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Twitter, Inc.
Company typePrivate
Industrymobile social network service, micro-blogging
Founded2006
FounderJack Dorsey Edit this on Wikidata
Headquarters
San Francisco, California
,
USA
Key people
Jack Dorsey, Chairman
Evan Williams, CEO
Biz Stone, Creative Director
Number of employees
34[1]
Websitehttp://twitter.com/

Twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging service that enables its users to send and read other users' updates known as tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 bytes in length. Updates are displayed on the user's profile page and delivered to other users who have signed up to receive them. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends (delivery to everyone being the default). Users can send and receive updates via the Twitter website, SMS, RSS (receive only), or through applications such as Tweetie, Twitterrific, Twitterfon, TweetDeck and Feedalizr. The service is free to use over the web, but using SMS may incur phone services provider fees.

As of March 2009, Twitter has received extensive visibility and popularity worldwide. Twitter is often described as the 'SMS of Internet' in that the site provides the back-end functionality (via its APIs) to other desktop and web-based applications to send and receive short text messages often obscuring the actual website itself. This extensibility of the service has earned it more popularity than it would have gained if users had to visit the site to use the service.

Four gateway numbers are currently available for SMS: short codes for the United States, Canada, and India, and a United Kingdom-based number for international use. Several third parties offer posting and receiving updates via email.

Estimates of the number of daily users vary as the company does not release the number of active accounts. In November 2008, Jeremiah Owyang of Forrester Research estimated that Twitter had 4-5 million users.[2] A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranks Twitter as the third largest social network (Facebook being the largest, followed by MySpace[3]), and puts the number of unique monthly visitors at roughly 6 million and the number of monthly visits at 55 million.[3]

History

Template:FixBunching

Twitter founders Biz Stone and Jack Dorsey in 2008 accepting a TechCrunch award for best mobile startup

Template:FixBunching

Evan Williams in 2007

Template:FixBunching Twitter was founded by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams. The public introduction began in March 2006 inside San Francisco podcasting company Odeo.[4] Odeo was co-founded by Noah Glass and blogger Evan Williams. In October 2006, the company was bought out by management, and Williams, Stone, and other Odeo employees started another company named Obvious Corp. to operate Odeo and Twitter, another startup Williams had been testing in the offices for about a year.[5] Twitter had been initially used internally by Odeo's employees and became a product of Obvious at this time.[6]


The service rapidly gained popularity: In March 2007, it won the 2007 South by Southwest Web Award in the blog category.[7] Dorsey, the man behind the concept of Twitter,[8] gave the following playful acceptance speech at SXSW: "We'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"

In April 2007, Obvious spun off the service as a separate entity under the name Twitter, Inc.,[9] with Dorsey as CEO and Williams as Chairman until October 2008 when Williams and Dorsey switched places.[10][11]

"Summize" was an Internet startup using the Twitter XMPP stream to allow users to search twitter conversations in near real-time. On July 15, 2008, Twitter acquired Summize and rolled it into its own site at the subdomain search.twitter.com. At the time of the sale, Summize had six employees, of which five went on to work at Twitter. CEO Jay Verdy moved on to a new project.[12]

Japanese version

On April 22, 2008, Twitter announced on its blog that it had created a version of Twitter for Japanese users, because they are prominent users of the service, despite the user interface being completely in English.[13] One week after its launch it was reported that the Japanese version of Twitter had started gaining users; Japanese is now the second most-used language on Twitter.[14] Unlike the English language service, the Japanese service is supported by advertising.[15]

Finances

About $57 million of Twitter is owned by venture capitalists. Williams raised about $22 million in venture capital.[16] Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions (led by Jeff Bezos of Amazon).[17] Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital backed Twitter in 2009, investing an additional USD 35 million.The Industry Standard has pointed to its lack of revenue as limiting its long-term viability.[18] On February 13, 2009, Twitter announced on its official blog[19] that it had closed a third round of funding in which it secured more than $35 million[20] When asked about how he was going to use the additional investment funds in an interview, Williams said:

"We don't know all the ways we're going to use that money, hopefully we'll keep a lot of it in the bank. If we never need a lot of it, that's great, but in the climate we're in we don't want to assume too much, and we don't want any short term concerns to distort the potential of our long term vision, and our investors and the boards and everybody is very on board for building a very long term viable company. We need to do that step by step, and we need to invest a lot to get there."[21]

Technology

Twitter has been described as akin to a web-based IRC client.[22] The Twitter web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework.[23] From the spring of 2007 until sometime in 2008 the actual messages were handled by a pure-Ruby light-weight persistent queue server called Starling.[24][25] Starling was replaced in 2008 with Scarling, a light-weight persistent queue server written in the Scala programming language, which has since been renamed Kestrel.[26][27] The Twitter API itself allows the integration of Twitter with other web services and applications.[28] In late April 2008, TechCrunch reported that, due to downtime related to scaling problems, Twitter would abandon Ruby on Rails as their web framework and start from scratch with PHP or Java.[29] Evan Williams, however, soon debunked this report in a Tweet he sent on May 1, 2008.[30]

Twitter messages may be tagged using hashtags, a word or phrase prefixed with a #, such as #beer.[31] This enables tweets on a specific subject to be found by simply searching for their common hashtag, provided that the user has tagged his or her tweet.

The @ sign before a username, such as @example, is used to distinguish a reply directed at that user. The message proceeded by the @username prefix can still be read by anyone, but is treated as directed firstly to the user in question.

Privacy and security

Twitter is committed to the privacy of its users. No information is sold that is given to it, and they have been known to vigorously fight government subpoenas asking for such information.[32]

A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani & Rujith. The problem was due to Twitter's using the SMS message originator as the authentication of the user's account. Nitesh used fakemytext.com[1] to spoof a text message, whereupon Twitter posted the message on the victim's page. This vulnerability can only be used if the victim's phone number is known.[33] Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional PIN that its users can specify to authenticate SMS-originating messages.

On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised, and falsified messages—including sexually explicit and drug-related messages—were sent.[34][35] The accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed via a dictionary attack.[36]

Reception

File:Twitter-030709.png
A Twitter profile

Twitter began experiencing problems related to its growing number of users in 2007. The service has experienced outages resulting from traffic overloads due to its increased popularity.[37] The Wall Street Journal wrote, "These social-networking services elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel 'too' connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills, and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."[38] Satirical references have also been made, such as speculations as to what Shakespeare[2] and Freud[39] might tweet, if they used Twitter.

Outages

Twitter experienced approximately 98% uptime in 2007, or about seven full days of downtime.[40][41] Twitter's downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry, such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address.[42][43] When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" error message created by Sydney artist and designer Yiying Lu,[44] a whimsical illustration of red birds using nets to hoist a whale from the ocean.[45] The message reads: "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[45] The fail whale has been featured on NPR.[37] During May 2008 Twitter's new engineering team implemented necessary architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.

As of August 2008, Twitter withdrew free SMS services to users in most of the world.[46] For approximately five months, instant messaging support via a Jabber "bot" was listed as being "temporarily unavailable".[47] On October 10, 2008, Twitter's status blog announced that IM service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. IM status is said to return at some point, but requires major work to be completed.[48] Twitter service issues and resolutions can be tracked via their status page at http://status.twitter.com/.

In the media

In March 2009 Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury strip began to satirize Twitter, with the strip characters ironically highlighting the triviality of "tweets" and Roland defending the need to keep up with the constant-update trend or else lose relevance.[49] SuperNews!, similarly, satirized Twitter as an addiction to "constant self-affirmation".[50]

During a March 2, 2009 episode of the The Daily Show, the host Jon Stewart negatively portrayed members of Congress who chose to "twitter" during President Obama's address to Congress (on February 24, 2009) rather than pay attention to the content of the speech. The Daily Show's Samantha Bee satirized media coverage of the service saying "there's no surprise young people love it - according to reports of young people by middle aged people". Jon Stewart described the service as a gimmick.[51]

Another episode of the Daily Show on February 26, 2009, during which host of NBC Nightly News, Brian Williams (a guest on the Daily Show and a journalist) derided "tweets" as only having subject matter which refers to the condition of the author in any given instant. Williams implied that he would never use Twitter because nothing he did at any given moment was interesting enough to publish in Twitter format.[52]

On February 28, 2009, NPR’s Weekend Edition featured a segment in which producer Andy Carvin tried to teach veteran news analyst Daniel Schorr how to use Twitter.

“What we are losing is editing,” Schorr complained. “I grew up and nothing could be communicated to the outside world that didn't go through an editor to make sure you had your facts right, spelling right and so on. Now, every person is his or her own publisher and/or her own editor or her own reporter... The discipline that should go with being able to communicate is gone.”

In response, Carvin gave two recent examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter: the attacks in Mumbai and the riots in Greece. According to Carvin, Twitter and Facebook users wanted witnessed accounts rather than mere hearsay. “A system of checks and balances kicks into high gear with people who are just innately very skeptical — wanting to get to the heart of a matter,” said Carvin. “And sometimes stories actually get debunked that way.” [53]

Prominent users

British comedian Stephen Fry, one of the most followed celebrities on Twitter

David Saranga of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that on December 30, 2008, Israel would be the first government to hold a worldwide press conference via Twitter to take questions from the public about the war against Hamas in Gaza.[54] Large Businesses such as Cisco Systems, Jet Blue, Sun Microsystems, IBM and Whole Foods Market use Twitter to provide product or service information. [55][56] The Los Angeles Fire Department put the technology to use during the October 2007 California wildfires.[57] NASA used Twitter to break the news of the discovery of what appeared to be water ice on Mars by the Phoenix Mars Lander.[58][59] Other NASA projects, such as Space Shuttle missions and the International Space Station, also provide updates via Twitter. News sources such as the BBC, Aljazeera , NPR, and other outlets use Twitter to disseminate breaking news or provide information feeds for sporting events. Several 2008 U.S. presidential campaigns used Twitter as a publicity mechanism, including that of Democratic Party nominee and President Barack Obama.[60] The Nader–Gonzalez campaign updated its ballot access teams in real-time with Twitter and Google Maps.[61] Twitter use increased 43% on election day.[62] 10 Downing Street, the website of the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, has started using Twitter.[63] The use of Twitter by victims, bystanders, and the public to gather news and coordinate responses to the November 2008 Mumbai siege led CNN to call it "the day that social media appeared to come of age."[64]

UK based mobile phone network O2 UK have started using Twitter to address customer enquiries about their mobile phone account and providing technical based help.

Various pop culture icons and celebrities use Twitter to communicate with fans.

Sir Richard Branson has a Twitter account and advertises jobs for Virgin on it. British celebrity Stephen Fry is also well known for having a large number of followers, and was reported in The Times as being the celebrity with the most followers on Twitter. Dutch Minister of Foreign affairs Maxime Verhagen is a regular user of Twitter.[65] Smith College uses Twitter for updates and facts. The College of Computing of Georgia Institute of Technology and the College of Engineering of University of Texas at San Antonio have been using Twitter to send information to their students.[66][67] The Faculty of Psychology of the University of Vienna has been using Twitter for formative course evaluation.[68][69]

Usage

On February 12, 2009, there was a global meet-up called Twestival where Twitter users came together in over 170 cities around the world to take the online community surrounding Twitter offline as well as to raise money and awareness for Charity: water.[70]

On April 10, 2008, James Buck, a graduate journalism student at UC Berkeley, and his translator, Mohammed Maree, were arrested in Egypt for photographing an anti-government protest. On his way to the police station Buck used his mobile phone to send the message “Arrested” to his 48 "followers" on Twitter. Those contacted UC Berkeley, the US Embassy in Cairo, and a number of press organizations on his behalf. Buck was able to send updates about his condition to his "followers" while being detained. He was released the next day from the Mahalla jail after the college hired a lawyer for him.[71][72]

Research reported in New Scientist in May 2008 [73] found that blogs, maps, photo sites and instant messaging systems like Twitter did a better job of getting information out during emergencies such as the shootings at Virginia Tech than either the traditional news media or government emergency services. The study, performed by researchers at the University of Colorado, also found that those using Twitter during the fires in California in October 2007 kept their followers (who were often friends and neighbors) informed of their whereabouts and of the location of various fires minute by minute. Additionally, organizations that support relief efforts are also using Twitter. The American Red Cross uses Twitter (http://twitter.com/RedCross) to exchange minute-to-minute information about local disasters, including statistics and directions.[74][75]

Media outlets are also starting to use Twitter as a source of public sentiment on issues. The first trades union Twitter service was launched by the news and campaigning website LabourStart in June 2008[76] During the CBC News television coverage of the Canadian federal election on October 14, 2008, the CBC cited a graph, produced by the Infoscape Research Lab, of items mentioned on Twitter, along with Tweets regarding Elizabeth May and Stéphane Dion, with the majority of the Dion Tweets calling for him to step down in response to the election results.[77]

During the 2008 Mumbai attacks, eyewitnesses sent an estimated 80 tweets every five seconds as the tragedy unfolded. Twitter users on the ground helped in compiling a list of the dead and injured. In addition, users sent out vital information such as emergency phone numbers and the location of hospitals that needed blood donations.[78] In January 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 experienced multiple bird strikes and had to be ditched in the Hudson River after takeoff from LaGuardia Airport in New York City. Janis Krums, a passenger on one of the ferries that rushed to help, took a picture of the downed plane as passengers were still evacuating and tweeted it via TwitPic before traditional media arrived at the scene.[79][80] In February 2009, the Australian Country Fire Authority used Twitter to send out regular alerts and updates regarding the 2009 Victorian bushfires.[81] During this time, the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, also used his Twitter account to send out information on the fires, how to donate money and blood, and where to seek emergency help.[82]

In October 2008 a draft US Army intelligence report identified the popular micro-blogging service as a potential terrorist tool. The report said, "Twitter is already used by some members to post and/or support extremist ideologies and perspectives."[83][84]

There are many services and applications that work with or enhance Twitter.

Twitter Mail

Twittermail allows users to email tweets to their account.

Twitpic

Twitpic is a website that allows users to easily upload pictures and post them to their Twitter feed.[85] It has been used by citizen journalists to upload and distribute pictures in near real-time while an event is taking place.[86][87]

Twitterrific

Twitterrific is an iPhone application and Twitter client that allows users to view and browse the Twitter website, and post tweets.

Tweetie

Tweetie is an iPhone application and Twitter client that allows users to view Twitter and post their own tweets. It also allows the user to manage more than one Twitter account at the same time.

Twitter Berry A twitter blackberry app which allows people to update and see the timeline as well as send direct messages.

Similar services

A number of Twitter-like services exist, including sending text messages to multiple people at once. Other services use a similar concept but add country-specific services or combine the micro-blogging facilities with other services, such as file sharing (e.g., Jaiku). In May 2007, one source counted as many as 111 such "Twitter look-alikes" internationally.[88] Despite Twitter efforts to localize, Chinese-language Twitter clones have far outdone Twitter's own progress in China.[89] Yammer, which launched at the TechCrunch 50 conference on September 8, 2008, is touted as an enterprise version of Twitter.

Most notably, since mid-2008 Identi.ca provides a free and open-source micro-blogging service based on the OpenMicroBlogging standard. The latter aims at providing a distributed network of micro-blogging services in the future, making it possible to subscribe to messages sent by other users on different services.

Also see other Micro-blogging services.

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