Jump to content

Flea (musician)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Syphon8 (talk | contribs) at 21:33, 1 July 2008 (Fraler? Wtf?). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Flea

Michael Peter Balzary (born October 16, 1962), more commonly known by the stage name Flea, is an Australian bassist, trumpet player, and occasional actor. He is best known as the bassist and founding member of the alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. His work with the band incorporates several musical styles, ranging from aggressive slap bass, to more subdued and melodic techniques. Aside from the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he has collaborated with many artists, including Jane's Addiction, The Mars Volta and Alanis Morissette. Drawing influences from funk and punk rock, Flea centers his bass playing on simplicity and minimalism, viewing complexity as a device that should be used in moderation.

Originally a trumpet prodigy, Flea initially learned to play bass in high school after being taught by close friend and future Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist Hillel Slovak, who required a bassist for his band Anthym. Flea joined the group, but quit several months subsequent in order to play for the punk rock outfit Fear. He soon rejoined Slovak to form an intended one-off band along with fellow high school alumni Anthony Kiedis and Jack Irons; the impromptu collaboration would ultimately give birth to the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Flea has also made forays into acting, appearing in numerous films such as Back to the Future Part II (1989), Thrashin' (1986) and The Big Lebowski (1998).

Biography

Early life

Flea was born in Melbourne, Australia on October 16, 1962. His father, Mick Balzary, was an avid fisherman who would often take him fishing.[1] When Flea was five, his family relocated to Rye, New York for his father's career.[2] In 1971, his parents divorced and his father returned to Australia. Flea and his siblings stayed with their mother Patricia, who soon remarried to a jazz musician and bassist.[2] Flea's stepfather frequently invited musicians to his house and jam sessions would often take place. The family relocated again to Los Angeles, California, and Flea became fascinated with trumpet.[3][4] His teachers considered him to be a prodigy, paralleled only by musician Herb Alpert, who also attended Fairfax High.[5] Furthermore, he had no interest in rock music at the time and idolized jazz musicians like Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong and Dizzy Gillespie.[3]

His stepfather, however, was an "aggressive alcoholic" who eventually became involved in shoot-outs with police. "I was raised in a very violent, alcoholic household", Flea later said, "I grew up being terrified of my parents, particularly my father figures. It caused [me] a lot of trouble later in life."[6] In order to cope with this situation, Flea started to experiment heavily in marijuana at the age of thirteen, which he started smoking on a daily basis.[7]

Flea attended Fairfax High School, and was somewhat of an outcast due to his taste in music.[7] However, he soon met Anthony Kiedis, and after a fight, the two became best friends.[8] Kiedis recalled, "We were drawn to each other by the forces of mischief and love and we became virtually inseparable. We were both social outcasts. We found each other and it turned out to be the longest-lasting friendship of my life."[9] Kiedis became a significant influence on Flea, turning him on to rock music, particularly punk rock.[9] Flea soon adopted his nickname, given to him by Kiedis while the two were on a skiing trip in reference to his jumpy and capricious nature.[9]

1980–1984: Formation of the Red Hot Chili Peppers

Flea was also close friends with Hillel Slovak, the guitarist of a local band called Anthym. The band's original bassist was deemed unsatisfactory, so Slovak began teaching Flea to play bass.[10] Following several months of commitment to the instrument, Flea developed proficiency and joined the group. Shortly thereafter, Anthym entered a local Battle of the Bands contest Link title and won second place.[10] During his tenure with the group, Flea began to develop a style of slap bass that would become prominent in future Red Hot Chili Peppers songs. Anthym started to play at local nightclubs, despite the fact that the members were all underage. Flea, Slovak, Anthony Eivins, and Kiedis became best friends, and often partook in the recreational use of LSD, heroin, cocaine, and speed. Although Eivins only played with flea for a short while before leaving to play the triangle and become one of the best triangle players, Flea and Eivins were best of friends and still talk reguarly.[10]

The foursome became fans of the growing punk rock movement that was occurring in Los Angeles at the time. Flea went from despising the genre to listening to it exclusively: "The beautiful thing about punk rock was the intensity, the energy. And punk deflated the whole bloated rock-star thing. I think that musicians who don't pay attention to punk have a gap in their knowledge that makes it difficult to communicate in this day in age."[10] Anthym changed their name to What Is This?, and rapidly became a local club favorite—frequently attracting more than thirty people per show. The band was faltering internally however, and Flea left the group to play bass for a well-established L.A. punk rock group called Fear.[11] Although Fear was a thriving act, Flea was discontent in the band and left shortly after joining.[11] He then successfully auditioned for the role of bassist in the British post-punk group Public Image Ltd., but rejected the offer; he later admitted that the only reason he auditioned was to jam with the band's front man John Lydon.[11]

Slovak, Kiedis, and Flea began to create their own music after finding inspiration in a punk-funk fusion band called Defunkt.[12] Flea, Slovak, Kiedis and former Anthym-drummer Jack Irons formed a band called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. The band had only one song, entitled "Out in L.A.", and was formed for the purpose of playing the song once.[13] Following the group's first show at The Rhythm Lounge, the owner of the bar asked them to return, but with two songs instead of one. After several more shows, and the addition of several songs to their repertoire, the band's name was changed to Red Hot Chili Peppers.[14][5]

1984–1990: First four albums

The band's concert repertoire grew to nine songs as a result of months of playing local nightclubs and bars.[15] The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI.[5] Irons and Slovak however, decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers in order to pursue a "more serious" future with What Is This?.[16] Flea ultimately respected the decision, but felt the band would be lost without them. He and Kiedis hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Iron's and Slovak's places, respectively.[16] Andy Gill, formerly of Gang of Four, agreed to produce their first album. Gill and Sherman clashed with Flea and Kiedis; they continuously argued over music style, sound, and the album's production.[17] Flea himself felt that the album was stiff and "a big mistake", but also admitted "we [he and Kiedis] were just disrespectful and obnoxious."[12] The band's eponymous debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, was released on August 10, 1984 to largely poor critical and commercial review.[18] After a relatively unfruitful tour, Sherman was fired in early 1985. Slovak, who had been contemplating a return to the Chili Peppers, rejoined the group after being encouraged by Flea.[19]

Funk musician George Clinton was hired to produce the band's second album, Freaky Styley. The strong chemistry between Clinton and the Chili Peppers was felt instantly. Flea later referred to Clinton as "the warmest, kindest man in the world."[20] When Freaky Styley was released in August of 1985, however, it received only a bit more attention than The Red Hot Chili Peppers with roughly 75,000 copies sold by year end.[12] Flea was somewhat indifferent to the poor album sales as he had recently proposed to girlfriend Loesha Zeviar, who was pregnant with their child.[21] The band hired Michael Beinhorn, their last resort among potential producers, to work on their next album.[22] What Is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy."[22] Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving Flea and Slovak to work on much of the album's material by themselves. Flea and Zeviar married, and she gave birth to their daughter Clara. Kiedis was briefly kicked out of the band, and given a month to rehabilitate. Kiedis completed the rehab and rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan.[22] Flea has referred to the album as "the 'rockingest' record" the band has ever made.[22] The Uplift Mofo Party Plan proved to be far more successful, commercially and critically, than the Chili Peppers' preceding albums; registering at number 148 on the Billboard Top 200.[23] Following the Uplift tour, Slovak's drug use dramatically increased. Flea's relationship with Slovak faded, and Slovak became isolated and depressed.[12] On June 28, 1988, Slovak was found dead of a heroin overdose. Flea reflected: "I didn't really know how to deal with that sadness, and I don't think [Kiedis] knew how to deal with it either."[12] Irons, who was taking Slovak's death particularly hard, left the group.[5]

Flea and Kiedis took some time to collect themselves, but decided to keep the band together. Guitarist DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight and drummer D.H. Peligro were added, and the band entered the studio to record a new album. McKnight soon began to create tension within the group, as his style did not mesh with the rest of the band.[24] Peligro was a friend of John Frusciante, an eighteen year old guitarist and avid Red Hot Chili Peppers fan.[25] Peligro introduced Frusciante to Flea, and the three jammed together on several occasions.[26] Flea was impressed with Frusciante's skill, and astonished by his knowledge of the Chili Peppers' repertoire. Flea realized that Frusciante could provide the spark McKnight was lacking.[27] McKnight was fired, and Frusciante accepted an invitation to join the band.[24] Peligro was fired shortly thereafter; the Chili Peppers brought in drummer Chad Smith as his replacement.[28] Flea and Zeviar started to grow apart, and he began trying to recreate the memories of his adolescence by smoking marijuana on a daily basis.[26] The Chili Peppers entered the studio, and completed recording of their fourth album, Mother's Milk, in early 1989. Upon release, the album was met with mixed reactions from critics, but received far more commercial attention; peaking at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 200.[23] After this, Flea made appearances playing the trumpet on Jane's Addiction's 1988 album Nothing's Shocking,[29] and bass on the critically acclaimed 1989 Young MC album Stone Cold Rhymin'. He would also appear in the video for Bust a Move, the hit single from the same album.[30]

1990–1998: Mainstream success and side projects

The ensuing Mother's Milk tour put a strain on Flea's marriage. In order to make money, he needed to tour, and therefore spend time away from his family.[31] Furthermore, he and Smith were arrested on charges of battery and sexual harassment after a performance on MTV's coverage of spring break;[12] charges were eventually dropped.[31] The band was, however, attracting over three thousand people per show; Mother's Milk had been certified as a gold record in early 1990.[32][33] By the time Red Hot Chili Peppers returned to Los Angeles, Flea and Zeviar agreed to a separation.[31] He tried to put the separation out of his mind by smoking marijuana and having sex with willing fans.[31]

When the tour was over, the Red Hot Chili Peppers severed ties with EMI and signed with Warner Bros. Records.[34] Rick Rubin, who rejected an opportunity to produce The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, agreed to produce their next album.[35] Flea had largely used the principal slap bass technique on the band's preceding four albums, and decided to downplay this style in favor of more conventional, melodic bass lines.[36] To record the album, Rubin suggested a mansion that once belonged to magician Harry Houdini. Flea felt it was "a creatively fertile situation", and decided to bring his daughter Clara with him.[35] He and the rest of the band, excluding Smith, remained inside the house for the entire recording process. When not writing or recording the album, Flea spent a large portion of his time with Frusciante smoking large quantities of marijuana.[35] The emotions Flea felt during the album's recording was like nothing he had ever experienced:[12]

When we [the band] made Blood Sugar Sex Magik we spent a lot of time jamming—every day, for hours and hours. I remember during that time Anthony went off and made a movie, and for a long time it was just me, John and Chad, and we'd just go in there and play. Me and John were hitting the bong and we just rocked and grooved forever. It was the first time we went in to make a record where there wasn't this feeling of being sort of intimidated by what was going to happen.

When Blood Sugar Sex Magik was released on September 24, 1991, it received an overwhelmingly positive critical response. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 200, and went on to sell over seven million copies in the U.S. alone.[19][23] The album's ensuing tour was critically acclaimed—the Chili Peppers commonly performed shows with over twenty thousand in attendance.[37] Seattle-based grunge band Nirvana also toured with them during the West Coast leg of their United States tour.[37] The massive attention the Chili Peppers started receiving, however, caused Frusciante to feel extremely uncomfortable, and he abruptly quit the band during the Japanese leg of the album's tour.[38] The band hired guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the remaining tour dates.

File:FleaandCobain1992.jpg
Flea (left) with Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain (right) in 1992 when Red Hot Chili Peppers were touring with them

Marshall was fired at the end of the tour, and the band added former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro to record a new album. Kiedis was in the middle of a heroin relapse, which forced Flea to assume the role of lyricist, something he had not yet done. He wrote most of the song "Transcending", and the intro to "Deep Kick". Flea also wrote the lyrics to an entire song—"Pea"—which he both sang and played bass on.[39] These three songs appeared on the Chili Peppers' sixth record One Hot Minute, which was released on September 12, 1995. The album received mixed reviews and was significantly less commercially successful than Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[19] The One Hot Minute tour was ultimately cut short due to various injuries Kiedis and Smith received, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers decided to go on hiatus.[40] Flea began to practice yoga, and slowly decreased his marijuana consumption.[40] Due to the Chili Peppers' inactivity, Flea joined Navarro in a Jane's Addiction reunion tour in 1997, filling in for ex-Jane's Addiction bassist Eric Avery. Rumors spread that the band was breaking up, until Navarro stated otherwise: "I want to clarify that the Chili Peppers are not breaking up...Flea and I are more than happy to do both projects, time permitting."[40]

Flea also had plans to record a solo album. He asked Chili Peppers manager Lindy Goetz to help him promote the record and his future solo career.[40] Flea eventually abandoned the idea in favor of offering his bass services to other artists. He performed on over forty records from 1995 to 1998, ranging from Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill to former Minutemen bassist Mike Watt's debut solo album Ball-Hog or Tugboat?. He also worked with Tori Amos and Michael Stipe on a track for the soundtrack to the 1995 Johnny Depp film Don Juan DeMarco.[41] Navarro was fired from the Chili Peppers in 1998, and Flea questioned whether or not the Red Hot Chili Peppers would stay together: "the only way I could imagine carrying on is if we got John [Frusciante] back in the band."[42] Frusciante had completed drug rehabilitation in 1997 after a severe addiction to heroin and crack cocaine left him on the brink of death.[43] Flea visited Frusciante in early 1998, inviting him back to the Chili Peppers; an emotional Frusciante readily accepted.[44]

1998–present: Californication, By the Way and Stadium Arcadium

The band, with Frusciante back on guitar, began writing new songs during the summer of 1998 in Flea's garage.[12] He and Kiedis were less confident in writing the album, after the disappointing results of One Hot Minute.[12] Flea had also recently broken up with his girlfriend of two years, Marissa Pouw, causing him to enter a state of depression,[45] which was only lifted when his daughter, Clara, comforted him after several weeks of crying.[12]

Flea was heavily influenced by electronica during the writing and recording of Californication and he attempted to emulate this when writing bass lines for the album.[45] Californication took less than two weeks to record; by contrast, One Hot Minute took over a year. When Californication was released on June 8, 1999 it received overwhelmingly positive critical reviews and sold fifteen million copies worldwide—more than Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[12] The Chili Peppers played Woodstock 1999, with Flea playing completely naked—something he would do again at the Reading and Leeds Festivals the same year.[45]

Flea felt like the public school system was seriously lacking in exposing children to music by drastically reducing, and sometimes eliminating, art related programs.[46] He founded the Silverlake Conservatory of Music, a school dedicated to help youth progress in music, because of this.[46][47] "I just wanted to fill the void that public education has cut from their curriculum. They've dropped the ball by cutting out music programs", Flea laments, "I grew up in LA public schools and was in the music department. It was really an important thing for my life, it gave me something to hold onto, and it was an important access for me. Without music I would've gotten into a lot of trouble and there are a lot of kids like me out there. I just wanted to try to provide something like what I got."[46]

File:FleaHydePark2004.jpg
Flea with Red Hot Chili Peppers performing "Can't Stop" in London's Hyde Park on June 25, 2004

Red Hot Chili Peppers spent most of 2001 writing their eighth studio album, By the Way. The entire band began listening to more melodic, textured music that would reflect heavily on the album.[12] Frusciante became the driving force behind By the Way, causing initial strife between him and Flea.[45] If the bassist introduced a funk rhythm into his bass lines, the guitarist would consequently disapprove.[45] By the Way was released on July 9, 2002 to positive critical reviews. Although not as successful as Californication or Blood Sugar Sex Magik, By the Way would go on to sell over nine million copies worldwide.[48] The ensuing tour, however, was extremely profitable; the Chili Peppers performed three concerts in London's Hyde Park to over 250,000 attendees and a total gross accumulation of $17.1 million.[49] It became the highest grossing concert at a single venue in history.[49]

After another two year world tour, the Chili Peppers wrote their ninth studio album Stadium Arcadium. In 2005, Flea became engaged to his girlfriend Frankie Rayder, and she bore his second daughter Sunny Bebop, later the same year.[50] Unlike By the Way, both Flea and Frusciante were more musically conjoined when writing the record. They found inspiration in Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, and Eddie Van Halen among others.[51] The double album was ultimately released on May 9, 2006 to generally positive reviews, selling over seven million copies in less than two years.[52] During the October 2007 California wildfires, Flea's $4.8 million home in Malibu was burnt down.[53] The location was not, however, his primary residence and had been vacated pending sales.[53]

Musical style

Any instrument is just a vehicle to express who you are and your relationship to the world. No matter what level you’re doing it on, playing music is an opportunity to give something to the world.

Flea (Bass Player, June 2006)[54]

Flea has displayed a wide variety of techniques throughout the years, ranging from his initial use of slapping and popping to the more traditional methods he has employed since Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Greg Prato of All Music Guide has noted that "by combining funk-style bass with psychedelic, punk, and hard rock, Flea created an original playing style that has been copied numerous times."[4] Flea has been considered as one of the greatest bassists of all time, with Greg Tate of Rolling Stone saying "if there were a Most Valuable Bass Player award given out in rock, Flea could have laid claim to that bitch ten years running."[55] Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan recalls that when he first saw the Chili Peppers in 1984, "Flea was playing so aggressively that he had worn a hole in his thumb and he was literally screaming in pain in-between songs because it hurt so bad. Someone kept coming out and pouring crazy glue into the hole."[5] Flea's sound is also determined by what type of instrument he plays. Before Californication, he did not believe the actual bass held much significance: "what mattered was how you hit them [basses] and your emotional intent, and I still think that's the bottom line."[54] Flea owns a 1961 Fender Jazz Bass, treasuring it for its "old wood sound".[54] He has contributed to the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound not only with the bass but by playing trumpet, as well; it can be heard on several songs, such as "Subway to Venus" from their fourth album Mother's Milk or "Warlocks" from their ninth album Stadium Arcadium.

Technique

Flea's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years. When he joined Fear his technique centered largely around traditional punk rock bass lines,[56] however he was to change this style when the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He began to incorporate a "slap" bass style that drew influence largely from Bootsy Collins.[16] However, this technique caused Flea to receive attention from the music world and was often copied, and he therefore felt it necessary to completely remove slap-bass styles from his repertoire following Mother's Milk.[4] Consequently, Blood Sugar Sex Magik saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but rather styles that focused more on traditional and melodic roots.[57] His intellectual beliefs on how to play the instrument was also altered: "I was trying to play simply on Blood Sugar Sex Magik because I had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've really got to chill out and play half as many notes'. When you play less, it's more exciting—there's more room for everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. Space is good."[57] During the writing and recording of One Hot Minute, Flea integrated some use of slap-bass progressions, but continued to center his technique around the philosophy of "less is more" rather than complexity: "I can't even think of anything I played that was complex [on the record]; even the slapping stuff is simple. It's original-sounding, and I'm proud of that—but what I played was more a matter of aesthetic choice."[57] This led Flea to alter the way he wrote music by playing alone, instead of the jam sessions that would dictate how the band conceived songs: "[One Hot Minute] is the least jam-oriented record we've made. I mean, we definitely jammed on the ideas, but there's only one groove on the whole album that came from a jam, 'Deep Kick'. The rest of it came from my sitting down with a guitar or bass."[57]

Flea became interested in electronica during the Californication era and he attempted to emulate the same atmosphere given off by synthesizers into his bass playing: "I feel the most exciting music happening is electronica, without a doubt."[45] He ultimately decided against this, acknowledging that, aside from Frusciante, the band was not moving in the same direction.[45] Californication also saw him incorporate more funk-driven bass lines than he had on One Hot Minute. In By the Way, much of the bass-lines were entirely stripped of funk. Flea felt the chords Frusciante had written were not supportive of his typical technique; furthermore, he does not feel the musical direction of the record was specifically melodic, but instead "a result of each one of us being who we are. The way we [the band] compose music is a very communal thing."[58]

Influences

Flea's stepfather was in a bebop band that frequently jammed in his presence; he, therefore, became fascinated with the trumpet soon after.[12][4][5] Flea credits his continued interest in music to jazz performers like Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane and Dizzy Gillespie.[3] After Kiedis introduced him to punk and rock, Flea became infatuated with artists like The Germs, Styx, David Bowie and Defunkt.[12][9] Flea's early influences before Blood Sugar Sex Magik were mainly funk artists like Bootsy Collins, Parliament, Funkadelic, Sly & the Family Stone, and The Meters.[59] They would become a notable aspect of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound up to Mother's Milk. Originally, Flea was given the impression by punk bands that one should play as hard and fast as they possibly could, but ultimately rejected this philosophy during Blood Sugar Sex Magik: "I was so into being raw [...] it was all bullshit."[54] On Californication and By the Way, Flea drew influence from electronica, gothic rock bands like The Cure and Siouxsie & the Banshees and New Wave music rather than funk.[47] During Stadium Arcadium he experienced another shift in interest. Instead of the melodic music he had listened to during the two previous albums, he enjoyed the work of "flashy" guitar players like Jimi Hendrix, Eddie Van Halen, and Jimmy Page, exclusively.[51]

Film and television appearances

File:FleaBigLebowski.jpg
Flea (far right) portrayed one of the three German nihilists in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski

Flea has pursued a minor acting career since the mid 1980s. His first role was as young punk 'Razzle' in the Penelope Spheeris punk film, "Suburbia" (1984). Shortly thereafter, he starred alongside the Chili Peppers, who played themselves, in the skate drama Thrashin' (1986). He portrayed the character Needles in Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Back to the Future Part III (1990), though he regrets this and considered the movies to be a "multi-million dollar piece of trash."[60] He played a minor role in the 1991 independent film My Own Private Idaho as the character Budd. Flea has, more recently, made appearances in the films The Chase (1994) as a monster truck driver, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1997) as a musician, and The Big Lebowski (1998), as a German nihilist. He lent his voice as the character Donnie to the animated series The Wild Thornberrys.

In 1991, Red Hot Chili Peppers released a black and white film documenting the recording of Blood Sugar Sex Magik called Funky Monks. They have released two video concerts, Off the Map in 2001 and Live at Slane Castle in 2004—the latter of which had over eighty thousand attendees.[61] Flea has also appeared in television broadcasts with Red Hot Chili Peppers on several occasions. Several months before Frusciante's departure in 1992, the band performed two songs on Saturday Night Live—Kiedis felt the show was an embarrassment due to the guitarist, who purposely played out of tune and incorrectly.[62][40] Later that year, the band appeared in the popular animated comedy The Simpsons on the episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled". At Woodstock 1994, Kiedis proposed the band perform the first few songs in metallic suits with giant light bulbs placed on their heads.[63] Flea was initially reluctant but eventually agreed: "when we got to play, the energy of the whole thing took over."[64] In 1996, he guest starred on an episode of The Ben Stiller Show. On the episode, Flea beats Stiller in a game of basketball. For the 1999 Woodstock Festival, he played the concert naked.[45] The band has also performed on Late Night with David Letterman three times.[65]

Discography

Further information: Red Hot Chili Peppers discography

References

  • Apter, Jeff (2004-11-23). Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-381-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Kiedis, Anthony (2004-10-06). Scar Tissue. Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-0101-0. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Notes

  1. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Fan Club Interview, 1989". YouTube. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  2. ^ a b Apter, 2004. p. 19
  3. ^ a b c Apter, 2004. p. 20
  4. ^ a b c d Prato, Greg. "Biography of Flea". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Red Hot Chili Peppers". Behind the Music. 1999-05-30. VH1. {{cite episode}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  6. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 21
  7. ^ a b Apter, 2004. pp. 22–23
  8. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 34
  9. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. p. 35
  10. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. pp. 40–45
  11. ^ a b c Apter, 2004. pp. 50–56
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Page, Scarlet (July, 2004). "Red Hot Chili Peppers: The LA Punks Who Defied Death, Grunge And A Burning Crack Den". Mojo.
  13. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 60
  14. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 61
  15. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 62
  16. ^ a b c Apter, 2004. pp. 70–74
  17. ^ Apter, 2004. pp. 78–88
  18. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 234–235
  19. ^ a b c Prato, Greg. "Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  20. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 110
  21. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 127
  22. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. pp 130-141
  23. ^ a b c "Red Hot Chili Peppers Albums Charting". Billboard. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ a b Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 234
  25. ^ Fricke, David (June 15, 2006). "Tattooed Love Boys: After twenty-three years, nine albums, death, love, and addiction, the Red Hot Chili Peppers are at Number One for the very first time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-10-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ a b Apter, 2004. pp. 178–190
  27. ^ Mother's Milk 2003 reissue liner notes
  28. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 242
  29. ^ Nothing's Shocking liner notes
  30. ^ "Stone Cold Rhymin' credits". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  31. ^ a b c d Apter, 2004. pp. 205–212
  32. ^ "RIAA Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  33. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Artist Chart History: Singles". Billboard. Retrieved 2007-12-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 261–262
  35. ^ a b c Apter, 2004. pp. 220–236
  36. ^ Funky Monks, 1991. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.
  37. ^ a b Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 282
  38. ^ David Fricke. "The Naked Truth". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-08-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 341–344
  40. ^ a b c d e Apter, 2004. pp. 290–302
  41. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 281
  42. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 390–395
  43. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (December 12, 1996). "Blood on the Tracks". Phoenix New Times Music. Retrieved 2007-06-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  44. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 408
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h Apter, 2004. pp. 304–311
  46. ^ a b c "Flea's Circus: Silverlake Music Conservatory Throws Hullabaloo Fundraiser". LAist. March, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ a b Apter, 2004. pp. 327–338
  48. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers: First Single Preview". Total Guitar. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  49. ^ a b Waddell, Ray (June, 2007). "Chili Peppers Hot in London's Hyde Park". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved 2008-01-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Red Hot Chili Peppers. iTunes Originals. iTunes. September 8, 2006
  51. ^ a b Gallori, Paolo (2006). Intervista a John Frusciante (TV interview). You Tube. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  52. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers - Live Earth". BBC. June, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ a b "Fire wrecks Chili Pepper's home". BBC News. November, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ a b c d Leigh, Bill (June, 2006). "A Rock Star & A Jazz Legend Find Common Ground In Music's Beauty and Depth". Bass Player. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |acccessdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ Tate, Greg (June, 1999). "Californication review". Rolling Stone magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  56. ^ "Interview with Flea in 1988". VPRO. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  57. ^ a b c d Malandrone, Scott (October, 1995). "Flea Interview". Bass Player.
  58. ^ "2002 Interview with Flea". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  59. ^ "Flea's Influences". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  60. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers; Nozems-A-GoGo". VPRO. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  61. ^ "Live At Slane Castle". Play.com. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  62. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. pp. 300–301
  63. ^ Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 315–323
  64. ^ Apter, 2004. p. 276
  65. ^ "Red Hot Chili Peppers Television broadcasts". The Side. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flea.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flea_(musician)&oldid=222947348"