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2010 Yeonpyeong bombardment

Coordinates: 37°40′0″N 125°41′47″E / 37.66667°N 125.69639°E / 37.66667; 125.69639
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37°40′0″N 125°41′47″E / 37.66667°N 125.69639°E / 37.66667; 125.69639

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Shelling of Yeonpyeong
Part of the Korean War, Crab Wars
Map of the shelling of Yeonpyeong.
Map of the shelling of Yeonpyeong
Date23 November 2010
Location
Yeonpyeong Island, Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea
Belligerents
 North Korea  South Korea
Strength
Unknown 1,000 marines
Casualties and losses
Unknown 2 killed
16 wounded[1]
2 South Korean civilians killed and 3 wounded[1]

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The shelling of Yeonpyeong was an artillery attack by North Korea on the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong on 23 November 2010.[2] It caused widespread damage on the island and killed four South Koreans, with 19 more injured by the shelling. South Korea retaliated by shelling North Korean gun positions. The North alleged that the South had fired dozens of shells into North Korean territorial waters, though the South denied this charge.[3][4] The incident caused an escalation of tension on the Korean Peninsula and prompted widespread international condemnation of the North's actions. The United Nations said it was one of the most serious incidents since 1953.[5]

Background

The disputed maritime border between North and South Korea. North Korea has claimed the territory north of the red line; South Korea controls the territory south of the blue line, the UN-acknowledged Northern Limit Line. Yeonpyeong is marked at "1" on the map.

North Korea made no issue of the sea NLL until 1973, when it began violating the limit and disputing its validity.[6] Since the signing of the Korean War armistice between the United Nations and North Korea in 1953, North Korea had never recognized the UN-imposed Northern Limit Line (NLL). Instead of recognizing the NLL, the North Korean government claims a border farther south that encompasses valuable fishing grounds (though it skirts around South Korean-held islands such as Yeonpyeong). North Korea's one sided claim is not accepted internationally. In an effort to assert its territorial claims, North Korea has pursued a strategy of challenging South Korean control of the waters south of the NLL. It has made several incursions that have sparked clashes between the two sides, notably a naval battle near the island of Yeonpyeong in 1999 as well as another engagement in the same area in 2002.[7] Although there were no further serious clashes for a time, in 2009 increasing tensions along the disputed border led to a naval battle near the island of Daecheong, and accusations that a North Korean submarine had sunk the South Korean corvette Cheonan off Baengnyeong Island in March 2010.[8][9]

The day before the incident, the South Korean government announced it was considering requesting that the United States station tactical nuclear weapons in Korea for the first time in 19 years.[10] On the same day, South Korea and the United States began the annual Hoguk exercise, a large-scale military drill involving the South Korean and US militaries. The 2010 exercise involved 70,000 troops from all four branches of the South Korean military, equipped with 600 tracked vehicles, 90 helicopters, 50 warships, and 500 aircraft. The United States contributed its 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit and the Seventh Air Force to the land and sea elements of the exercise.[11] It had originally been intended that the United States Navy and Marine Corps would participate in a joint amphibious exercise in the Yellow (Western) Sea, west of South Korea. However, the US pulled out of a joint citing "scheduling conflicts", though South Korean observers suggested that the real reason was the opposition of China, which regards the Yellow Sea as its own territory. The North Korean government regards the exercises as preparation for a combined arms attack on the North.[12]

Engagement

On the morning of 23 November, North Korean reportedly "wired a complaint [to the South] ... asking whether (the [Hoguk] exercise) was an attack against the North." It warned that it would not tolerate firing in what it regarded as its territorial waters.[13] South Korean forces went ahead with a live-fire exercise in waters off Baengnyeong Island and Yeonpyeong Island within South Korean-held territory.[14]

At 14:34 local time, North Korean coastal artillery batteries at Kaemori and Mudo, in North Korea's Hwanghae Province, opened fire on the island of Yeonpyeong. The bombardment took place in two waves, from 14:34 to 14:55 and again from 15:10 to 15:41. Many of the shells landed on a military camp but others fell on the island's principal settlement, destroying homes and shops.[15] In retaliation, South Korean forces used K-9 155mm self-propelled howitzers to fire about 80 shells at the North. The artillery exchange ended by about 16:42.[16] It was the first artillery battle to take place between North and South Korea since the 1970s[17] and was seen as one of the most serious attacks by the North on the South since the 1953 Armistice.[18]

With power on Yeonpyeong knocked out and several fires breaking out as a result of the North Korean shelling, the South Korean military ordered civilians to evacuate to bunkers.[19][20] The South Korean military reinforced its assets on the island by scrambling South Korean Air Force F-16 fighter jets to the area.[2]

Timeline

File:Shelling of yeonpyeong.jpg
Smoke rises from fires on Yeonpyeong after the North Korean bombardment

(All times in Korea Standard Time.)

08:20: North sends a telex message requesting a halt to the South's artillery training exercise.
10:00: South starts the artillery training exercise.
14:34: North starts firing shells (around 150, of which about 60 land on Yeonpyeong)
14:38: South conducts emergency sorties with two KF-16 fighters.
14:40: South deploys four F-15K fighters.
14:46: South conducts another emergency sortie with two KF-16 fighters.
14:47: South fires back with the first round of K-9 howitzers (50 shells).
14:50: The highest alert (Alert Jindotgae Hana) ever given for a local provocation is issued.
14:55: North stops firing temporarily.
15:12: North starts firing for the second time (20 shells, all of which landed on the island).
15:25: South resumes firing back with K-9 howitzers (30 shells).
15:30: South telexes the North's military general level talk representative requesting an immediate halt to artillery shelling.
15:40 – 16:00: The South's Joint Chiefs of Staff Han Min-gu and USFK Commander Walter L. Sharp have a video conference (a review of cooperative crisis management).
15:41: North stops firing.
16:30: First military casualty reported.
16:35 – 21:50: Foreign and National Security representatives have a meeting.
16:42: South stops firing.
18:40: Lee Hong-gi, the South's Joint Chief of Staff Director of Operations, holds a press briefing.
20:35 – 21:10: South Korean President Lee Myung-bak meets with his Joint Chief of Staff.[16][21]

Aftermath

Casualties and damage

The shelling caused several casualties among South Koreans living on Yeongpyeong. Two South Korean marines, Hasa (Sergeant) Seo Jeong-wu and Ilbyeong (Private First Class) Moon Gwang-wuk, were killed. Six other military personnel were seriously wounded, and ten were treated for minor injuries. Two construction workers, Kim Chi-baek, 61, and Bae Bok-chul, 60, were also killed.[22] [23] Additionally, the attack started widespread fires on the island. According to the local county office, 70 percent of the island's forests and fields were burned and 21 houses and warehouses and eight public buildings were destroyed in the bombardment. Most of the islanders were evacuated in the aftermath of the shelling. Around 1,500 of the 1,780 people resident on the island were taken aboard fishing boats and government vessels, with many of them being taken to Incheon on the mainland.[24] The Incheon city authorities sent 22 fire engines and ambulances to the island, along with with firefighters and paramedics, to help with the recovery and relief effort. 2,000 boxes of emergency relief materials and more than 3,500 relief kits and boxes of food were sent to help residents recover.[24]

North Korean casualties were unknown, but Lee Hong-gi, the Director of Operations of the South Korean Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), claimed that as a result of the South Korean retaliation "there may be a considerable number of North Korean casualties".[25]

Political and financial impact

The South Korean government called the attack a "clear armed provocation." It suspended interchanges with the North, cancelling inter-Korean Red Cross talks and banning visits to the jointly-operated Kaesong Industrial Region.[15]

The main South Korean political parties condemned the North's attack. A spokesman for the ruling Grand National Party said: "It is impossible to hold our rage toward the North's shelling of the Yeonpyeong Island. North Korea must be held accountable for all the losses." The chairman of the opposition Democratic Party urged the North Koreans to "stop all provocation that threaten the peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula". He called for "the two Koreas to begin talks to prevent the situation from worsening" and urged the government to protect the peace and safety of South Koreans.[16]

The North Korean news agency KCNA released a Korean People's Army communique stating that North Korea responded after the South had made a "reckless military provocation" by firing dozens of shells into North Korean territorial waters around Yeonpyeong Island from 13:00, as part of "war maneuvers". It warned that "should the south Korean puppet group dare intrude into the territorial waters of the DPRK even 0.001 mm, the revolutionary armed forces of the DPRK will unhesitatingly continue taking merciless military counter-actions against it."[3] The South Korean Deputy Minister of Defense acknowledged that South Korean artillery units had been carrying out live-fire exercises, but denied that the shots had crossed into the North Korean sea area.[4]

The North Korean attack had a global impact on the financial markets. Several Asian currencies weakened against the euro and U.S. dollar, while at the same time Asian stock markets declined.[26] The impact of the shelling on the financial industry led South Korea's central bank, the Bank of Korea, to hold an emergency meeting to assess the impact of the fighting on the markets.[27]

Military responses

President Lee instructed the South Korean military to strike North Korea's missile base near its coastal artillery positions if there were an indication of further provocation.[28] Lee Hong-gi of the JCS told the media that the attack had been a "premeditated, intentional illegal ... violation of the U.N. Convention, the Armistice Agreement and the inter-Korean non-aggression accord. It is also an inhumane atrocity, in which [North Korea] indiscriminately fired shells into unarmed civilian residential areas." He said that the military had "strengthened our surveillance and monitoring to keep watch on North Korean military activities through close cooperation with the United States. We are closely cooperating to draw up joint response directions."[29]

Speculation on North Korean motives

North Korea's motives for the attack were unclear and were the subject of widespread speculation in the South and elsewhere. Some experts suggested that it was at least partly related to Kim Jong-un's appointment as the designated successor to Kim Jong-il, which is believed to have caused tensions within the North Korean leadership. Robert Kelly, an assistant professor at Pusan National University in South Korea, says that Seoul's increasing global stature may have provoked Pyongyang. "My primary guess is that this is a response to the recent international prestige taken by South Korea at the G20. The G20 highlighted North Korean backwardness in the same way that it highlighted that South Korea was a partner of this global elite organization, setting international rules and the North Koreans don't like this", he said.[30] It has also been suggested that the attack was linked to the North's need for food aid.[31]

The JoongAng Ilbo newspaper suggested that the attack had been ordered by Kim Jong-il himself. Kim and his son were reported to have visited the Gaemori artillery base, from where many of the North Korean shells were fired, the day before the attack. The Kims had visited a nearby fish farm on 22 November in the company of various senior military figures. According to a source quoted by the newspaper, "Firing artillery across the Northern Limit Line at sea is difficult without a direct order from Pyongyang’s highest authorities; firing inland would have been impossible without the will of Kim Jong-il."[32] Other reports suggest that North Korea retaliated after South Korea fired dozen of shells during military drills off the west coast, though these were aimed toward the west, not the north.[33]

International reactions

  •  Argentina: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship issued a statement in which the government expressed its "strong condemnation of the incident".[34]
  •  Australia: Prime Minister Julia Gillard condemned the attack and expressed concern over North Korean military provocations.[35]
  •  Brazil: President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated that his current position was to "condemn any attempt of attack from North Korea to South Korea". According to him, "Brazil is against any attack to another country. We will not allow, in any circumstance, any attempt to violate another country's sovereignty".[36]
  •  Bulgaria: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack and urged both North and South Korea to restrain from any further military provocations.[37]
  •  Canada: Prime Minister Stephen Harper strongly condemned the attack, and urged North Korea to refrain from "further reckless and belligerent actions" and to abide by the Korean Armistice, and reiterated Canada's "firm support" for South Korea.[38] Minister for Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon stated that he was "deeply concerned" about the events in Korea and that officials in his department were monitoring the situation.[39]
  •  Chile: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack and called on North Korea to set aside its "bellicose attitude".[40]
  •  People's Republic of China: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the Chinese government urged both sides "to do things conducive to peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula".[41]
  •  Republic of China: President Ma Ying-jeou accused North Korea of "provoking tension" on the Peninsula and asked government departments to closely monitor the situation.[42]
  •  Colombia: Colombia condemned the attack of North Korea “The Chancellery deplores the loss of human lives and the damages caused to the population and condemn the use of the force on behalf of the Korea Democratic People's Republic.” Likewise spur North Korea to “observe the orders of the Security Council of United Nations in it relative to the abstention of the threat and use of force".[43]
  •  Costa Rica: The Foreign Ministry expressed solidarity with South Korea "for the loss of life and violation of its sovereignty" and was concerned at the "great instability on the Korean Peninsula".[44]
  •  Denmark: Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen condemned the attack, and called it a "military provocation".[45]
  •  European Union: High Representative Catherine Ashton condemned the attack and urged North Korea to respect the Korean Armistice Agreement.[46]
  •  France: President Sarkozy expresses deep concern over the North-South Korean disputes and urges it to be resolved politically.
  •  Finland: Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Stubb called on both sides to show "moderation" and added that this incident, like others that have occurred, is a cause for concern.[47]
  •  Germany: Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle assured South Korea of "our support and sympathy in this difficult time," while expressing worry that the "new military provocation threatens peace in the region". He urged all parties to "act in a cool-headed manner" and de-escalate the situation.[48]
  •  Greece: The Foreign Ministry expressed concern at the situation and condemned North Korea's "aggressive attitude".[49]
  •  Guatemala: The government expressed solidarity with South Korea and was "concerned about the possibility of repercussions for peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula".[50]
  •  Honduras: A statement by the Foreign Ministry condemned the "serious" armed attack by North Korea against Yeonpyeong and expressed solidarity with South Korea. It also called on both countries to seek a solution with respect to international law.[51]
  •  Hungary: State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Zsolt Németh condemned the North Korean attack against Yeonpyeong. He also said that it is yet unknown how serious the conflict is.[52]
  •  India: The Foreign Office called on both sides to "maintain peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula", a return to negotiations and expressed sympathy with the victims and injured people of Yeonpyeong, South Korea.[53]
  •  Indonesia: Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa expressed concern at the incident, calling on both sides to "immediately cease hostilities, exercise maximum restraint and avoid further escalation of tension".[54]
  •  Israel: Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said the incident was proof that the world "must stop the crazy regime" in North Korea.[55]
  •  Japan: Prime Minister Naoto Kan urged his government to "prepare for any eventuality" after an emergency meeting.[46]
  •  Latvia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Latvia urged both parties to "adhere to the Korean armistice agreement of 1953" and "condemned" any actions that might aggravate the situation.[56]
  •  Malaysia: Foreign Minister Anifah Aman condemned the attack on Yeonpyeong which resulted in the loss of life. It called on all parties to "to avoid resorting to action which can escalate the tension and generate instability" in the region.[57]
  •  New Zealand: Foreign Minister Murray McCully condemned the incident, expressing "outrage" over the attack and the loss of life, but emphasized that "this is a time for cool heads in order to avoid this clash escalating into a more serious threat to the stability of the region".[58]
  •  Norway: Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre stated that "the clashes and the raised tension in the border area between South and North Korea are alarming. An armed conflict would have very serious consequences. Both parties must now show restraint".[59]
  •  Peru: The Foreign Ministry condemned the "despicable act of aggression" by North Korea and called for respect of the United Nations Charter.[60]
  •  Philippines: Philippine President Benigno S. Aquino III on Wednesday called for sobriety and an end to hostilities in the Korean Peninsula. Aquino also said that the Philippine government is working to ensure the safety of Filipinos living on the two Koreas and the Philippine forces are ready to help South Korea if needed.[61][62]
  •  Poland: The Foreign Ministry expressed "deep concern" over the incident, adding that it could bring about a crisis in the region and hoping that "the two sides would avoid escalation".[63]
  •  Romania: The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it "is deeply concerned by the armed attack" adding that "We are unequivocally condemning such acts and we call upon the authorities in Pyongyang to put an end without delay to the provocative actions. At the same time, [...] we convey our condolences and heartfelt compassion to the families of the victims."[64]
  •  Russia: The Foreign Ministry stated that "the use of force is an unacceptable path [and that] [a]ny disputes in relations between the North and the South must be settled politically and diplomatically". Additionally, it urged both the sides "to demonstrate restraint and peace,"[65] and warned of a "colossal danger" and the "huge responsibility" of those behind the attack.[66]
  •  Singapore: The Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, describing it as a "reckless and provocative action that dangerously heightened tensions in what was an already highly fraught and uncertain situation". It urged both parties to "exercise utmost restraint".[67]
  •  Slovenia: Slovenian politician Jelko Kacin, who is part of the European delegation for relations with Korean Peninsula, condemned the "provocations from the North." [68]
  •  Sweden: Foreign Minister Carl Bildt commented on his blog, calling the incident "very worrying" and for China to "use the full extent of its influence over Pyongyang to affect its regime".[69]
  •  United Arab Emirates: Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan described the attack as "irresponsible" and offered his support to the people and government of South Korea.[70]
  •  United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary William Hague said in a statement that "[t]he UK strongly condemns North Korea's unprovoked attack" and that it "strongly urge[s] North Korea to refrain from such attacks and adhere to the Korean Armistice agreement".[71]
  •  United States: The United States strongly condemned the attack. The White House called on North Korea "to halt its belligerent action".[72]
  •  Uruguay: The Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack and called on both parties "to refrain from the use of force and to channel the resolution of their differences by peaceful means." Vice President Danilo Astori and Foreign Minister Luis Almagro were both in Seoul for a state visit when the attack took place.[73]
  •  United Nations: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned North Korea's artillery attack, calling it "One of the gravest incidents since the end of the Korean War." Ban Ki-moon's spokesman Martin Nesirky said "Ban called for immediate restraint and insisted any differences should be resolved by peaceful means and dialogue."[74]
  •  Vietnam: A spokeswoman for the Foreign Ministry said that the country was concerned at the incident and was "opposed to the use of force or threatening to use force in international relations and any military action that causes harm to innocent civilians".[75]

See also

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References

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  73. ^ "Uruguay condena ataque a Corea del Sur". Uruguay al Día. 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  74. ^ "Tensions high as North, South Korea trade shelling". Dawn. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  75. ^ "Viet Nam hopes that parties concerned will strive for peace, stability in the Korean peninsula and solve disputes through peaceful negotiations". Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 23 November 2010.
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