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This article is about the genres of fiction and associated sub-culture. For other uses, see Steampunk (disambiguation).
A short skirted women stands assertively behind a sitting man in front of a large machine
A steampunk-themed photo-illustration

Steampunk is a sub-genre of science fiction, alternate history, and speculative fiction that came into prominence during the 1980s and early 1990s. The term denotes fictional works set in an era or world where steam power is still widely used, usually the 19th century and often Victorian era Britain. It has prominent elements of either science fiction or fantasy; and it often features anachronistic technology or futuristic innovations as Victorians may have envisioned them. Based on a Victorian perspective on fashion, culture, architectural style, art, etc., this technology may include such fictional machines as those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne or real technological developments like the computer.

Other examples of steampunk contain alternate history-style presentations of "the path not taken" for such technology as dirigibles, analog computers, or such digital mechanical computers as Charles Babbage's Analytical engine. In steampunk alternate history some scientific achievements and inventions never happened. Semiconductors, for example, probably would have left underdeveloped, if leading physicists in the first half of 20th century had rejected them as futile and un-interesting.

One shouldn’t work on semiconductors, that is a filthy mess; who knows whether any semiconductors exist

— Wolfgang Pauli, in a letter to Rudolf Peierls, 1931[1]

Steampunk is often associated with cyberpunk. They have considerable influence on each other and share a similar fan base, but steampunk developed as a separate movement. Apart from time period and level of technology, the main difference is that steampunk settings tend to be less dystopian.

Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by individual artisans into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style, and a number of visual and musical artists have been described as steampunk.

Origin

black and white drawing of small house of complex design raised above the surrounding buildings on a turntable
"Maison tournante aérienne" (aerial rotating house) by Albert Robida for his book Le Vingtième Siècle, a nineteenth-century conception of life in the twentieth century

Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s, the term steampunk originated in the late 1980s as a tongue in cheek variant of cyberpunk. It seems to have been coined by science fiction author K. W. Jeter, who was trying to find a general term for works by Tim Powers (The Anubis Gates, 1983, and The Stress of Her Regard, 1989); James Blaylock (Homunculus, 1986); and himself (Morlock Night, 1979, and Infernal Devices, 1987)—all of which took place in a 19th-century (usually Victorian) setting and imitated conventions of such actual Victorian speculative fiction as H. G. Wells's The Time Machine. In a letter to science fiction magazine Locus, printed in the April 1987 issue, Jeter wrote:

Dear Locus,

Enclosed is a copy of my 1979 novel Morlock Night; I'd appreciate your being so good as to route it Faren Miller, as it's a prime piece of evidence in the great debate as to who in "the Powers/Blaylock/Jeter fantasy triumvirate" was writing in the "gonzo-historical manner" first. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering.

Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the appropriate technology of the era; like "steampunks", perhaps...

— K.W. Jeter[2]

Proto-steampunk

An assortment of flying machines using all manner of balloons, sails and wings the craft themselves range from a ship to a man strapped to a balloon.
Utopian flying machines of the previous century, France, 1890–1900

Steampunk was influenced by, and often adopts the style of, the 19th century scientific romances of Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, Mark Twain, and Mary Shelley.[3]

Several works of fiction significant to the development of the genre were produced before the genre had a name. Titus Alone (1959), by Mervyn Peake, anticipated many of the tropes of steampunk.[4] One of the earliest mainstream manifestations of the steampunk ethos was the original CBS television series The Wild Wild West (1965-69), while the film Wild Wild West (1999) was one of the first contemporary steampunk motion pictures.[3][5]

Because he coined the term, K.W. Jeter's novel Morlock Night (1979) is typically considered to have established the genre.[6] Keith Laumer made an early contribution with Worlds of the Imperium (1962). Ronald W. Clark's Queen Victoria's Bomb (1967) [7] and Michael Moorcock's Warlord of the Air (1971)[8] have been cited as early influences. Harry Harrison's novel A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah! (1973) portrays a British Empire of an alternate 1973 CE, full of atomic locomotives, coal-powered flying boats, ornate submarines, and Victorian dialogue.

See also: List of steampunk works
Cover of Issue 3 of Steampunk Magazine

William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's 1990 novel The Difference Engine is often credited with bringing widespread awareness of steampunk to science fiction fans.[5][9] This novel applies the principles of Gibson and Sterling's cyberpunk writings to an alternate Victorian era where Charles Babbage's proposed steam-powered mechanical computer, which he called a difference engine (a later, more general-purpose version was known as an analytical engine), was actually built, and led to the dawn of the information age more than a century "ahead of schedule".

The first use of the word in a title was in Paul Di Filippo's 1995 Steampunk Trilogy, consisting of three short novels: "Victoria", "Hottentots", and "Walt and Emily", which respectively imagine the replacement of Queen Victoria by a human/newt clone, an invasion of Massachusetts by Lovecraftian monsters, and a love affair between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.

Alan Moore's and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic book series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaption) greatly popularized the steampunk genre and helped propel it into mainstream fiction.[10]

Nick Gevers's 2008 original anthology Extraordinary Engines features new steampunk stories by some of the form's pre-eminent practitioners, as well as other leading science fiction and fantasy writers experimenting with neo-Victorian conventions. A major retrospective, reprint anthology of steampunk fiction was released, also in 2008, by Tachyon Publications; edited by Ann and Jeff VanderMeer and appropriately entitled Steampunk, it collects stories by James Blaylock, whose "Narbondo" trilogy is typically considered steampunk; Jay Lake, author of the novel Mainspring, sometimes labeled "clockpunk";[11] the aforementioned Michael Moorcock; as well as Jess Nevins, famed for his annotations to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.

While most of the original steampunk works had a historical setting, later works would often place steampunk elements in a fantasy world with little relation to any specific historical era. Historical steampunk tends to be more "science fictional": presenting an alternate history; real locales and persons from history with different technology. Fantasy-world steampunk, such as China Miéville's Perdido Street Station and Stephen Hunt's Jackelian novels, on the other hand, presents steampunk in a completely imaginary fantasy realm, often populated by legendary creatures coexisting with steam-era or anachronistic technologies.

Historical

File:Steamboy.jpg
Steamboy, an example of anime steampunk

In general, the category includes any recent science fiction that takes place in a recognizable historical period (sometimes an alternate history version of an actual historical period) where the Industrial Revolution has already begun but electricity is not yet widespread, with an emphasis on steam- or spring-propelled gadgets. The most common historical steampunk settings are the Victorian and Edwardian eras, though some in this "Victorian steampunk" category can go as early as the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Some examples of this type include the novel The Difference Engine,[12] the comic book series League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire,[3] and the roleplaying game Space: 1889.[3] Some, such as the comic series Girl Genius,[3] have their own unique times and places despite partaking heavily of the flavor of historic times and settings.

Karel Zeman's film The Fabulous World of Jules Verne from 1958 is a very early example of cinematic steampunk. Based on Jules Verne novels, Zeman's film imagines a past based on those novels which never was.[13] Other early examples of historical steampunk in cinema include Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986).[14][15]

Historical steampunk usually leans more towards science fiction than fantasy, but there have been a number of historical steampunk stories that incorporated magical elements as well. For example, Morlock Nights by K. W. Jeter revolves around an attempt by the wizard Merlin to raise King Arthur to save the Britain of 1892 from an invasion of Morlocks from the future.[5] The Anubis Gates by Tim Powers involves a cabal of magicians among the beggars and thieves of the early 19th century London underworld.

Paul Guinan’s Boilerplate, the biography of a robot in the late 19th century, began as a website that garnered international press coverage when people began believing that Photoshop images of the robot with historic personages were real.[16] The site was adapted into an illustrated hardbound book Boilerplate: History’s Mechanical Marvel, and published by Abrams in October 2009.[17] Because the story was not set in an alternate history, and in fact contained accurate information about the Victorian era,[18] some booksellers referred to the tome as "historical steampunk".

Fantasy-world

Since the 1990s, the application of the steampunk label has expanded beyond works set in recognizable historical periods (usually the 19th century) to works set in fantasy worlds that rely heavily on steam- or spring-powered technology.[19]

Fantasy steampunk settings abound in tabletop and computer role-playing games. Notable examples include Final Fantasy VI, Skies of Arcadia,[20] Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends,[21] Edge of Twilight, and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura.[3]

The gnomes and dwarves in World of Warcraft also have a technological society that could be described as Steampunk[22] as it is vastly ahead of the technologies of Men, and is not magical like that of the Elves.

In between the historical and fantasy sub-genres of steampunk is a type which takes place in a hypothetical future or a fantasy equivalent of our future where steampunk-style technology and aesthetics have come to dominate. Examples include the anime series Turn A Gundam (1999–2000), Hayao Miyazaki's post-apocalyptic anime Future Boy Conan (1978),[23] and Disney's film Treasure Planet (2002).[3]

Other variants

See also: Cyberpunk derivatives

John Clute and John Grant have introduced another category: gaslight romance. According to them, "steampunk stories are most commonly set in a romanticized, smoky, 19th-century London, as are Gaslight Romances. But the latter category focuses nostalgically on icons from the late years of that century and the early years of the 20th century—on Dracula, Jekyll and Hyde, Jack the Ripper, Sherlock Holmes and even Tarzan—and can normally be understood as combining supernatural fiction and recursive fantasy, though some gaslight romances can be read as fantasies of history."[24]

Another setting is Western steampunk, which overlaps with both the Weird West and Science fiction Western subgenres.[citation needed]

The term steamgoth, coined by author and artist James Richardson-Brown, emphasizes a far darker view of Steampunk's anachronisms.[25]

Several other categories have arisen sharing similar naming structures. The best known of these is dieselpunk, but also includes clockpunk and many others. Most of these terms were invented as part of the GURPS roleplaying game, and are not used in other contexts.[26]

Art and design

Tim Wetherell's Clockwork Universe sculpture at Questacon, Canberra, Australia (September 24, 2009)

Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by enthusiasts into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style.[27][28] Example objects include computer keyboards and electric guitars.[29] The goal of such redesigns is to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, wood, and leather) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the Victorian era.[8][30]

a flat screen monitor of unusual riveted edging with a keyboard containing raised keys as found on mechanic typewriters. The pair accompanied by a Victorian gas lamp.
A desktop computer styled in a steampunk fashion

The artist group Kinetic Steam Works[31] brought a working steam engine to the Burning Man festival in 2006 and 2007. The group's founding member, Sean Orlando, also created a Steampunk Tree House that has been displayed at a number of festivals.[32]

In May–June 2008, multimedia artist and sculptor Paul St George exhibited outdoor interactive video installations linking London and Brooklyn, New York City in a Victorian era-styled telectroscope.[33][34] Evelyn Kriete, a promoter and Brass Goggles contributor, organized a trans-atlantic wave by steampunk enthusiasts from both cities,[35] briefly prior to White Mischief's Around the World in 80 Days steampunk-themed event.

Paul St George's Telectroscope installation at London City Hall (May 24, 2008)

In 2009 artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece for Questacon (The National Science and Technology centre in Canberra, Australia) representing the concept of the clockwork universe. This steel artwork contains moving gears, a working clock, and a movie of the moon's terminator in action. The 3D moon movie was created by Antony Williams.

The Syfy series Warehouse 13 features many steampunk-inspired objects and artifacts, including computer designs created by steampunk artisan Richard Nagy, aka "Datamancer".[36]

From October 2009 through February 2010, the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford hosted the first major exhibition of Steampunk art objects, curated by Art Donovan and presented by Dr. Jim Bennett, museum director.[37] From redesigned practical items to fantastical contraptions, this exhibition showcased the work of eighteen Steampunk artists from across the globe. The exhibition proved to be the most successful in the museum's history and attracted more than eighty thousand visitors.[38]

Culture

Because of the popularity of steampunk with goths, punks, cybergoths, industrial music fans, gamers, and geeks, there is a growing movement towards establishing steampunk as a culture and lifestyle.[39] Some fans of the genre adopt a steampunk aesthetic through fashion,[40] home decor, music, and film. This may be described as neo-Victorianism, which is the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies.[41] Some have proposed a steampunk philosophy, sometimes with punk-inspired anti-establishment sentiments, and typically bolstered by optimism about human potential.[42]

Steampunk fashion has no set guidelines, but tends to synthesize modern styles influenced by the Victorian era. This may include gowns, corsets, petticoats and bustles; suits with vests, coats and spats; or military-inspired garments. Steampunk-influenced outfits will often be accented with a mixture of technological and period accessories: timepieces, parasols, goggles and ray guns. Modern accessories like cell phones or music players can be found in steampunk outfits, after being modified to give them the appearance of Victorian-made objects. Aspects of steampunk fashion have been anticipated by mainstream high fashion, the Lolita fashion and aristocrat styles, neo-Victorianism, and the romantic goth subculture.[10][41][43]

Steampunk music is even less defined, as Caroline Sullivan says in The Guardian: "internet debates rage about exactly what constitutes the steampunk sound."[34] This range of steampunk musical styles can be heard in the work of various steampunk artists, from the industrial dance/world music of Abney Park,[43] the inventor/singer-songwriter creations of Thomas Truax,[34][44] the Carnatic influenced music of Sunday Driver,[45] the "industrial hip-hop opera" of Doctor Steel,[46][47] and the darkwave and synthpunk sounds of Vernian Process[48][49] and the Unextraordinary Gentlemen.[50]

In 2006, SalonCon, the first ever Neo-Victorian/Steampunk convention, was held. It ran for three consecutive years and featured artists, musicians (Voltaire and Abney Park), authors (Catherynne M. Valente, Ekaterina Sedia, and G.D. Falksen), salons led by people prominent in their respective fields, workshops and panels on Steampunk as well as a seance, ballroom dance instruction, and the Chrononauts' Parade. The event was covered by MTV[51] and The New York Times[52] for their respective articles on the subculture.

Since 1997, an annual two-day masquerade ball called the Labyrinth of Jareth has been held in Hollywood, CA, where revelers come dressed in costumes inspired by the film Labyrinth, Venetian masquerades, and steampunk. It has become a major Southern California event, and regularly attended by many steampunk notables.[53][54]

Steampunk has also become a regular feature at San Diego Comic-Con International in recent years, with the Saturday of the four-day event being generally known among steampunks as "Steampunk Day", and culminating with a photoshoot for the local press.[55][56] The Saturday steampunk "after-party" has also become a major event on the steampunk social calendar; in 2010 the headliners included The Slow Poisoner, Unextraordinary Gentlemen and Voltaire, with Veronique Chevalier as Mistress of Ceremonies and special appearance by the League of STEAM.[57][58]

Real world historical examples of functional steampunk

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pauli, Wolfgang (1985). "283 Pauli an Peierls". In von Meyenn, Karl; Hermann, Armin; Weisskopf, Victor F. (eds.). Wolfgang Pauli – Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg u.a. Band II: 1930–1939. Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 94. ISBN 978-3-540-13609-5. Über Halbleiter soll man nicht arbeiten, das ist eine Schweinerei; wer weiss, ob es überhaupt Halbleiter gibt. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Sheidlower, Jesse (March 9, 2005). "Science Fiction Citations". Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Strickland, Jonathan. "Famous Steampunk Works". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  4. ^ Sophie Lewis, Lucy Daniel (ed.), The little black book: Books, "Titus Alone" p.439, Octopus publishing, (2007) US, isbn= 978-1-84403605-9
  5. ^ a b c Lev Grossman (December 14, 2009). "Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses". Time (magazine). Retrieved December 10, 2009. Steampunk has been around for at least 30 years, with roots going back further. An early example is K.W. Jeter's 1979 novel Morlock Night, a sequel to H.G. Wells' The Time Machine in which the Morlocks travel back in time to invade 1890s London. Steampunk—Jeter coined the name—was already an established subgenre by 1990, when William Gibson and Bruce Sterling introduced a wider audience to it in The Difference Engine, a novel set in a Victorian England running Babbage's hardware and ruled by Lord Byron, who had escaped death in Greece. ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Gross, Cory. "A History of Steampunk: Part III - The Birth of Steampunk", Voyages Extraordinaires, 2008
  7. ^ Nevins, Jess (2003). Heroes & Monsters: The Unofficial Companion to the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. MonkeyBrain Books. ISBN 193226504X.
  8. ^ a b Bebergal, Peter (August 26, 2007). "The age of steampunk". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  9. ^ I. Csicsery-Ronay in Sci.-Fiction Studies Mar. 145, 1997
  10. ^ a b Damon Poeter (July 6, 2008). "Steampunk's subculture revealed". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  11. ^ Doctorow, Cory (July 8, 2007). "Jay Lake's "Mainspring": Clockpunk adventure". Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  12. ^ difference engine - book review for. Zone-sf.com. Retrieved on February 13, 2009.
  13. ^ Waldrop, Howard & Person, Lawrence (October 13, 2004). "The Fabulous World of Jules Verne". Locus Online. Retrieved May 10, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "the news and media magazine of the British Science Fiction Association". Matrix Online. June 30, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Cynthia Ward (August 20, 2003). "Hayao Miyazaki: The Greatest Fantasy Director You Never Heard Of?". Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  16. ^ http://www.bigredhair.com/boilerplate/bp.report.html
  17. ^ http://www.abramsbooks.com/Books/Boilerplate-9780810989504.html
  18. ^ http://www.omnivoracious.com/2009/04/a-preview-of-boilerplate-historys-mechanical-marvel.html
  19. ^ Grossman, Lev (December 14, 2009). "Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses". Time Magazine.
  20. ^ "Skies of Arcadia review on RPGnet". Rpg.net. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  21. ^ "Rise of legends as steampunk video game". Dailygame.net. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  22. ^ Xerin (March 9, 2010). "WoW: Loremaster's Corner #5: A Steampunk Paradise". Ten Ton Hammer. Retrieved 2010-05-30. World of Warcraft is almost a steampunk paradise if you look at the various technological advancements the gnomes have made. Most of engines are powered by steam and there are giant airships floating around everywhere.
  23. ^ "Unprecedented level of game service operation' from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam". June 29, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  24. ^ Clute, John & Grant, John, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1997)
  25. ^ Chronicles Magazine, 2007
  26. ^ Stoddard, William H., GURPS Steampunk (2000)
  27. ^ Braiker, Brian (October 31, 2007). "Steampunking Technology". Newsweek. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  28. ^ Sharon Steel (May 19, 2008). "Steam dream: Steampunk bursts through its subculture roots to challenge our musical, fashion, design, and even political sensibilities". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
  29. ^ von Slatt, Jake. "The Steampunk Workshop". Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  30. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (February 6, 2008). "Steampunk Brings Victorian Flair to the 21st Century". National Public Radio. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  31. ^ "Kinetic Steam Works". 2006–2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  32. ^ Orlando, Sean (2007–2008). "Steampunk Tree House". Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  33. ^ MELENA RYZIK (May 21, 2008). "Telescope Takes a Long View, to London". New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
  34. ^ a b c Caroline Sullivan (October 17, 2008). "Tonight I'm gonna party like it's 1899". London: Guardian. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  35. ^ Brass Goggles (June 7, 2007). "Telecroscope Meeting Today (And White Mischief)". Retrieved June 20, 2008.
  36. ^ stephanie (August 16, 2009). "Warehouse 13: Steampunk TV". closetscifigeek.com. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  37. ^ "Steampunk". Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Imagine the technology of today with the aesthetic of Victorian science.
  38. ^ Mark Ward (November 30, 2009). "Tech Know: Fast forward to the past". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  39. ^ Kaye, Marco (July 25, 2008). "Mom, Dad, I'm Into Steampunk". Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  40. ^ Rauchfuss, Marcus (July 1, 2008). Aesthetics.html "Steampunk Aesthetcis". Retrieved February 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  41. ^ a b La Ferla, Ruth (May 8, 2008). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  42. ^ Swerlick, Andrew (May 11, 2007). "Technology Gets Steampunk'd". Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  43. ^ a b Andrew Ross Rowe (September 29, 2008). "What Is Steampunk? A Subculture Infiltrating Films, Music, Fashion, More". MTV. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  44. ^ Killjoy, Magpie (Jan 8, 2006). "Thomas Truax, an Interview". Steampunk Magazine Issue 1. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  45. ^ D.M.P. (16.01.2010). ""Beyond Victoriana: #10 An Interview with Sunday Driver"". Tales of the Urban Adventurer. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Audio Drome Review: Dr. Steel" (back issue). Rue Morgue Magazine, issue 42. November/December 2004. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Wesley Scoggins. "Interview: Dr. Phineas Waldolf Steel, Mad Scientist". Indy Mogul. Retrieved August 29, 2009. Many have mentioned your work in regards to Steampunk influenced bands like Abney Park (and for that matter the Steampunk "style" in general).
  48. ^ "Interview: Vernian Process". Sepia Chord. December 19, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  49. ^ "Interview with Joshua A. Pfeiffer". Aether Emporium. October 2, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  50. ^ Kim Lakin-Smith (June 20, 2008). "Pump Up The Volume:The Sound of Steampunk". matrix. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  51. ^ "Steampunk Infiltrates the Mainstream". Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  52. ^ "Steampunk Moves Between Two Worlds". The New York Times. May 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  53. ^ Liz Ohanesian (May 20, 2010). "Shawn Strider: Labyrinth of Jareth". LA Weekly Magazine.
  54. ^ Alysia Gray Painter (July 15, 2010). ""Labyrinth" Masquerade Attracts Merry Fairies". NBC Los Angeles.
  55. ^ "Comic Con: Day Three – Steampunks!". FrockTalk.com. July 28, 2009.
  56. ^ "San Diego Comic-Con 2010 Day 3". Retrieved 2010-07-31. Comic-Con Steampunk Meetup
  57. ^ "The League of Temporal Adventurers First Society Gala". Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  58. ^ Liz Ohanesian (July 28, 2010). "Comic-Con Interview: Musician/Artist Voltaire is a Convention Renaissance Man". LA Weekly Magazine. Retrieved 2010-07-31.

References

  • Clockwork worlds, Richard D. Erlich and Thomas P. Dunn (1983). ISBN 0-313-23026-9
  • The Steampunk issue of Nova Express, Volume 2, Issue 2, Winter 1988
  • The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana by Jess Nevins[specify]
  • Fiction 2000: cyberpunk and the future of narrative, George Slusser and Tom Shippey (1992). ISBN 0-8203-1425-0
  • Science fiction after 1900, Brooks Landon (2002). ISBN 0-415-93888-0
  • Science fiction before 1900, Paul K. Alkon (1994). ISBN 0-8057-0952-5
  • Victorian science fiction in the UK, Darko Suvin (1983). ISBN 0-8161-8435-6
  • Worlds enough and time, Gary Westfahl, George Slusser, and David Leiby (2002). ISBN 0-313-31706-2
  • "Louis la Lune", Alban Guillemois (2006). ISBN 2-226-16675-0
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