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Smolensk air disaster

Coordinates: 54°49′26.02″N 32°3′4.54″E / 54.8238944°N 32.0512611°E / 54.8238944; 32.0512611
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Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash
The Tupolev Tu-154M (101) leaving Boryspil International Airport in 2008
Accident
DateApril 10, 2010 (2010-04-10)[1]
SummaryUnder investigation[1]
Site200 m (656.2 ft) short of runway at Smolensk-North Air Base[2]
54°49′26.02″N 32°3′4.54″E / 54.8238944°N 32.0512611°E / 54.8238944; 32.0512611
Aircraft
Aircraft typeTupolev Tu-154M
Operator36 SPLT, Polish Air Force
Registration101
Flight originFrédéric Chopin Airport,
Warsaw, Poland
DestinationSmolensk-North Air Base
Smolensk, Russia
Passengers89
Crew7
Fatalities96[3]
Survivors0

On 10 April 2010, a Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft crashed near Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 passengers and crew. Those killed include the Polish president, Lech Kaczyński, and his wife; the chief of the Polish General Staff and other senior Polish military officers; the president of the National Bank of Poland; Poland's deputy foreign minister; Polish government officials; 12 members of the Polish parliament, including vice-speakers; senior members of the Polish clergy; and relatives of victims of the Katyn massacre.[4][5] They were en route from Warsaw to attend an event to mark the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre.[6] The site of the massacre is approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) west of Smolensk.

The cause of the crash is under investigation. According to preliminary reports, the pilot attempted to land at Smolensk-North air base in fog which reduced visibility to about 500 metres (1,600 ft),[7][8] The plane was too low as it approached the runway, striking trees in the fog, turning around and falling to the ground 200 metres (660 ft) from the airfield in a wooded area, where it broke into pieces.[5][9][10]

Accident

Flight map
Part of the wreckage near Smolensk

The Tupolev Tu-154M of the 36th Special Aviation Regiment[11] carrying Polish President Lech Kaczyński crashed at 10:56 MSD (08:56 CEST, 06:56 UTC),[12] near the village of Pechersk, just north of Smolensk, Russia, from where Kaczyński was due to visit the nearby site marking the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre.[12] The plane took off at 07:23 CEST (05:23 UTC) from Warsaw Frédéric Chopin Airport (800 km away from Smolensk), carrying 89 passengers and 7 crewmembers;[3] presidential aide Zofia Kruszyńska-Gust became ill just before the trip and did not board the plane. Some of the earlier reports gave erroneous information about the number of persons on board the flight.[13]

About an hour before the crash, a Yakovlev Yak-40 jet also belonging to the Polish government[14] carrying Polish journalists from the president's press pool landed at the airbase without incident.[15] But the weather conditions were quickly deteriorating: shortly after, a Russian Ilyushin Il-76 attempted to land, but due to poor visibility, the crew decided to divert to the Vnukovo Airport near Moscow.[16] When the presidential plane arrived at the airbase it was enveloped in thick fog, and the ground control personnel suggested to the pilot and crew that landing at another airfield would be advisable. The pilot was told by the control tower to divert the plane's landing to either Moscow or Minsk (400 km and 300 km away, respectively). However after circling the airport at several hundred meters of altitude three times, the pilot made the decision to land there.[17] The plane crashed during this attempt 200 m (650 feet) short of the runway after hitting some 10-metre (33-foot) high trees on the approach to the runway.[18][18][19] The crash occurred in fog (500 m (1,600 ft)* visibility) about 200 metres (700 ft) from Smolensk-North air base,[20]300 to 400 metres (1,000 to 1,300 ft) off the landing path.[21] The cause of the crash is under investigation.[22][23][24]

The Governor of Smolensk Oblast, Sergey Antufyev, confirmed that there were no survivors in the crash. Pictures from the scene showed parts of the airplane charred and strewn through a wooded area. Some pieces, including one of the wheel wells, were upside-down.[12] The Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, said that the bodies of those killed in the crash would be brought to Moscow for identification.[25] However, Kaczyński's body was identified in Smolensk and was flown directly to Warsaw on the afternoon of 11 April.[26]

Investigation

Within hours of the crash, the President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, announced the establishment of a special commission for the investigation of the accident. The commission will be supervised by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.[27][28][29] An Investigation Committee of the Prosecutor General of Russia started a criminal case in accordance with a "violation of the safety rules" of the Russian Criminal Code.[30]

Putin and Medvedev expressed to the Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk that they would work closely with Poland in investigating the crash. Initial signs pointed to an accident, possibly due to the fog that is very common in the area in spring and autumn, as well as pilot error.

Two "black box" flight recorders were recovered undamaged from the crash site during the afternoon/early evening of 10 April, as was confirmed by Sergey Shoygu, the Russian Minister of Emergency Situations.[31] That evening, it was reported that the recordings confirm that the pilot was making attempts to land against the advice of air traffic controllers.[32] The third black box was found on 12 April.[33]

Preliminary data indicated that the plane hit the treetops as it was making the approach to the airport in poor visibility.[34]

On the day after the crash, investigators said they had reviewed the "black box" recordings, and confirmed that there were no technical problems with the Soviet-built aeroplane, ruling out initial theories that the 20-year-old plane was at fault. Alexei Gusev, general director of the Aviakor factory, said that the aircraft's three engines had been repaired and technicians had upgraded the plane's avionics. He said that there were no doubts about the plane's airworthiness.[35]

Russia is offering full cooperation to Polish prosecutors during the investigation.[36] Polish investigators in Russia have been given access to all procedures of Russian investigators. They do not have the authority to conduct investigative actions by themselves, but they are participating on equal terms with their Russian counterparts in the interviews with people involved and other parts of the investigation. Polish officials are to secure all Polish state documents found in the wreckage, as well as electronic devices (portable computers and mobile telephones) belonging to government officials and military officers. In turn Russian investigators received from Poland materials secured after the crash, including those about the technical state of the airplane and fitness of the pilot. The Polish investigation results will be based in part on Russian findings, but they are not bound by the results of the Russian investigation. Preliminary results of the investigations were to be released on Thursday (including the cockpit voice recordings), but this was postponed until after the weekend when the funeral of the presidential couple is to take place.[36][37] The third flight data recorder, designed and produced in Poland, will be sent to Poland and analyzed there, with the participation of Russian experts.[38] An initial report by Russia's Interstate Aviation Committee (Template:Lang-ru) revealed that all three engines were operating normally, and that there was no fire or explosion before the aircraft crashed.[39]

The aircraft

The aircraft, a Tupolev Tu-154M, construction number 90A837, was manufactured at Kuibyshev aviation plant (No. 18) on 29 June 1990 for the Polish Air Force.[40] It was one of two Tupolev Tu-154s that served as official government jets; this aircraft—with a tail number of 101—was for presidential use, while another—marked 102—is used by the prime minister. The aircraft had undergone a major overhaul in December 2009 and Aleksey Gusev, the head of the maintenance plant that carried out the work, told Polish TV that it should not have had technical problems.[41] The airplane had received a 5-year/7500-flight-hour warranty after the overhaul and the crash happened after just 138 flight hours.[42]

Technical installations at Smolensk-North air base

Smolensk-North air base, a former military airbase now in mixed military-civilian use, is a controlled airport not equipped with an ILS (instrument landing system) of the kind used in commercial aviation, only with a Russian military ILS-like PRMG system[43] which would have allowed for safe operations in extreme instrument meteorological conditions. A non-directional beacon system (NDB) is installed at the airport,[44] but such a system can be used only for a "non-precision approach" to the runway, as its antennas are situated on the opposite ends of the runway and thus give only basic directional information about a landing planes position relative to the axis of the runway. As it is a navigational aid, not a landing aid, it remains the crew's responsibility to keep track of the planes altitude.[18]

Airport and pilot communication

The airport's traffic control communicated with the pilots in Russian, and, according to one of the controllers, the Polish crew had problems communicating in this language.[17] However, according to Tomasz Pietrzak, the former commander of the Polish 36th Special Aviation Regiment, the pilot in charge of the flight Arkadiusz Protasiuk knew Russian perfectly.[17] Protasiuk had landed in Smolensk three days before the crash, when he was part of the crew bringing Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk to the April 7 ceremony, and at the time no communication problems with ground control were reported.[45]

The airport, which should have normally been closed due to the severe conditions, was not declared closed as its management feared that this could cause a diplomatic incident.[46] According to the news agency Interfax, the pilot was told that Smolensk-North air base was enveloped in thick fog and strongly advised against landing, but still he decided to continue with the original flight plan to Smolensk and attempt a landing.[47] According to an interview with a flight controller Pavel Plusnin[48] it was suggested to the pilot that he land at an alternative airfield in Moscow or Minsk. According to Plusnin, the pilot said, that he would attempt one approach, and if landing was not possible, he would then divert to another airfield.[17]

Alexandr Aleshin, the First Deputy Chief of the Staff of the Russian Air Force, said that during the ensuing runway approach the plane increased its descent rate and went below the glide slope 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the runway. Controllers instructed the pilot to abort the approach; when he did not, controllers advised the aircraft to fly to one of the suggested alternative landing points. According to Aleshin, this order was repeated several times but the crew continued with the approach and crashed.[49]

Notable passengers

Main article: List of casualties of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash

In addition to Kaczyński and his wife Maria, on board were the military joint chiefs of staff (army, air force, navy), the national bank governor, a deputy foreign minister, head army chaplain, head of the National Security Bureau, three deputy parliament speakers, Olympic Committee head, head civil rights commissioner and at least two presidential aides and widely known national lawmakers (including core members of the Law and Justice party), the Polish foreign ministry said.[50]

Political aftermath

In accordance with the Polish Constitution, on the President's death his duties were taken on by the Marshal of the Sejm (chairman of the lower house of the parliament)—currently Bronisław Komorowski, who thus became Acting President of Poland.[51] Within a fortnight, he must announce the date of the popular presidential election to be held within a further 60 days on a weekend, i.e., at latest on 20 June. Kaczyński was up for re-election in late September or early October, before the end of his first five-year term.[52]

Despite the deaths of the president and numerous officials, the crash is not expected to impair the functions of the Polish government, since no cabinet ministers were aboard the plane. The Polish Armed Forces were dealt a severe blow, however, since all of their senior commanding officers were killed; their duties were automatically taken over by respective deputy commanders, following standard contingency plans for such a situation.

The commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre was split up because of the political conflict between the Liberal government of prime minister Donald Tusk and Conservative president Kaczyński.[53] On 7 April, Tusk, along with government officials and members of his Civic Platform party, went to Katyn[54] on invitation from the prime minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin.[55] The official commemoration, organized by Polish Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites, was scheduled on 10 April. Nevertheless, both ruling coalition and opposition were represented on the plane, with six and nine members of the Sejm, as well as one and two from the Senate, respectively, some of them well known in Poland. Many passengers were actively opposed to Tusk's policies, including:

The Marshal of the Sejm, Bronisław Komorowski, had previously been announced as the Civic Platform's candidate in the presidential election.[63] He has suggested that the date of the elections should be decided by the parliamentary opposition,[64] with him acting merely to guarantee that the Constitution is respected.

On 17 April, one week after the crash, a memorial service, including a two-minute silence, was held to honour the victims of the crash. It was reported that over 100,000 mourners attended the event, held in Piłsudski Square; however, up to 1.5 million had been expected.[65][66]

The funeral service for the presidential couple took place in the Wawel Cathedral on April 18. The couple was buried in a crypt below the cathedral, a place traditionally reserved for people considered to be heroes of Polish history. The family decided on that location, after being given that option by Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz.[67] This choice was controversial to some: a small number of about 500 individuals staged a protest in central Krakow on April 13,[68] and some opinion leaders (for example Andrzej Wajda[69]) oppose it. On 14 April 2010, some media outlets reported this number to be around 2,000 individuals.[70]

Reaction

Poland

Main article: Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska
Crowds on the Royal Route, Warsaw
Flowers and candles in front of Lublin town hall

The Polish public reacted with shock and grief to the disaster. Almost immediately after the news broke, tens of thousands of Poles assembled at the Presidential Palace to lay tributes, including flowers, wreaths, and candles.

A week of national mourning was declared in Poland.[71] Poles around the world mourned Kaczyński and set up shrines in the week that followed.[71][72][73][74] Many wept openly.[75] Flags flew at half mast in Poland.[76] Sports fixtures, including women's U-17 UEFA Championship elite qualifying phase game Poland versus Republic of Ireland in Ukraine, were postponed.[77][78] Concerts were cancelled, streets emptied, while cinemas, theatres, restaurants and shopping malls in Poland were closed for business.[78]

On 11 April, Kaczyński's body was flown to Warsaw on a military plane; tens of thousands of Poles gathered at both the airport tarmac and the streets of the city to pay their respects to the late president as his casket was driven by hearse to the Presidential Palace.[79] Afterwards, the casket was laid in state at the Palace.[80] The casket remained there throughout the week, until Kaczynski and his wife were laid to rest at the Wawel Cathedral a full week after the crash, on 18 April.

A public noon commemoration ceremony in Warsaw's Piłsudski Square was attended by more than 100,000 people on 17 April. Sirens sounded and bells tolled around the country.[81] A three-gun salute was fired.[82] People waved the flag of Poland complete with black ribbons and the names of the those who died in the crash were read out from a white stage decorated with a giant cross and photographs of the dead.[83] The crowds bowed their heads.[84]

On 18 April, he couple's caskets were driven at a slow pace through the streets of Warsaw, passing the city hall and a museum dedicated to the 1944 Warsaw Uprising which Kaczyński favoured.[85] The funeral ceremony began at 2 p.m. local time (12:00 UTC) with a Mass held at Krakow's St Mary's Basilica, with thousands attending. Archbishop of Kraków Stanisław Dziwisz presided over the ceremony, and addressed President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev personally: "The sympathy and help we have received from Russian brothers has breathed new life into a hope for closer relations and reconciliation between our two Slavic nations".[86]

After the funeral the President will be buried at Wawel Cathedral.[87]

Former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski told TVN24 that "It [Katyń] is a cursed place. It sends shivers down my spine. First the flower of the Second Polish Republic is murdered in the forests around Smolensk, now the intellectual elite of the Third Polish Republic die in this tragic plane crash when approaching Smolensk-North air base."[88]

According to the Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk: "The contemporary world has not seen such a tragedy".[89]

Former Polish Prime Minister Leszek Miller, who had himself suffered injuries in a helicopter crash while in office, said that Poland's aircraft were known to be in need of replacement, even though there is no evidence that it was anything wrong with this airplane. "I once said that we will one day meet in a funeral procession, and that is when we will take the decision to replace the aircraft fleet," he said.[90]

Russia

Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin in church
Dmitry Medvedev addresses the people of Poland. (transcript in English and in Polish).

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin expressed their condolences to the acting President and speaker of the parliament, Bronislaw Komorowski.[91] President Medvedev also announced that 12 April 2010 would be a national day of mourning in Russia.[92] Chairman of International Committee of the State Duma Konstantin Kosachev said that "Katyn claimed yet more victims". Chairman of the State Duma Boris Gryzlov has expressed condolences.[93]

Both Russians and tourists laid flowers and candles at the Polish embassy in Moscow,[94][95] and at the Polish consulates-general in Saint Petersburg and Kaliningrad.[94]

After the plane crash, the state-owned mass market Russia Channel broadcast the film Katyń[96] for the second time in Russia.[97][98] The film, which had been effectively banned from mass distribution in Russia,[99] was first shown in Russia on another state-owned channel, the less popular Kultura Channel[100] on 2 April 2010.[101][102] The first showing of Katyń was a political event, which was followed by a serious discussion of Polish-Russian relations by politicians and public figures,[103] and drew high audience numbers for the smaller channel,[104] with an estimated 100 million Russian viewers.[105]

While Polish commentators saw Putin's participation in the April 7th ceremony as a symbolic gesture, they were touched when Putin and Tusk paid tribute and laid flowers at the site of the plane crash. Tusk knelt and briefly hid his face in his hands, then stood up as Putin patted him on the shoulder. The two hugged, then gave a mutual press conference on the investigation into the crash. Polish commentators noted this was a human gesture, and a display of emotion that Poles had longed to see from their eastern neighbours.[106]

On Sunday, holding a bouquet of red roses, Putin is said to have appeared genuinely shaken as he escorted Kaczyński's body to a plane to be flown to Warsaw. And in words that were said to have touched a chord with ordinary Poles, Putin said in a Polish television interview: "This is of course first and foremost Poland's tragedy and that of the Polish people, but it is also our tragedy. We mourn with you".[99]

The Russian response has been noted favourably by Poles, with talk of a thawing in the relationship between Russia and Poland.[107] Witold Waszczykowski, deputy head of Poland's National Security Bureau, told Reuters, "We did not expect this gentle, kind approach, this personal involvement from Putin. Naturally it will have a positive impact on the relationship between our countries." Jerzy Bahr, the Polish ambassador to Russia also stated, "We can sense Russian solidarity at every step of the way."[95]

International

Many countries, international organizations and other entities have expressed sorrow and condolence to the people of Poland over the crash. A national day of mourning was proclaimed in the European Union and several other countries.[108] Victims of the airplane crash were also commemorated by a minute of silence before several football matches throughout Europe.

Some concern arose that Kaczyński's funeral may need to be delayed, with only one airport in the country open, due to volcanic ash emanating from Iceland, and the impact of this on the arrival of international dignitaries,[109] due to widespread disruption of air travel in Europe.[110][111][112] Several dignitaries have announced their inability to attend the funeral.[113]

Expand to show countries that observed the national day of mourning over the tragedy
Countries with official mourning
Country Number of days
 Brazil 3[108]
 Canada 1[114]
 Croatia 1[115]
 Czech Republic 2[116]
 Estonia 1[108]
 Georgia 1[117]
 Germany 1[118]
 Hungary 1[119]
 Latvia 1[108]
 Lithuania 3[108]
 Moldova 1[108]
 Poland 9[120]
 Romania 1[121]
 Russia 1[122]
 Serbia 1[123]
 Slovakia 1[124]
 Spain 1[125]
 Turkey 1[108]
 Ukraine 1[108]

See also

References

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