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2011 England riots

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2011 London riots
A firefighter douses a blaze in the aftermath of the initial riot
Date6 August 2011 (2011-08-06) – ongoing
Location
Several districts across the Greater London. Liverpool, Birmingham and Bristol. [1]
Caused byOpinions and suggestions of contributory factors include:
  • Fatal shooting of a suspect by the police
  • Local tensions with police[2]
  • High unemployment and cuts in public services[3][4][5][6][7]
  • Criminal opportunism[8]
  • Recreational violence[9]
Parties
Metropolitan Police Service, local residents, local business owners
Rioters, burglars, arsonists, looters
Casualties and losses
35 police personnel injured[10]
Unknown

The 2011 London riots are a series of ongoing public disturbances and lootings in London which began initially in Tottenham, North London, on 6 August 2011 following the fatal shooting of a 29-year-old civilian, Mark Duggan, by officers of the Metropolitan Police Service.[11][12][13][14]

Disturbances continued into the following days and spread to other areas of the city, including Wood Green, Enfield Town, Ponders End and Brixton. Vandalism, arson, looting and violent disorder were also reported in several boroughs of London, extending as far south as Croydon. At least 35 police officers have been injured. On 8 August 2011, the rioting spread to parts of Birmingham, Liverpool, and Bristol.

In response to the escalating rioting, Prime Minister David Cameron, Home Secretary Theresa May, and London Mayor Boris Johnson cut short their holidays to return to England.

Background

Historical context and shooting

Widely viewed as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots,"[11] the unrest occurred in the context of tense relations between the police and the black community in London, as well as other cities with significant black populations like Birmingham, which has been the setting of many protests regarding the death of Kingsley Burrell.[2][15] Commentators have drawn parallels to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which one police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered.[16][17] Blakelock's suspected killer was the leader of a gang which was replaced by the one Duggan was a member of following his imprisonment for other crimes.[14]

A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
Tottenham Hale station
class=notpageimage|
The Ferry Lane bridge is adjacent to Tottenham Hale station in Greater London.

The disturbances were preceded by escalating calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, extending calls which go back to the Stephen Lawrence murder and the New Cross Fire, in relation to the deaths of black people. For instance, during the summer of 2011 there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard over the summer spurred by the death of Smiley Culture, but this march was largely overlooked by the press.[18] The 333 people, mostly black, who have died in Metropolitan Police custody since 1998, without a single officer convicted of a crime was another exacerbating factor.[19] More immediately, the riots in Tottenham were spurred by the fatal shooting of 29-year-old Mark Duggan by police on 4 August 2011 during a planned arrest, in which one officer was injured.[20] Friends and relatives of Duggan, an alleged cocaine dealer and member of the 'Star Gang', stated that he was unarmed.[14] The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) stated that a non-police-issue handgun was later recovered at the scene.[21]

The shooting took place on the Ferry Lane bridge, next to Tottenham Hale station.[22] Duggan's girlfriend told the Evening Standard that she was shocked to learn her boyfriend of 13 years was carrying a gun.[22]

The incident was referred to the IPCC.[20] This is standard practice whenever a member of the public dies as a result of police action. It is not yet known why police were attempting to arrest Duggan, but the IPCC said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, a unit which investigates gun crime in London's black community to which Duggan belonged. Operation Trident specialises in shootings relating to the illegal drug trade.[12]

After the shooting incident, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying Duggan fired on the police.[23] An article in The Guardian alleged that preliminary ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio is consistent with those used by the police themselves.[23]

Protest march

On 6 August, a peaceful protest was held, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station.[24] The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to demand justice for the family.[12][25][26] Around 200 people participated in this protest.[11]

Incidents

6 August

Tottenham

Protesters facing police on the evening of 6 August 2011

A series of disturbances by people in Tottenham followed the protest march on 6 August. Attacks were carried out on police cars, a double-decker bus and local businesses and homes from around 22:30. Police vans and officers from the Territorial Support Group attended the scene of disorder on Tottenham High Road. Stores were looted by rioters after windows were smashed.[27] A number of people were left homeless.[28] Fireworks, petrol bombs and other missiles were also thrown at police.[12] Twenty-six officers were injured, including one who sustained head injuries. Firefighters experienced difficulty reaching a burning building due to the disorder.

A BBC News correspondent said his news crew and satellite vehicle came under attack from youths throwing missiles.[29] Some news crews left the scene due to the threat of violence. A Mail on Sunday photographer was beaten and mugged. The police had set up a cordon around Tottenham police station and a nearby group of BBC and Sky journalists. Some of the police were on horseback.[24]

A gang of youths burnt down Tottenham's post office at 22:15. Rioters threw bottles at a car in which a family of three, including a baby, were taking shelter after being forced to flee their burning home.[30]

Wood Green

At 20.00, the rioting had spread to Wood Green, but some riot police were on hand.[30]

Tottenham Hale

The violent clashes were followed by the looting of Tottenham Hale retail park, which continued until dawn without intervention by the police.[11]

7 August

Wood Green

There was further disorder in neighbouring Wood Green, two miles away, during the early hours of 7 August, when widespread looting broke out[31] in which around 100 youths targeted high-street game shops, electrical stores and clothing chains.[32] Others ransacked local shops on Wood Green High Road.[33] A family-run jeweller was among the retailers affected.[34]

Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting.[11]

The mostly Turkish and Kurdish shop owners along Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Green Lanes, were said to have formed local 'protection units' around their shops.[33]

Enfield and Ponders End

On Sunday evening, 7 August, violent disturbances erupted in Enfield, to the north of Tottenham, among heavy presence of riot police.[35]

Enfield Town centre, Enfield Town Park and alleyways between there and the Palace Garden shopping centre were being guarded by police. A heavy police presence was seen outside Enfield Town railway station where people arriving were being searched for security reasons.[36]

Riot police had arrived in Enfield Town by the afternoon of 7 August as several small groups of hooded youngsters arrived in cars, buses and trains. Around 100 people were waiting in small groups in the vicinity of Enfield Town station in Southbury Road.[13]

Some disorder sparked from around 17:30; a police car in Church Street was pelted with bricks.[37] HMV's branch in Church Street was amongst the other shops that were reportedly attacked.[38] A police helicopter hovered over the area to monitor events.[13]

At around 19:00, police tackled a group of around thirty youths to push them back onto Southbury Road towards the junction with Great Cambridge Road. Police dogs were also deployed at the scene.[38] Similar action drove back approximately fifty people along Southbury Road via Queens Street, after a preceding clash with hooligans outside a nearby supermarket.[39]

At 21:30, both Metropolitan Police officers and reinforcements from Kent Police turned Enfield into a cordoned off "sterile area" and began to tackle the local disturbances.[1] These included robberies of the Enfield Retail Park.

The scenes of Enfield were 'reminiscent of Tottenham, though smaller.'[35]

Brixton

Six fire engines tackled a blaze at a Foot Locker shoe shop in Brixton.[40][41] Riot police and youths clashed near a local Currys store that was broken into during disturbances in Brixton.[1] Speaking to The Daily Telegraph, a local resident described "hundreds" of men and women entering the electrical store and emerging with TVs and other electrical goods.[42] Upon police arriving, the looters attacked, throwing rocks and the contents of bins at officers.[42] A branch of Halfords was targeted and looted by youths.[42]

One Brixton resident said: “People were coming to Brixton from outside the area. I was getting out of Brixton Tube last night about 22:30 and going up the escalator when about 10 teenagers ran up the escalator and pushed me to one side.”[43] By 11:57, both Tesco and Foot Locker were targeted by looters. Lambeth Council’s leader, Councillor Steve Reed said the mobs in Streatham "They were looters not rioters"[44] Looting had spread to Brixton in the evening.[45]

Other areas

  • Islington: The windscreen of a police vehicle was smashed out as groups of youths caused a disturbance in Islington during the night of 7 August.[40]
  • Oxford Circus: Overnight, the evening's violence spread to Oxford Circus, central London, as about 50 youths gathered, and damaged some local property.[1][46]
  • Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire:Looters and rioters attacked two police cars and two jewellers in Waltham Cross High Street at around 21:50. A specialist public order unit was sent to the area, along with sections of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Police Dog Unit.[47]
  • Streatham: the T-Mobile, JD Sports and other shops were ransacked. Councillor Mark Bennett said the owner of one store in Streatham High Road was hospitalised after a mob attacked the shop.[43]
  • Dalston: Looting was reported at Kingsland shopping centre in Dalston including JD Sports and Foot Locker.[48]
  • Denmark Hill: A gangland fight broke out at King's College Hospital at about 8.30 pm, where two victims of a minor stabbing had been admitted earlier.[48]

8 August

By 07:59, the Metropolitan Police Commander Christine Jones said: "This is a challenging situation with small pockets of violence, looting and disorder breaking out on a number of boroughs."[49] Jewellery stores across Tottenham, Enfield and Wood Green have all suffered break-ins, Professional Jewellers reported.[34] The Victoria line was closed between Stockwell and Brixton "due to civil unrest", according to London Underground.[45] Angel, Islington, Stoke Newington and Wood Green were in police lockdown.[45] All 32 boroughs of London have been placed on riot alert.[50]

Enfield and Ponders End

On the morning of 8 August, several shops in Enfield Town and in the nearby A10 retail park were vandalised and looted, and there were reports of two vehicles set on fire.[1] A large crowd of youths moved westwards, toward nearby Ponders End and wrecked a local Tesco.[51] Hundreds of riot police and canine units arrived with vans and charging at groups of teenagers until they disappeared into local side streets, smashing cars and shop windows on the way.[51][40] Looting had spread to Enfield.[45] A large Sony distribution centre was set alight and the fire destroyed the building.[52]

Walthamstow and Walthamstow Central

Bank workers observe the destruction caused in the early hours of the morning.

Over 30 youths wrecked and looted shops, including a branch of BHS, in Walthamstow Central on the morning of 8 August.[1] Looting had spread to Walthamstow.[45] A Santander branch had been broken into. A Barclays cash machine had been ripped right out of the bank.

Chingford Mount

Three police officers hospitalized after being hit by a fast-moving vehicle in Chingford Mount, Waltham Forest, at 00.45 on 8 August. The officers had started making arrests after a shop was in the process of being looted by youths.[40]

Hackney

Sporadic skirmishes were reported to have occurred between police and groups of young people in the area around Mare Street, Hackney.[53] There are also reports of petrol bombs being thrown and youths throwing bottles and contents of bins. Some bins have also been set on fire. Disturbances on-going in Hackney as the mounted and riot police charge retreating gangs.[45] Cars were on fire.[45]

Croydon

Police closed the entire area around West Croydon station on the evening of 8 August. Bricks, bottles and stones were thrown at police, and an Argos store was broken into and looted. A large furniture store, which had been in Croydon for over 100 years, was set alight and burned to the ground.[54][55][56][57] On-the-ground observation indicates that damage was particularly heavy around supermarkets (possibly for alcohol), luxury goods retailers, and foreign exchange premises.

Elsewhere in London

  • Harlesden: Shops looted in the town centre.[58]
  • Peckham: A 171 bus and a shop were set on fire. A police helicopter was overhead.[45]
  • Bethnal Green: Running battles with police occurred in Bethnal Green.[45]
  • Chelsea: Looters broke into an antiques store in King's Road.[48]
  • Lewisham: Sporadic rioting occurred in Lewisham that evening, but it was quickly defeated by riot police.[59]
  • Ealing: Fire in Haven Green park, opposite Ealing Broadway station. Shops and restaurants were damaged.[60]
  • Barnet: Minor disturbances occurred at the Brent Cross shopping centre that night. [61]
  • Barnet: About 60 youths were chased off by riot police after looting shops in Barnet in the night. [62]

Outside London

Burnt out cars on Myrtle Street, Liverpool.
  • Birmingham: Some shop windows in the city centre were smashed and there were lootings in several areas. An unmanned police station in Handsworth was set alight.[63]
  • Leeds: In a local incident unrelated to the London troubles, around 100 people gathered in Leeds after a man was injured in a shooting believed to be related to an event that occurred on 2 August when another man was shot in the foot.[64][65]
  • Liverpool: Disturbances in South Liverpool and Toxteth.[66][67]
  • Nottingham: A police station was attacked by rioters and car tyres were ignited.[68]
  • Bristol: Reportedly 150 rioters attacking shops.[66]

Coordination of incidents

There have been reports that the incidents have been coordinated using a variety of communications media, including BlackBerry Messenger broadcasts.[69][70] Research in Motion, the maker of the BlackBerry, have announced that they are cooperating with police.[71]

The police stated that some messages were posted on Twitter that were "inflammatory, inaccurate", and they were considering arresting people for inciting violence.[72] Social media sites were also used for reporting information on the riots.

Effects

A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built for the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as Union Point, the building included a Carpetright on the ground floor and many apartments on the upper storeys.

Shopkeepers put the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.[73] In addition, the riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.[74]

The Metropolitan Police Service announced the initiation of Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.[75][1]

Some 35 officers were injured. Three members of the general public required medical treatment, two in hospital and one at the scene. More than 100 people were arrested. Sixteen people have been charged for offences including burglary, violent disorder and possession of a pointed or bladed weapon.[10]

Sporting fixtures

Football League Cup games between West Ham United and Aldershot Town at Boleyn Ground, Upton Park and Charlton Athletic versus Reading, due to be played at The Valley on 9 August 2011 were called-off at the request of the police following the riots.[76][77] [77][78]

Reactions

Belgian police using water cannon to hold back rioters. These tactics are denied to the British police.

Tottenham's Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"[79] and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.[80] He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole[81] and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death.[17] Streatham’s Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.[51][43][44]

The Home Secretary, Theresa May, said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order."[82] She returned to the UK from holiday to meet with senior police officials on 8 August.

A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."[82]

The Deputy PM, Nick Clegg later said that the riots were 'completely unacceptable' and described the rioters as 'needless and opportunistic.'[83][84]

London's mayor, Boris Johnson, said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham"[81] whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble."[81] Johnson is scheduled to cut short his holiday and return to the UK on 9 August 2011.

Steve Havanah, the Metropolitan Police's Deputy Assistant Commissioner, has stated that the amount of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.[85]

It was announced on 8 August that in response to the worsening situation the Prime Minister, David Cameron would immediately return from holiday to the UK.[86]

Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon as "sickening".[87]

Many people called for the government to allow police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds, which have long been denied to British police.[88][89]

In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".[90]

See also

External images
image icon Images of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (BBC)
image icon Map of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (Google Maps)
image icon Tottenham Riots: Torched houses, cars in London violence aftermath (YouTube)

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 riots in England.

Further reading

51°35′27″N 0°04′12″W / 51.5909°N 0.0700°W / 51.5909; -0.0700

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