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2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
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2011 Sendai earthquake
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
UTC time??
Magnitude8.9 Mw
Depth15.2 mi (24 km)
Epicenter38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
TypeEarthquake resulting in a tsunami
Areas affectedJapan
Total damageUnknown
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
AftershocksAt least 77 (17 above 6.0 Mw)
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The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[5], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.9-magnitude megathrust earthquake that created tsunami waves of up to 10 metres (33 ft).[6] It was measured at 7[7] on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, with an initially reported magnitude of 7.9,[7] while the JMA's tsunami warning listed the magnitude as 8.4,[8] later updated to 8.8.[9] The earthquake focus was reported to be off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku on 11 March 2011, at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) at a depth of 24.4 kilometres (15.2 miles).[10] News reports by Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) indicate that 19,759 deaths,[11] people have died and another 2,553 people missing[12] are missing in six different prefectures,[3][4] although it is feared the total number of dead could be far higher.[13][14]

The magnitude of 8.9 made it the largest earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history[6] and the seventh largest in the world since records began.[15][16]

There has been a 6.6 earthquake in Niigata Prefecture.[17]

Earthquake

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with an M7.2 event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from the 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of M6 in intensity.[6]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial M8.8 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, M7.4 at 15:15 local time and M7.2 at 15:26 local time.[18] Over forty aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 or greater occurred in the few hours after the initial quake.

Map of the Sendai Earthquake 2011

Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly restated as 8.8 and then 8.9.[6]

This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not so straight, earthquakes in this region are usually expected to be with magnitudes up to 8 to 8.5, and the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[19]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[7][20] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said:

We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage.[21]

Tsunami

Tsunami ocean energy distribution forecast map for the 2011 Sendai earthquake from the U.S. NOAA

The earthquake triggered a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[22][23][24][25] The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be 10 meters (33 ft) high.[26] According to Kyodo news agency, a wave that high was observed at 3:55pm JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi prefecture,[27][28] with waves sweeping aside cars and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[29] Kyodo news agency has reported a four-meter-(13 ft) high tsunami hitting Iwate Prefecture in Japan. A 0.5-meter (20 in)-high wave hit Japan's northern coast.[30][21] Reports indicate that the wall of water was higher than some Pacific islands and the danger of tsunami flooding prompted warnings for almost the entire Pacific basin.[31]

In a statement to the press, an official from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said:

An earthquake of this size has the potential to generate a destructive tsunami that can strike coastlines near the epicentre within minutes and more distant coastlines within hours.[21]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California to the Oregon-Washington border.[25] Residents in Seaside and Astoria, Oregon were notified by reverse 911 and sirens in early morning hours to evacuate low-lying areas; public schools were closed for the day.[32] When the tsunami hit Guam, two U.S. attack submarines were pulled from their moorings but they were soon taken under tow.[33] The tsunami was as much as 6–7 feet high in parts of Hawaii with the surge reaching at least 100 feet inland on the south side of the Big Island but no damage was reported.[34]

Estimated tsunami travel time forecast

Other nations affected

Nation Evacuation Tsunami alert Tsunami height Casualties Sources
Taiwan Yes Yes 10 cm (3.9 in) 0 [35]
Guam, USA Yes Yes 40 cm (16 in) 0 [36][37][38]
Northern Mariana Yes Yes 40 cm (16 in) 0 [36][37]
Hawaii (most places), USA Yes Yes 2.1 m (6.9 ft) 0 [39][40]
Philippines (most places) Yes Yes 1 m (3.3 ft) 0 [41][42]
North Maluku, Philippines Yes Yes 10 cm (3.9 in) 0 [41][43]
Palau (some parts) Yes Yes 11 cm (4.3 in) 0 [41][44][45][46]
Palau (most parts) Yes Yes 0 cm (0 in) 0 [47][48][49]
Indonesia's North Sulawesi and Maluku islands Yes Yes 10 cm (3.9 in) 0 [41][50][35]
Russia's Sea of Okhotsk's coastline - - 3.3 m (11 ft) 0 [51]
Russia’s Kuril Islands Yes Yes 3.3 m (11 ft) 0 [51][52]
Midway Island, USA - - 1.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [53][53]
Maui, Hawaii, USA Yes Yes 2.1 m (6.9 ft) 0 [54][53]
Shemya, Alaska, USA Yes Yes 1.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [53]
Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA Yes Yes 1.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [53]
Kona coast of the Big Island, Hawaii, USA Yes Yes 3.7 m (12 ft) 0 [53]
Wake Island, Hawaii, USA Yes Yes 1.8 m (5.9 ft) 0 [53][55]
California, USA Yes Yes 2 m (6.6 ft) 1+ [56]
Pacific coast of Mexico Unknown Yes 70 cm (2.3 ft) 0 [57]

Present alert status

Since 5:55 UTC the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has been issuing frequently updated tsunami warnings and estimated arrival times.[58][59]

Arrival times for Pacific islands
3

Aftermath

A view across the city of Toyko, with a burning building in the distance
The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Casualties

Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has confirmed 19,759 deaths,[60] dead and another 2,553 people missing[61] missing in six different prefectures.[3][30]

By 09:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haiti, Chile, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[62][63]

It has been confirmed that two passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers have disappeared on a coastal area during the tsunami.[64]

It has also been confirmed that a ship carrying 100 people was swept away by the tsunami. The current status of the ship is still unknown.[65]

Infrastructure

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[66][21] Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo were suspended, though there were no derailments; Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports until further notice.[21] Various train services around Japan were also cancelled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[67]

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[68] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake.

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara Chiba Prefecture to the east of Tokyo.[69]

Japan's transport network suffered as well. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan have been damaged.[70] Many railways services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across Tokyo. In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[71]

According to an unnamed official from Chunghwa Telecom, the earthquake has caused "some damage" to an undersea cable near Kita on the eastern coast of Japan but data transmission hasn't been interrupted.[72]

Nuclear power plants

The cooling systems of the Fukushima nuclear plant were damaged, and are running on backup battery power alone. A nuclear emergency has been declared for the area by the Japanese government.

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. The Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant, also on the coast, was being powered by emergency diesel generators.[73]

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[73] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[74]

Fukushima

According to the Associated Press Japan has declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant.[75] Officials say there has been no leak of radiation or radioactive material.[76]

One facility in Fukushima developed a mechanical failure in the reactor cooling system after it was shut down and emergency power supply failed but there was no radiation leak.[77] Past midnight local time, it was reported that The Tokyo Electric Power Company was considering venting out superhot gas from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere, which could result in the release of radioactives.[78] The core of the reactor remains hot however, so cooling is still required. Unnamed officials at the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that due to lack of electricity the emergency cooling system is currently powered by a battery, which lasts about eight hours. Another six batteries have been secured, and the government may use military helicopters to fly them in.[79] A precautionary state of emergency has been declared.[74] More than 2,000 residents living within a 3-kilometer (1.9 mi) radius of the plant were evacuated, while residents living within a zone 3 to 10 kilometers (1.9 to 6.2 mi) away were asked to evacuate.[80][81]

At 1:43 p.m. EST, Fox News Channel reported that gas venting was to take place to relieve pressure within the reactor vessel.[82]

Financial markets

Japan’s Nikkei saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[83] Other stock markets around the world were also affected;[84] the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[85] Bombay Stock Exchange or Sensex (India) has also plunged by 0.84%[84] Oil prices have also dropped as a result of the earthquake in Japan, as well as the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia, seeing US crude drop as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, along with Brent crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[86] In Hong Kong, the Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on the local stock market. [87]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[88] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[88][89] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[88] PM Kan also setup emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[89]

Central banks have vowed to do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[70]

International response

  •  United Nations - Spokeswoman Elisabeth Byrs of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance said that 30 international search and rescue teams stand ready to go to Japan to provide assistance if necessary.[70]
  • The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has sent "an offer of good offices to Japan, should the country request support."[74]
  •  Argentina - Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sent a letter of condolence to the Prime Minister of Japan, expressing her sympathies to the Japanese people, as well as the support of the Argentine people.[90] Cascos Blancos will offer emergency relief to the victims.[90]
  •  Armenia - Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan addressed a letter of condolence to the Emperor of Japan Akihito, assuring him of Armenia's willingness to render assistance to Japan in dealing with the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami.[91]
  •  Australia - Deputy Prime Minister Wayne Swan offered assistance to Japan, saying "Australia stands ready to assist Japan in any way at this difficult time."[92] Prime Minister Julia Gillard also expressed her condolences, stating "On behalf of the people of Australia I want to express our very sincere condolences to the people of Japan and the government of Japan on the death and devastation we are seeing following the earthquake and tsunami."[93]
  •  Brazil - Brazilian Ministry of External Relations stated that "The government and the brazilian people express their condolence and their deep sorrow to the human losses caused by the earthquake, one of the largest of Japan history."[94]
  •  Canada - Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his family sent their heartfelt condolences to the Japanese people, “Our thoughts and prayers are with the friends and families who have lost their loved ones in the earthquake and tsunamis.” Canada, he said, will also stand by the people of Japan during this difficult moment. Federal officials will work with their B.C. counterparts to identify areas of potential federal assistance and resources.[95]
  •  China - Premier Wen Jiabao offered support to Japan expressing “deep sympathy and solicitude to the Japanese government and the people” and stating that the country is willing to offer necessary help.[96]
  •  France - President Nicolas Sarkozy stated in a letter to Japan's Prime Minister that "France is ready to respond to any possible request that Japan may wish to make in order to handle this tragedy."[97]
  •  Georgia - The President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili expressed his deepest sorrow on the tragedy caused by strong earthquake and tsunami that took place in Japan. Mikheil Saakashvili was horrified of that terrible misfortune that hit the Japan and because of which the country experienced huge damage and sacrificed people's lives. The President of Georgia expresse his condolences on the behalf of the whole nation to the government of Japan, Japanese people and to the families of dead and lost.[98]
  •  Germany - Chancellor Angela Merkel offered help to Japan and expressed her sympathies to the families of the victims. In an official statement she wrote, "Be assured that in these tragic hours, Germany stands at Japan's side, and is ready to help".[99] A quick-response team of salvage experts from Technisches Hilfswerk will be sent to Japan on 12 March 2011.[100]
  •  Hungary - According to the MTI, the Hungarian National Disaster Management sends a rescue team to the area, consisting of eight technical rescue team members and a specialist officer. The team is expected to travel to the disaster site on Friday, March 12.[101]
  •  Iceland - The Icelandic International Crisis Response Unit was placed under a so-called monitoring stage at 8:05 am local time.[102]
  •  India - Prime Minister Manmohan Singh offered India’s readiness to help Japan hit by the devastating earthquake and tsunami, saying “we are ready to help Japan in any way required and our resources are at your disposal”.[103]
  •  Iran - Head of Iran Red Crescent Society (IRCS) voiced the institute's readiness to supply aid to the victims of earthquake in northeastern Japan.[104]
  •  Ireland - Taoiseach Enda Kenny, only recently elected, sent a telegram to the Japanese Prime Minister and issued a statement that afternoon saying "Ireland stands ready to assist our Japanese friends in any way possible."[105][106] The Department of Foreign Affairs said no Irish had been reported injured.[107] Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs Eamon Gilmore was in Budapest but was in contact with John Neary, the Irish Ambassador in Japan.[108]
  •  Israel - Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu delivered a message to the Japanese government, saying that the people of Israel express their deep sorrow over the tragedy in Japan, and that he will work to provide any help that will be required.[109]
  •  Italy - Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi stated "We are close to the Japanese people in this tragic circumstance and ready to give all possible help and assistance to the government."[110] President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano also issued a statement, "The news of the dire consequences of the earthquake that struck the north-east of Japan, causing great casualties and material destruction, I was deeply saddened. In this moment so dramatic, Italy, united with your country by firm bonds of friendship, clinging to the Japanese people. With these sentiments, I wish to convey on behalf of myself and all the Italian people my heartfelt condolences and expressions of human solidarity to the victims."[111]
  •  Mexico - Secretary of Foreign Affairs (SRE), on behalf of Government of Mexico expressed its dismay due to consequences of earthquakes occurred in Japan. The Prime Minister expressed to the Japanese government and people her heartfelt solidarity. The Government of Mexico will be willing and stands ready to assist that country at this difficult time.[112]
  •  New Zealand - The Prime Minister John Key said he has watched with horror the scenes of devastation in the wake of the earthquakes and tsunami in Japan. John Key says the hearts of New Zealanders go out to the people of Japan. He says Japan responded to New Zealand's recent earthquake with enormous support and this country is ready to help Japan in whatever way it can. [113]
  •  Pakistan - President Asif Ali Zardari said he is deeply shocked over the loss of lives and wide scale damages caused by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami. In a message to the Emperor of Japan Akihito, Zardari said the government and people of Pakistan stand with the Japanese people in total solidarity and support in this time of great trial.[114]
  •  Peru - President Alan García expressed his condolences and offered to provide any assistance that Japan would require.[115]
  •  Poland - Prime Minister Donald Tusk on behalf of the Government of Poland expressed its condolences in a letter to his Japanese counterpart, Naoto Kan[116] and has offered the help of Polish firemen and search and rescue teams; condolences have also been sent by President Bronisław Komorowski to Emperor Akihito and by the Foreign Affairs Minister Radosław Sikorski to his counterpart Takeaki Matsumoto.[117]
  •  Russia - President Dmitry Medvedev said that Russia would offer assistance, stating that "we stand ready to help our neighbors to overcome the consequences of that extremely strong earthquake."[118]
  •  Serbia - President Boris Tadić has also offered his condolences after returning from his official visit to Japan, stating "Please accept my sincere condolences, and convey to the families of the victims and the people of Japan that the Serbian citizens sympathize with them in this difficult moment."[119] The First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior Ivica Dacic has offered assistance by sending a rescue team from the Division of Emergency Situations of the Serbian Military of the Interior. He also sent a letter to the Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan, President of the National Public Safety Commission of Japan Tomiko Okazaki and Minister of State of Disaster Management Ryu Matsumoto stating "On behalf of the Ministry of the Interior and on my personal behalf I express my deepest condolences for the victims of the strongest earthquake in the history of Japan."[120]
  •  Singapore - Singapore President S R Nathan wrote a letter of condolence to His Majesty Akihito,[121] while Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong wrote a similar letter to Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan, expressing Singapore's willingness to assist in any way possible.[121]
  •  South Korea - President Lee Myung-bak, while stressing that the incident in the neighboring country was tragic, pledged to extend full assistance to Japan as it recovers from the massive quake. He ordered the government to do its utmost to assist in the recovery efforts. [122]
  •  South Africa - President Jacob Zuma, has expressed his condolences to the Japanese people and has stated that the South African government "stands ready to assist in whatever manner possible within our limited resources."[123]
  •  Sri Lanka - President Mahinda Rajapakse has conveyed condolences of himself, the government and the people of Sri Lanka to the Japanese Ambassador in Sri Lanka Kunio Takahashi.[124] President Mahinda Rajapakse also said Japan was a "very close and dear friend" and its people possessed "incredible resilience and courage" to overcome destruction. [125] Sri Lanka President Mahinda Rajapaksa, in a message to Japanese Emperor Akihito, expressed his sympathy and said "we pray for solace for those affected by the disaster and for the rapid recovery of the Japanese people and nation." [126]
  •  Switzerland said it had offered to send aid to Japan. A team of humanitarian experts are ready to leave at short notice.[127]
  •  Taiwan - President Ma Ying-jeou has offered to send a search and rescue team to Japan,[128] and Premier Wu Den-yih has extended his "sympathy and concerns".[129] Foreign Affairs Minister Timothy Yang has stated that Taiwan will donate US$300,000 to help with disaster relief.[129] Charity groups have already donated over US$100,000 to Japan and are launching efforts to raise more in addition to providing relief aid.[130]
  •  Thailand - The Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva stated in his condolence message to Japan's Prime Minister that "Thailand stands ready to assist Japan in mitigating the effects of tsunami."[131] Thailand became the first country in offering aid 5 million baht ($165,000 US), and would consider giving more after the extent of the damage was known.[132]
  •  Turkey - President Abdullah Gül said: "We hope there will not be big casualties and damages. Being a country which knows the sorrows of the disaster, we attach importance to assistance in such situations."[133] Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said that a special unit would be established at the Ministry to follow the developments and that he is going to call the Japan's foreign minister to offer assistance.[134] Turkish Red Crescent released a written statement and said it would send a team to quake hit region. The statement said Red Crescent was ready to send assistance to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Russia and Hawaii.[135]
  •  United Kingdom - Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he had "asked immediately that our Government look at what we can do to help",[136] with the Foreign Secretary William Hague stating that the UK was ready to offer "assistance needed" including humanitarian assistance or search and rescue teams.[137] Queen Elizabeth II conveyed a message to Emperor Akihito, stating, "Our prayers and thoughts are with everyone who has been affected by the dreadful disaster." [138]
  •  United States - President Barack Obama said that the United States "stands ready to help" in any way it can.[139] The U.S. Defense Department was preparing American forces in the Pacific to provide relief.[132] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reported that local U.S. Air Force assets delivered a shipment of reactor coolant to the affected Fukushima power plant. [140]

See also

References

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