed at a concert at the Mediterranean Conference Centre in Valletta for the occasion.[20] In 2008 and 2009, she visited the Mediterranean and participated in naval drills with the ships of the Northern Fleet.[21]

In August 2008, in support of the Russian invasion of Georgia, Moskva was deployed to secure the Black Sea.[22][23] During a brief surface engagement, the Georgian Navy scored one missile hit on Moskva before being overwhelmed.[24] After Russia's recognition of Abkhazia's independence, the ship was stationed at the Abkhazian capital, Sukhumi.[25]

On 3 December 2009, Moskva was laid up for a month at floating dock PD-30 in Sevastopol for a scheduled interim overhaul which comprised replacement of cooling and other machinery, reclamation work at the bottom and outboard fittings, propulsion shafts and screws, clearing and painting of bottom and above-water parts of the ship's hull.

In April 2010 it was reported that the cruiser would join other navy units in the Indian Ocean to conduct exercises.[26] In August 2013 the cruiser visited Havana, Cuba.[27]

In late August 2013, Moskva was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in response to the build-up of US warships along the coast of Syria.[28] During the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014, Moskva blockaded the Ukrainian fleet in Donuzlav Lake.[29]

On 17 September 2014, Moskva was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea, taking shift from guard ship Pytlivy.[21]

In July 2015, Moskva visited Luanda, to strengthen military cooperation with Angola.[30] From the end of September 2015, while in the eastern Mediterranean, the cruiser was charged with the air defences for the Russian aviation group based near the Syrian town of Latakia that conducted the air campaign in Syria.[31] On 25 November 2015, after the 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown, it was reported that Moskva, armed with the S-300F surface-to-air missile system,[32] would be deployed near the coastal Syria-Turkey border.[33] In 2016, she was replaced by sister ship Varyag in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.[34] On 22 July 2016 Moskva was awarded the Order of Nakhimov.[35]

Upon return from her deployment in January 2016, Moskva was to undergo a refit and upgrade but due to lack of funds her future remained uncertain as of July 2018.[36][37]

In June 2019, Moskva left the port of Sevastopol in the Black Sea to test her combat systems and main propulsion.[38]

In February 2020, Russian news agency TASS reported that a very "rare and important" Christian relic purported to be a part of the True Cross on which Jesus was crucified was to be kept in Moskva's chapel.[39][40] On 3 July 2020, Moskva completed two and a half months of repairs and maintenance intended to allow her to remain in service until 2040.[41][42] The first post-repair deployment was scheduled for August 2020; however, in reality, she only began to prepare for the deployment in February 2021.[43][44] She was at sea on exercises in March 2021.[45]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Moskva, the flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, helped lead the naval assault during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[3][4] She was the most powerful surface vessel in the Black Sea region at the time.[7]

Attack on Snake Island

Main article: Attack on Snake Island

In February 2022, the cruiser left Sevastopol to participate in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[46] The ship was later used against the Ukrainian armed forces during the attack on Snake Island, together with the Russian patrol boat Vasily Bykov.[47] Moskva hailed the island's garrison over the radio and demanded its surrender, and was told "Russian warship, go fuck yourself". After this, all contact was lost with Snake Island, and the thirteen-member Ukrainian garrison was captured.[48]

Sinking

Map
Location of Moskva in Black Sea on 12 April 2022 by satellite imagery[49]

Ukrainian presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych and Odesa governor Maksym Marchenko said their forces hit Moskva in the late hours of 13 April 2022, with two R-360 Neptune anti-ship missiles, and she was on fire in rough seas.[50] There were reports of an explosion and subsequent fire involving one of Moskva's exposed deckside missile tubes.[51] The Ukranian missiles were apparently fired from a land-based launcher near Odesa while Moskva was located 60–65 nautical miles (about 100 km) offshore.[51][52][53][54] The cruiser was equipped with a triple-tiered air defence system that if operated properly should have given her three opportunities to defend herself from a Neptune missile attack.[49][7]

The next day, the Ukrainian Southern Command said that Moskva had capsized and was beginning to sink.[55]

The Russian Ministry of Defence said that a fire had caused munitions to explode, and that the ship had been seriously damaged, without any reference to a Ukrainian strike.[56][57][58] The ministry said on 14 April that the missile systems of the cruiser were undamaged, the fire was contained by sailors, and that efforts were underway to tow the ship to port.[52][59] Later on 14 April, the Russian ministry said that Moskva sank while being towed during stormy weather.[7][60] The sinking, reportedly due to "stormy seas", was briefly reported on Russian news media and television on 15 April 2022.[7]

US Defense Department spokesman John Kirby said that imagery on 14 April showed the ship had suffered a sizable explosion and a subsequent "significant fire". The cause of the explosion was not clear. Moskva, with fire on board, appeared to be headed towards port in Sevastopol for repairs,[61][62] and it was unclear whether the vessel was moving under her own power or being towed.[63] On 15 April, a US senior official stated that they believe Moskva was hit by two Neptune missiles.[64] He also stated that the ship was about 65 nautical miles south of Odesa and moved under her own power for some time after the missiles hit, before sinking on 14 April.[65] The official also said that there would be casualties.[66]

Casualties

Lithuania's Defence Minister Arvydas Anušauskas said on 14 April that a distress signal had been sent from Moskva that day, and a Turkish ship responded, evacuating 54 personnel from the cruiser at 2 a.m., before she sank at 3 a.m. According to him, there were 485 crew on board, of whom 66 were officers. It was not known how many had survived.[67][68][69][2] The Russian Ministry of Defense said that the crew had been fully evacuated.[70]

Ukrainian sources reported on 15 April, that lives were lost and First Rank Captain Anton Kuprin (age 44), commanding officer of the ship, had been killed in the explosion and fire.[70] Naval News did a head count of the sailors who are meant to have survived the sinking and came up with a head count of 240 survivors. [71]

On April 16, Russia released a video in which it claims to have held a meeting at Sevastopol with 100 sailors of Moskva, along with Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral Nikolay Yevmenov, who said that the sailors would continue their service in the Navy.[72] According to independent Russian online newspaper The Insider, about 100 sailors, and notably the First Rank Captain of the ship Anton Kuprin, are visible in the video.[73] Ukrainian edition of Radio Svaboda, however, says that it is impossible to verify the authenticity of the video.[74]

Impact

Moskva is the largest warship to be sunk in action since World War II.[75] The last time a warship of similar size was sunk was the slightly smaller cruiser ARA General Belgrano, which was sunk by the Royal Navy in 1982 during the Falklands War.[61] Moskva was the largest Soviet or Russian ship to be sunk by enemy action since German aircraft bombed the Soviet battleship Marat in 1941,[12] and the first loss of a Russian flagship in wartime since the sinking in 1905 of the battleship Knyaz Suvorov during the Battle of Tsushima in the Russo-Japanese War.[76] If Ukrainian claims are true, Moskva "would potentially be the largest warship ever taken out of action by a missile", according to Carl Schuster, a retired US Navy captain and former director of operations at the US Pacific Command's Joint Intelligence Center.[61]

The loss of Moskva is considered significant and humiliating to Russian president Vladimir Putin, but "more about psychological damage than material damage" according to Mykola Bielieskov from Ukraine's National Institute for Strategic Studies. He said that it would not completely lift Russia's naval blockade on Ukraine, but showed that Ukraine could employ sophisticated weaponry effectively.[7]

Moskva was the only warship in Russia's Black Sea Fleet with the S-300F missile system for long-range air defence; she did not herself fire missiles at land targets in Ukraine, but provided anti-aircraft support to vessels that did, and her sinking prompted Russian ships to move further offshore. The remaining vessels in the Black Sea fleet will now be more vulnerable to aerial attacks, although it is not clear that Ukraine will be able to take advantage of this.[7] Retired US rear admiral Samuel J. Cox, the director of the Naval History and Heritage Command in Washington, stated that without Moskva "any amphibious assault on Ukraine will be much more dangerous for Russia, with its landing and amphibious ships much more vulnerable to attacks."[77]

While Moskva has two sister ships deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean, for the duration of the war Turkey has closed the Turkish Straits to belligerent warships whose home port is not in the Black Sea, following the Montreux Convention. Thus Russia cannot legally send ships to replace the lost Moskva from its other fleet bases.[78][79]

Aftermath

Ukrainian postage stamp, depicting a Ukrainian soldier giving Russian cruiser Moskva the middle finger, issued two days before she sank.[80][81]

US National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan said that the sinking of Moskva "is a big blow to Russia", forcing "Moscow to choose between two stories. One story is that it was just incompetence, and the other is that they came under attack. And neither is a particularly good outcome".[82] US Defense Department spokesman John Kirby said that Moskva's main mission was air defense for the Russian forces in the Black Sea and that her sinking "will have an impact on that capability, certainly in the near term".[83]

According to an analysis by Forbes Ukraine on 14 April 2022, the sinking of Moskva is the most costly single loss for the Russian military in the war to date, and would cost around US$750 million to replace.[84]

Although Russia did not confirm that Ukrainian missiles had hit the ship, Reuters reported that in the morning of 15 April, Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.[85]

The sinking of Moskva occurred shortly after Ukraine's national postal service released one million stamps depicting a Ukrainian fighter holding up a middle finger in front of the vessel, with the sinking boosting sales of the stamp in Ukraine.[86] Some people in Ukraine queued for more than two hours to get the stamp.[87] The sinking of Moskva can be seen as resulting in the boosting of the morale of many Ukrainians and has also decreased the morale of the invading Russian forces.[88]

Morning TV bulletins in Russia limited themselves to briefly reporting the statement issued by the authorities, who claim the ship sank in stormy seas after fire and explosions on board caused significant damage to her hull. Some newspaper commentators appeared to support that, arguing that the fire-extinguishing systems on board the forty-year-old warship were out of date and inefficient, but several writers agreed that the development would not change the course of the war. No Russian TV talk show host speculated on Ukraine's claims that it had struck the ship, but a clearly emotional studio guest, film director and former State Duma member Vladimir Bortko, said the fate of Moskva was grounds for war. This is the closest any Russian source has come to saying something other than that the sinking was caused by an accident; Russian commentators have otherwise repeated the official version of the government.[7]

Three Ukraine-based publications wrote in the aftermath that Moskva had the capability to carry nuclear warheads, and that she may have been carrying two nuclear warheads at the time of her sinking. They called for neighboring nations to launch an investigation into the possibility of a nuclear accident.[89] If the Ukrainian account is proven correct then it raises questions about the vulnerability of surface ships against missiles. Particularly for China and the US Navy should war over Taiwan occur. [90]

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