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Cartoon, "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day!"

Everybody Draw Mohammed Day! is a drawing posted on the Internet on April 20, 2010, the suggestion in it that everybody create a drawing representing Muhammad, the founder of Islam, on May 20, 2010, as a protest against efforts to limit freedom of speech, and the movement in support of that protest. Cartoonist Molly Norris of Seattle, Washington, created the artwork in reaction to alleged Internet death threats that had been made against cartoonists Trey Parker and Matt Stone for depicting Muhammad in an episode of South Park. Depictions of Muhammad are explicitly forbidden by a few hadith (Islamic texts), though not by the Qur'an.[1] Postings on RevolutionMuslim.com had said that Parker and Stone could wind up like Theo van Gogh, a Dutch filmmaker who was brutally murdered and mutilated by a Muslim extremist. The individuals running the website later denied that the postings were actual threats, although they were widely perceived as such.

Norris said that if millions of people draw pictures of Muhammad, Islamist terrorists would not be able to murder them all, and threats to do so would become unrealistic. Within a week, Norris' idea became popular on Facebook, was supported by numerous bloggers, and generated coverage on the blog websites of major U.S. newspapers. As the publicity mounted, Norris and the man who created the first Facebook page promoting the May 20 event disassociated themselves from it. Nonetheless, planning for the protest continued with others taking "up the cause".[2]

Cartoon description

Norris drew the original, poster-like cartoon on April 20, 2010, which declared May 20, 2010 to be "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day". The drawing showed various objects, including a coffee cup, a tomato and a box of pasta, some anthropomorphized with legs, arms and faces, with each claiming to be the likeness of Muhammad. (Norris used the alternate spelling of Mohammed on her poster).[3] Across the top of the illustration she wrote:

In light of the recent veiled (ha!) threats aimed at the creators of the television show South Park ... by bloggers on Revolution Muslim's website, we hereby deem May 20, 2010 as the first annual 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day!' Do your part to both water down the pool of targets and, oh yeah, defend a little something our country is famous for (but maybe not for long? Comedy Central cooperated with terrorists and pulled the episode) the first amendment.

— Molly Norris (April 20, 2010), Molly.Norris.com

The poster included a claim of sponsorship by an organization named "Citizens Against Citizens Against Humor or CACAH (pronounced ca-ca)", which Norris later said was purely fictional.[4] Norris dedicated the cartoon to the creators of South Park, Matt Stone and Trey Parker.[5]

In late April, after she had rejected the idea for the May 20 protest, Norris stated on her website: "This was always a drawing about rights, never MEANT to disrespect religion. Alas -- if we don't have rights, we will not be able to practice the religion of our choice. [...] None of these little characters ARE the likeness of Mohammed, they are just CLAIMING to be!" She also wrote, "I, the cartoonist, NEVER launched a draw Mohammed day. It is, in this FICTIONAL poster sponsored by this FICTIONAL GROUP", referring to the "Citizens Against Citizens Against Humor" wording in the cartoon. "SATIRE about a CURRENT EVENT, people!!! (That's what cartoonist's [sic] do!)"[6]

History

Template:Muslims and controversies

Background

Episode 201 of South Park, broadcast in early April 2010, featured a character in a bear costume who various other characters stated was Muhammad. Before the broadcast, news of it sparked statements on the RevolutionMuslim.com website. The group running the website said it was not threatening Parker and Stone, however, it posted a picture of the partially decapitated body of the Dutch filmmaker, Theo van Gogh, a statement that Parker and Stone could meet the same fate, and the addresses of Comedy Central’s New York office and the California production studio where South Park is made.[7] Comedy Central self-censored the episode when it was broadcast by removing the word "Muhammad" and a speech about intimidation and fear from the South Park episode.[7]

Early publicity

Norris circulated the cartoon to bloggers based in Seattle, Washington.[8] She sent a copy of her illustration to Dan Savage, who posted it on his blog on April 22. On April 23, she told a Seattle radio talk show, "As a cartoonist I just felt so much passion about what had happened I wanted to kind of counter Comedy Central's message they sent about feeling afraid." She also said, "it's a cartoonist's job to be non-PC."[9] On her website, Norris stated that the idea was not to disrespect Islam, but to support everybody's freedom of expression.[10] In an interview with Dave Ross of KIRO, Norris responded to a question "Are you sure you want to do this?", and said: "Yeah, I want to water down the targets ... as a cartoonist I just felt so much passion about what had happened, I wanted to counter Comedy Central’s message about feeling afraid."[11]

An "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day" Facebook page was created by Jon Wellington. By the morning of April 26, the page had almost 6,000 confirmed guests. By April 25, someone had started a "Ban Everybody Draw Muhammad Day" counter-protest page on Facebook, which had 800 confirmed guests.[12] Bloggers at The Atlantic, Reason, National Review Online and Glenn Reynolds in his "Instapundit" blog, all posted comments and links about the proposed day, giving it wide publicity. Blogs at The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times websites also posted news about the idea.[3] Newser categorized the protest movement among, "online movements against tyranny".[13] The Raw Story called the idea of the protest movement "a snarky response" to the threats from Revolution Muslim against South Park.[14] A blog was created for the fictional group ""Citizens Against Citizens Against Humor", at www.cacah.org.[8] A second Facebook group was created, to oppose the protest movement supported by the first group.[15]

By April 27, there were over 9,000 confirmed guests that planned to participate in the protest event.[16] A story about the protest movement was one of the most popular articles highlighted on the website Digg.com.[17] On April 28, The Malaysian Insider reported that the protest movement "appears to be gaining ground", and some schools planned to join in the event.[18] Michael C. Moynihan of Reason stated he planned to select some of his favorite depictions of Muhammad from the protest movement, and then add them to the Reason.com website.[19] By May 3, 2010, there were 11,000 members of the protest movement on Facebook, and individuals had submitted over 460 pictures.[20]

Cartoonist and Facebook page creator end involvement

On April 25, Norris wrote on her website that the response to her idea had surprised and shocked her: "I did not intend for my cartoon to go viral. I did not intend to be the focus of any 'group'. I practice the First Amendment by drawing what I wish. This particular cartoon of a 'poster' seems to have struck a gigantic nerve, something I was totally unprepared for. I am going back to the drawing table now!"[10][21] On April 26, she wrote on her website: "I am NOT involved in "Everybody Draw Mohammd Day! I made a cartoon that went viral and I am not going with it. Many other folks have used my cartoon to start sites, etc. Please go to them as I am a private person who draws stuff".[3] She also asked Savage to replace the original illustration she had given him with another one she drew that was tamer, but Savage refused. Asked why she initially publicized it, she replied, "Because I'm an idiot."[3]

Norris said the campaign had grown much bigger than she initially intended, and that her cartoon was being used in ways she couldn't control. "I just want to go back to my quiet life", she told the writer of a blog about comics at The Washington Post.[12] Wellington announced on April 26 that he, too, was dropping out of the movement. "I am aghast that so many people are posting deeply offensive pictures of the Prophet," he wrote.[22][3] "Y'all go ahead if that's your bag, but count me out."[3][22] Norris acknowledged, "I said that I wanted to counter fear and then I got afraid."[2][23] On April 29, Norris suggested that "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day" be called off: "Let's call off 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day' by changing it to 'Everybody Draw Al Gore Day' instead. Enough Mohammed drawings have already been made to get the point across. At this juncture, such drawings are only hurtful to more liberal and moderate Muslims who have not done anything to endanger our first amendment rights."[24] On May 1, Norris posted a marked up version of her original cartoon, apologizing to Muslims.[4]

Norris' change in position received varying reactions from commentators. Kathleen Parker, an opinion columnist for the The Washington Post, wrote, "Norris's cartoon was a fine idea, but she should be relieved of further duty or responsibility."[25] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Alex Spillius commented, "No one should blame Norris for withdrawing from the fray, for this kind of case throws up lingering and insidious uncertainties. Any threat could blow over quickly or endure, Rushdie-style, for decades. The row over the cartoons depicting Mohammed in the Danish paper Jyllands-Posten percolated for months before bubbling over into violent protests."[26] William Wei of The Business Insider was more critical of the decision by the cartoonist to withdraw from the protest movement, with an article titled, "Artist Who Proposed 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day!' To Protest South Park Censorship Wimps Out".[27]

Protest movement continued

An information technology specialist based in Toronto, Canada named Mimi helped to lead the protest movement in the wake of the departures of Norris and Wellington.[21][19] Mimi stated to AOL News that the protest movement should be regarded as, "pro-free speech, not anti-Muslim."[19] She commented, "If [Muslims] are offended, they have the right to be offended – just like Christians."[19] With regard to keeping with the tenets of Freedom of Speech, Mimi is permitting a wide array of depictions of Muhammad "except for those inciting violence or pornographic in nature."[19] "Mainstream society does whatever the Muslim society asks out of fear of violence or political correctness. But if you want to live in a Western society and use the system to protect your rights, you have to be willing to allow others to have theirs as well," said Mimi.[19]

According to Paste Magazine, by April 30, 2010, "Norris’ small protest [had] grown to encompass 32 Facebook events with a combined total of over 11,000 people planning to participate."[28] Ron Nurwisah of National Post noted, "Norris' backtracking might be a bit late as the event seems to have taken a life of its own,"[29] and FOX 9 also pointed out, "she may have started something she can't stop. Others have taken up the cause of 'Everybody Draw Muhammed Day'".[2] Tim Edwards of The First Post pointed out, "It seems that nothing can now stop May 20, 2010 becoming the inaugural 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day'. Even if, in an ironic twist, its biggest backers have now been scared off."[30]

Writing for ComicsAlliance, Laura Hudson noted that the website supported the protest movement and would participate in the event on May 20, 2010: "There is power in numbers, and if you're an artist, creator, cartoonist, or basically anyone who would like to exercise your right to free speech in a way that it is actively threatened, that would be the day to do it. ... if you're an artist, cartoonist, or creator who plans to participate, drop us a line and let us know — we'll be adding our own terribly drawn rendition of the prophet here on ComicsAlliance when the day rolls around and we'd love it if you joined us."[31] In a May 3, 2010 piece for The Washington Post blog, the founder and president of the Secular Coalition for America, Herb Silverman, wrote in support of the protest movement.[32] Silverman stated he agreed with the rationale behind the idea, commenting, "Whether this succeeds or not, and I have no personal interest in drawing Muhammad, I support the concept. We must join together to stop injustice."[32]

A columnist for The Washington Post Writers Group wrote that Norris should not be regarded as having further responsibility related to the movement; and affirmed that her Muhammad cartoon had significantly impacted a greater discussion about the issue.[33] Telepolis described some of the pictures submitted to the Facebook group in support of the protest movement as, "funny, funny, crude, silly, original, the whole range of possibilities."[20] Jawa Report urged individuals to participate in the protest movement, but encouraged them to post images reflecting positively on Muhammad.[34] Writing in an editorial for The Washington Times, Jason Greaves urged individuals to participate in the protest event on May 20.[35] Greaves concluded, "Theo van Gogh was murdered for making a movie critical of Islam. 'South Park' creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone are threatened with the same fate. They deserve our solidarity, and I will stand with them by hosting images of Muhammad on my own website. Please stand with us."[35]

Commentary

The idea for the May 20 protest received support from Kathleen Parker, an opinion columnist for the The Washington Post: "Americans love their free speech and have had enough of those who think they can dictate the limits of that fundamental right. [...] Draw to any heart's discontent. It's a free country. For now."[25] The idea also received support from prominent bloggers and bloggers on prominent websites, such as Michael C. Moynihan at Reason magazine's "Hit & Run" blog, who encouraged his readers to send him their drawings.[36] Moynihan stated he planned to select some of his favorite depictions of Muhammad from the protest movement, and then add them to the Reason.com website.[19][36] Moynihan commented, "In the South Park episode that started all this, Buddha does lines of coke and there was an episode where Cartman started a Christian rock band that sang very homo-erotic songs. Yet there is one religious figure we can't make fun of. The point of the episode that started the controversy is that celebrities wanted Muhammad's power not to be ridiculed. How come non-Muslims aren't allowed to make jokes?"[19] Moynihan noted, "Any time you cave into terrorism, it emboldens extremists," and posited that the decision of Comedy Central to enact self-censorship of the South Park episode would have the impact of worsening the situation.[19]

Maayana Miskin of Arutz Sheva characterized the movement as "a mass protest".[37] Writing for The American Thinker, Ethel C. Fenig described the protest movement as a cause for Freedom of Speech, "Actually the main prize is the opportunity to stand up for freedom of speech. Other prizes are varying degrees of fame, annoying the liberal media plus multiple opportunities to be politically incorrect."[38] Westword commented positively on the protest idea, " The Everybody Draw Mohammed campaign urges Americans to defend their right to free speech by drawing pictures of the Muslim prophet and publishing them on May 20. Sounds like an idea we'd like to frame."[39] The editor of Family Security Matters, Pam Meister, discussed the protest movement from the perspective of Freedom of Speech, and commented, "I do not advocate going out of one’s way to offend someone else. However, I realize that in a free society, someone is always going to be doing or saying something that will offend somebody somewhere. I also realize that more free speech, not censorship, is the answer."[40] Meister concluded, "'Draw Mohammed Day' may be offensive to some, but it would be worse than offensive for us to sit idly by while Islamists call the shots and further encroach upon our freedoms. It could well mean the eventual end of our society as we know it."[40]

Law professor and blogger Ann Althouse rejected the idea because "depictions of Muhammad offend millions of Muslims who are no part of the violent threats."[41] James Taranto, writing in the "Best of the Web Today" column at The Wall Street Journal, also objected to the idea, not only because depicting Mohammed "is inconsiderate of the sensibilities of others", but also because "it defines those others—Muslims—as being outside of our culture, unworthy of the courtesy we readily accord to insiders."[42] Writing for New York University's Center for Religion and Media publication, The Revealer, Jeremy F. Walton called the event a "blasphemous faux holiday", which would "only serve to reinforce broader American misunderstandings of Islam and Muslims".[43] Janet Albrechtsen wrote in The Australian, "As a cartoon, it was mildly amusing. As a campaign, it's crass and gratuitously offensive."[44] Bill Walsh of Bedford Minuteman wrote critically of the idea: "Although it’s clever, it’s also an 'in your face' reaction to the prohibition against drawing the holy figure. It attempts to battle religious zealotry with rudeness and sacrilege, and we can only wait to see what happens, but I fear it won’t be good."[45] Andrew Mellon of Big Journalism wrote in favor of the protest movement, commenting, "All freedom-loving Americans should get behind this. ... The bottom line is that the First Amendment guarantees free speech including criticism of all peoples. We are an equal-opportunity offense country. To censor ourselves to avoid upsetting a certain group (in a cartoon no less) is un-American."[46]

Rich Trzupek of FrontPage Magazine commented on the options available to "radical jihadists" in the face of the protest movement: "Reason Magazine declared May 20 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day.' More of the same, we can be sure, will be coming. That leaves radical jihadists with the same uncomfortable, impossible choice that the British government faced in 1776 when Paine’s pamphlet first hit the streets. They can ignore the “make fun of Mohammed” movement, which will do nothing but embolden more Americans to do the same. Alternately, they can attack the growing number of Americans who dare to crack a joke at the expense of the founder of Islam, but doing so would simply outrage even more citizens who heretofore have stood silently on the sidelines, hoping that radical Islam might somehow fade away."[47] Writing for The American Spectator, Jeremy Lott commented positively about the protest movement: "While the suits at Comedy Central and Yale University Press have been cowed, people across the country have decided to speak up and thereby magnify the offense a thousandfold. On Facebook and elsewhere, May 20 is being dubbed Everybody Draw Mohammad Day. One sponsor is the fictitious group Citizens Against Citizens Against Humor, but previous experience suggests that the blowback could be no laughing matter."[48]

Helge Rønning, a professor at the Institute of Media and Communication at the University of Oslo, said the offense to Muslims was outweighed by freedom-of-speech concerns. "Indignation from those who claim the right to engage in criticism of religion is as important as the indignation that comes from the Muslim side," he told the NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation). "I think that this is an attitude that goes deeper than whether these drawings are blasphemous or not." Vebjørn Selbekk, a Norwegian editor who was threatened in 2006 after he reprinted Danish cartoons of Mohammed in his publication, supported the May 20 protest. "I think maybe this is the right way to react—with humor, and also to spread this number, so it isn't only a few who sit with all the threats and all the discomfort associated with defending our freedom of speech in this area," he said.[49] In an analysis of the protest movement and surrounding controversy, staff writer Liliana Segura of AlterNet noted, "In a democratic society where free speech is vigilantly protected, it is perfectly reasonable to call out censorship, particularly when it springs from some form of tyrannical religious extremism."[50]

The protest movement and incidents surrounding the censorship of the South Park episode were discussed on the National Public Radio program, Talk of the Nation, where commentators including Ross Douthat analyzed the phenomenon of Norris withdrawing from the cartoon.[51] Stephanie Gutmann of The Daily Telegraph wrote that she had joined the Facebook group, "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day May 20th 2010", and commented that if the 2010 Times Square car bomb attempt was found to be related to the South Park episode "200", "this sort of protest will be more important than ever".[52] Writing for The Faster Times, journalist Noah Lederman noted that Norris' cartoon, "was her way of supporting the show’s creators and the First Amendment."[53] Mario Roy of La Presse discussed the incident, and noted, "it is likely that institutions will apply more and more self-censorship. Fearing a possible threat, nothing is worse than the fear of fear."[54] Writing for Financial Times, John Lloyd commented on the decision by Norris to withdraw from the protest movement.[55] Lloyd noted, "Molly Norris proposed a 'let’s everyone draw Mohammed day' – then, apparently appalled by her own audacity, backed quickly away."[55]

Writing for Religion Dispatches, Austin Dacey compared the protest movement to Martin Luther: "Forget the South Park dust up; forget Everybody Draw Muhammad Day. If you want to see truly shocking anti-religious cartoons, you have to go back to the sixteenth century. Near the end of Luther’s life, his propaganda campaign against Rome grew increasingly vitriolic and his language grotesquely pungent."[56] Dacey argued, "The debate over cartoon depictions of the Prophet Muhammad is often framed as a clash between free speech and religious attitudes. But it is just as much a clash between conflicting religious attitudes, and the freedom at stake is not only freedom of expression but freedom of religion. For while Luther was surely engaging in offensive speech, he was also exercising a right of freedom of conscience, which included the right to dissent from Catholic orthodoxy."[56]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c "Cartoonist Molly Norris Erases 'Draw Muhammad' Gag". FOX 9. www.myfoxtwincities.com. April 26, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
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  4. ^ a b Poster described, MollyNorris.com, May 1, 2010.
  5. ^ "South Park Generates Anger over M". The Layalina Review. VI (9). Layalina Productions, Inc. May 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
  6. ^ Norris, Mollie, Web page titled "Lighten up! This is a FICTIONAL CARTOON!" consisting of notes drawn over the original cartoon, Molly Norris website, retrieved May 2, 2010.
  7. ^ a b Griswold, Jamie (Associated Press) (April 25, 2010). "Seattle cartoonist launches 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day'". MyNorthwest.com. Bonneville International. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
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  13. ^ Johnson, John (April 24, 2010). "May 20 Is 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day'". Newser. Newser, LLC. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
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  15. ^ "'Iedereen moet profeet Mohammed tekenen'". Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). headlines.nos.nl. April 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  20. ^ a b Corinth, Ernst (May 3, 2010). "Hickhack um Anti-Zensuraktion - Auf einer Facebook-Seite will man gegen Zensur kämpfen, die Initiatorin der Aktion hat sich schon davon distanziert". Telepolis (in German). www.heise.de. Retrieved 2010-05-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ a b Friedman, Howard (April 28, 2010). "Creator Of "Draw Mohammed" Campaign Backs Off, As Others Continue It". Religion Clause. Newstex.
  22. ^ a b Moran, Rick (April 26, 2010). "A Lesson for our Post-Modern Media Environment". The Moderate Voice. Newstex.
  23. ^ "The PM wrestles with greatest non-core moral issue of the election after next". The Australian. www.theaustralian.com.au. April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
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  28. ^ Bailey, Rachel (April 30, 2010). "South Park's Censored 200th Episode Prompts "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day"". Paste Magazine. Paste Media Group. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  29. ^ Nurwisah, Ron (April 27, 2010). "'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day' artist backs down". National Post. National Post Inc. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  30. ^ Edwards, Tim (April 26, 2010). "South Park gagging sparks Draw Mohammed Day – Censorship of a South Park episode after Muslim threats has led to calls for an Everybody Draw Mohammed Day". The First Post. www.thefirstpost.co.uk. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  31. ^ Hudson, Laura (April 27, 2010). "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day Invites Artists to Defend Their Freedom of Speech". ComicsAlliance. AOL Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  32. ^ a b Silverman, Herb (May 3, 2010). "In support of Draw Muhammad Day". The Washington Post blog. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  33. ^ Cavna, Michael (April 29, 2010). "Pulitzer winners back ' South Park ' - Cartoonists denounce censorship of show after group's threats". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. p. C5.
  34. ^ Allahakchew aka SH (May 8, 2010). "Everybody Draw A POSITIVE Mohammed Day". Jawa Report. mypetjawa.mu.nu. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  35. ^ a b Greaves, Jason (May 13, 2010). "Stand up for free speech May 20". The Washington Times. The Washington Times, LLC. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
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  37. ^ Miskin, Maayana (April 25, 2010). "Censorship Sparks 'Everybody Draw Muhammad Day'". Arutz Sheva. www.israelnationalnews.com. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  38. ^ Fenig, Ethel C. (April 26, 2010). "Today is 'Draw Mohammed Day'". The American Thinker. www.americanthinker.com. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  39. ^ "Why is Denver's tax money going to Dallas?". Westword. Denver Westword, LLC. April 29, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  40. ^ a b Meister, Pam (April 27, 2010). "Exclusive: 'Draw Mohammed Day' – A Gratuitous Offense or a Legitimate Stand on Freedom of Speech?". Family Security Matters. Family Security Matters, Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  41. ^ Althouse, Ann, "'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day' is not a good idea.", blog post, April 24, 2010, "Althouse" blog. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  42. ^ Taranto, James, "Everybody Burn the Flag/If we don't act like inconsiderate jerks, the terrorists will have won!", opinion article, The Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  43. ^ Walton, Jeremy F. (April 28, 2010). "Who's Afraid of the Free Speech Fundamentalists?: Reflections on the South Park Cartoon Controversy". The Revealer. New York University's Center for Religion and Media. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  44. ^ Albrechtsen, Janet (May 5, 2010). "South Park gag makes a mockery of freedom of expression". The Australian. www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  45. ^ Walsh, Bill (April 28, 2010). "Respect for Religions". Bedford Minuteman. GateHouse Media. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  46. ^ Mellon, Andrew (April 25, 2010). "Coming May 20: Everybody Draw Mohammed Day". Big Journalism. bigjournalism.com. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  47. ^ Trzupek, Rich (April 28, 2010). "The 'South Park' Revolution". FrontPage Magazine. FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  48. ^ Lott, Jeremy (April 27, 2010). "The Nation's Pulse - The Humorless Veto". The American Spectator. spectator.org. Retrieved 2010-05-03. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ Vold, Henrik Brattli, "Alle skal tegne Muhammed", article, NRK (Norsk Rikskringkasting AS—Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation), April 26, 2010, in Norwegian (Selbekk: "og jeg synes kanskje dette er den riktige måten å reagere på – med humor, og også å spre dette på flere, så det ikke bare er noen få som blir sittende med alle truslene "; Rønning: "Jeg mener nok at indignasjonen fra dem som hevder retten til å drive religionskritikk er like viktig som den indignasjonen som kommer fra den muslimske siden. Jeg tror at dette er en holdning som går dypere enn hvorvidt disse tegningene er blasfemiske eller ikke,"), Google translation. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
  50. ^ Segura, Liliana (April 26, 2010). "Right-Wing Attacks on South Park Censorship Ignore America's Wars in Muslim Countries". AlterNet. www.alternet.org. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  51. ^ Douthat, Ross (April 26, 2010). "You Can't Portray Muhammad On TV". Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. Retrieved May 2, 2010. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  52. ^ Gutmann, Stephanie (May 3, 2010). "Facebook group says make May 20 'Everybody Draw Mohammed Day'". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  53. ^ Lederman, Noah (May 4, 2010). "South Park, Mohammed, and the First Amendment". The Faster Times. thefastertimes.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  54. ^ Roy, Mario (April 27, 2010). "La nouvelle censure". La Presse (in French). www.cyberpresse.ca. Retrieved 2010-05-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  55. ^ a b Lloyd, John (May 8, 2010). "Hard men and high drama: life imitating art?". Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  56. ^ a b Dacey, Austin (May 12, 2010). "Satire is Religion - The debate over cartoons and prophets is not just about free of speech; it's about freedom of religion". Religion Dispatches. www.religiondispatches.org. Retrieved 2010-05-13.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad.
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