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Menkaure

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Menkaure
Menkaura, Mycerinus (Latin), Mykerinos (Greek), Mancheres (Manetho)
Statue of Menkaure at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Statue of Menkaure at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Pharaoh
Reign2490–2472 BC[1]
PredecessorKhafre
SuccessorShepseskaf
Royal titulary
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
Men-kau-re[2]
Eternal like the Souls of Re
M23L2
N5Y5D28D28D28
Nomen
 
G39N5
N5Y5D28D28D28
ConsortKhamerernebty II
Rekhetre
ChildrenKhuenre, Shepseskaf, Khentkaus I
FatherKhafra
MotherKhamerernebty I
Died2503 BC
BurialPyramid at Giza
MonumentsPyramid at Giza
Dynasty4th Dynasty

Menkaure (or Men-Kau-Ra; Mycerinus in Latin; Μυκερινος, Mykerinos in Greek) was a pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt (c. 2620 BC–2480 BC) who ordered the construction of the third and smallest of the Pyramids of Giza. His name means "Eternal like the Souls of Re". He was the successor of Khafra.

Some authors date his rule between 2532 BC–2503 BC or 28 years but the Turin King List has him ruling for 18 years which is the time given to him by other authors.[3] Several of his statues were unfinished upon his death—suggesting the shorter reign—while his pyramid is the smallest of all the three royal pyramids at Giza.

Family

Menkaure was the son of Khafra and the grandson on Khufu. A flint knife found in the mortuary temple of Menkaure mentioned a king's mother Khamerernebty I, suggesting that Khafra and this queen were the parents of Menkaure. Menkaure is thought to have had at least two wives.[3]

  • Queen Khamerernebty II is the daughter of Khamerernebti I and the mother of a king's son Khuenre. The location of Khuenre's tomb suggests that he was a son of Menkaure, making his mother the wife of this king.[4][5]
  • Queen Rekhetre is known to have been a daughter of Khafra and as such the most likely identity of her husband is Menkaure.[4]

Not many children are attested for Menkaure:

  • Khuenre was the son of queen Khamerernebti II.[3] Menkaure was not succeeded by Prince Khuenre, his eldest son, who predeceased Menkaure, but rather by Shepseskaf, a younger son of this king.[6]
  • Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and likely his son.[3]
  • Sekhemre is known from a statue and possibly a son of Menkaure.[3]
  • A daughter that died in early adulthood is mentioned by Herodotus. She was placed at a superbly decorated hall of the palatial area at Sais, in a hollow gold layered wooden zoomorphic burial feature in the shape of a kneeling cow covered externally with a layer of red decoration except the neck area and the horns which were covered with adequate layers of gold [7].

The royal court included several of Menkaure's half brothers. His brothers Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Nikaure and Iunmin served as vizier during the reign of their brother. His brother Sekhemkare may have been younger and became vizier after the death of Menkaure.[8]

Pyramid complex

Main article: Pyramid of Menkaure

Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called Netjer-er-Menkaure which means "Menkaure is Divine". This pyramid is the smallest of the three pyramids at Giza. There are three subsidiary pyramids associated with Menkaure's pyramid. These pyramids are sometimes labeled G-IIIa (East subsidiary pyramid), G-IIIb (Middle subsidiary pyramid) and G-IIIc (West subsidiary pyramid). In the chapel associated with G-IIIa a statue of a Queen was found. It is possible that these pyramids were meant for the Queens of Khafra. It may be that Khamerernebti II was buried in one of the pyramids.[5][8]

Valley Temple

The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure which was enlarged in the 5th or 6th dynasty. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his Queen and Menkaure with several deities. A partial list includes:[8]

  • Nome triad, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus. 09.200.
  • Nome triad, King, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore and Theban nome-god standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40678.)
  • Nome triad, King, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore and Jackal-nome goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40679.)
  • Nome triad, King, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore and Bat-fetish nome -goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 46499.)
  • Nome triad, King, Hathor, and nome-god standing, greywacke. (Middle part in Boston Mus. 11.3147, head of King in Brussels, Mus. Roy. E. 3074.)
  • Double-statue,’ King and wife (Khamerernebti II) standing, uninscribed, greywacke. (Now in Boston Mus. 11.1738.)
  • King seated, life-size, fragmentary, alabaster. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40703.)
  • King seated, lower part, inscribed seat, alabaster. (Now in in Boston Mus. 09.202)

Mortuary Temple

At this temple more statues and statue fragments were found. An interesting find is a fragment of a wand from Queen Khamerernebty I. The piece is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Khamerernebti is given the title King's Mother on the fragment.[8]

Sarcophagus

In 1837, English army officer Richard William Howard Vyse, and engineer John Shae Perring began excavations within the pyramid of Menkaure. In the main burial chamber of the pyramid they found a large stone sarcophagus (8 ft long, 3 ft 1 in width, and 2 ft 11 in height) made of basalt. The sarcophagus was uninscribed with hieroglyphs although it was decorated in the style of palace facade. Adjacent to the burial chamber were found wooden fragments of a coffin bearing the name of Menkaure and a partial skeleton wrapped in a coarse cloth. The sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and was sent by ship to the British Museum in London, but the merchant ship Beatrice carrying it was lost after leaving port at Malta on October 13, 1838. The other materials were sent by a separate ship, and the materials now reside at the museum, with the remains of the wooden coffin case on display.

It is now thought that the coffin was a replacement made during the much later Saite period, nearly two millennia after the pharaoh's original interment. Radio carbon dating of the bone fragments that were found place them at an even later date, from the Coptic period in the first centuries AD.[9]

Records from later periods

According to Herodotus, Menkaure was the son of Khufu (Greek Cheops), and alleviated the suffering his father's reign had caused the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Herodotus adds that he suffered much misfortune: his only daughter, whose corpse was interred in a wooden bull (which Herodotus claims survived to his lifetime), died before him; additionally, the oracle at Buto predicted he would only rule six years, but through his shrewdness, Menkaure was able to rule a total of 12 years and foil the prophecy (Herodotus, Histories, 2.129-133).

Trivia

Menkaure was the subject of a poem by the nineteenth century English poet Matthew Arnold, entitled "Mycerinus".

  • Colossal alabaster statue of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
    Colossal alabaster statue of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
  • Greywacke statue of Menkaura and Queen Khamerernebty II at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
    Greywacke statue of Menkaura and Queen Khamerernebty II at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
  • Menkaure's Pyramid in Giza.
    Menkaure's Pyramid in Giza.
  • Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a nome goddess Bat (right). Basalt statue in Cairo Museum.
    Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a nome goddess Bat (right). Basalt statue in Cairo Museum.
  • Fragmentary statue triad of Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a male nome god (right), Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
    Fragmentary statue triad of Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a male nome god (right), Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
  • Fragmentary alabaster statue head of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
    Fragmentary alabaster statue head of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
  • Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the pharaoh Menkaura made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840.
    Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the pharaoh Menkaura made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840.
  • Menkaura alongside Hathor and goddess]]
    Menkaura alongside Hathor and goddess]]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Menkaura.
  1. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
  2. ^ Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. p.56
  3. ^ a b c d e Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
  4. ^ a b Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, p13-14 ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3
  5. ^ a b Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3
  6. ^ Clayton, pp.57-58
  7. ^ Herodotus, Historia, B:129-132
  8. ^ a b c d Porter, Bertha and Moss, Rosalind, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings Volume III: Memphis, Part I Abu Rawash to Abusir. 2nd edition (revised and augmented by Dr Jaromir Malek, 1974. Retrieved from gizapyramids.org
  9. ^ Boughton, Paul "Menkaura's Anthropoid Coffin: A Case of Mistaken Identity?" Ancient Egypt. August/September 2006. p.30-32.
Preceded by Pharaoh of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty 		Succeeded by

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