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Retro Studios

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Retro Studios, Inc.
Company typeSubsidiary of Nintendo[1]
IndustryInteractive entertainment
Video game industry
FoundedOctober 1998
FounderJeff Spangenberg
HeadquartersAustin, Texas, United States
Key people
Michael Kelbaugh
Bryan Walker
Tim Little
Vince Joly
ProductsMetroid Prime
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
Metroid Prime 3: Corruption
Metroid Prime: Trilogy
Donkey Kong Country Returns
Mario Kart 7
OwnerNintendo
Number of employees
60 (2010)[2]
ParentNintendo
Websiteretrostudios.com

Retro Studios is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas.[1] The company was founded in October 1998 by the video game veteran Jeff Spangenberg after leaving Acclaim Entertainment, as an independent studio making games exclusively for Nintendo. The studio started with four Nintendo GameCube projects which had a chaotic and unproductive development, but Retro's work impressed Nintendo producer Shigeru Miyamoto so much that he suggested them to create a new game in the Metroid series. Eventually the four games in development were cancelled so Retro could focus only on Metroid Prime, which was released for the GameCube on 2002, the same year Nintendo acquired the studio completely by purchasing the majority of Spangenberg holding stock. Now a first-party developer and division of Nintendo, Retro since then developed two sequels to Prime, Metroid Prime 2: Echoes and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, the compilation Metroid Prime: Trilogy, and the revival for another Nintendo series, Donkey Kong Country Returns. The studio also collaborated with the development of both Metroid Prime Hunters and Mario Kart 7. All of Retro's games have been met with positive reviews and achieved varied levels of commercial success.

History

Retro Studios' headquarters in Austin, Texas

1998–2002: Creation and Metroid Prime

Further information: [[:Development of Metroid Prime]]

Retro Studios was created in October 1998, by an alliance between Nintendo and former Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg. Nintendo hoped that Retro could provide the forthcoming Nintendo GameCube with games targeted at an older demographic, as Iguana Entertainment developed the successful Turok series for the Nintendo 64.[3] After establishing its offices in Austin, Texas in 1999, Retro started four different projects for the future GameCube, despite not even having development kits.[4] From the initial staff of 25 people, mostly former Iguana employees,[3] the crew had grown into 120 employees by the time development of projects begun,[4] eventually peaking at over 200 employees.[5]

The workplace was chaotic, with the teams for each project not interacting with each other, and the deadlines imposed by Nintendo not being reached.[3] Japanese employees visited three times a year, and were mostly critical on how development was progressing.[6] In 2000, producer Shigeru Miyamoto visited the studio, and did not like the games being developed, but suggested that Retro could develop a new title in the Metroid series, considering that the studio could deal well with the license after seeing the prototype of a first-person shooter engine they created.[5] Just a few weeks before the 2000 Space World, Nintendo granted Retro the Metroid license, and development of an action-adventure game was cancelled, with its team moving into Metroid Prime.[3]

In February 2001, over 100 employees were laid off as two games, a football simulator and a vehicular combat game, were cancelled.[7] In July 2001, an RPG called Raven Blade was also terminated, so that Metroid Prime would be the only game in development. 26 people working on the game were laid off, and 9 others joined the Prime development team.[8] On May 2, 2002, Nintendo secured $1 million worth of Retro Studios stock from Spangenberg, which reclassified the company as a first party developer and division of Nintendo.[9] Spangenberg had a controversial stint as president, rarely appearing to work, neglecting supervision on the company's projects, and having pictures of himself with half-naked women appearing on a website registered to a Retro Studios mailing address.[3] His replacement on the presidency was Steve Barcia, the founder of Simtex who joined Retro as vice-president of Product Development.[6]

During the last nine months of Metroid Prime's development, Retro's staff worked 80 to 100-hour weeks to reach the deadline imposed by Nintendo.[5] Despite its troubled production and initial mixed reactions from fans,[10] Prime was released on November 17, 2002 in North America to universal critical acclaim,[11] and commercial success, eventually selling over two million units worldwide.[12]

2003–2008: Metroid Prime sequels

Further information: [[:Development of Metroid Prime 2: Echoes and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption]]

After the critical and commercial success of Metroid Prime, Nintendo asked Retro Studios to produce a sequel. The developers decided against recycling the features of the first game while creating Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, and instead used new sound models, weapon effects, and art designs.[13] A multiplayer component was also added to the game.[14] On April 2003, Steve Barcia left the company. Michael Kelbaugh, who had worked with Nintendo for over 15 years, was appointed president, a job he retains to this date.[15] Retro tried to include some extras, such as a hidden version of Super Metroid, but were halted by the short development time.[14] Producer Kensuke Tanabe later revealed in an interview that the game was just about thirty percent complete three months before the strict deadline Nintendo had set for a release in the 2004 holiday season.[16] The critical reception for Metroid Prime 2: Echoes was very positive,[17] but earned some criticism on the game's high difficulty.[18][19] Sales for Echoes were lower than the first Prime, with a total of 800,000 units.[5]

Retro Studios was then put to produce the next game in the Metroid Prime series titled Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. Retro intended to give Metroid Prime 3: Corruption larger environments than Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, and enable the game to run at 60 frames per second.[20] The developers were also interested in using the WiiConnect24 feature to provide additional content for the game that would be accessible from the Internet.[20] Retro announced that Corruption would be the final chapter of the Prime series and would have a plot "about closure, told against the backdrop of an epic struggle".[21] After the Wii Remote was revealed, Nintendo demonstrated how Metroid Prime 3 would take advantage of the controller's special abilities with a version of Echoes modified for the Wii and shown at the Tokyo Game Show in 2005.[22] Originally envisioned as a launch title for the Wii in November 2006,[20] Corruption suffered many delays, eventually being released on August 27, 2007[23] to generally positive reviews,[24] and over 1.60 million copies sold worldwide.[25]

While Retro was busy with the Prime sequels, they had to pass on the Nintendo DS title Metroid Prime Hunters. The eventual developer, Nintendo Software Technology (NST), worked closely with Retro to design the game's art and characters to make sure that they fit into the overall Metroid series.[26][27]

2009–present: Donkey Kong Country Returns and Mario Kart 7

Further information: [[:Development of Metroid Prime: Trilogy and Donkey Kong Country Returns]]

In 2004, while Retro Studios was finishing Echoes, senior producer Bryan Walker suggested to studio president Michael Kelbaugh to "do something for the fans by putting all the games together on a single disc in a collectors 'trilogy' edition". Kelbaugh sent the proposal to Nintendo, and the company accepted.[28] The compilation Metroid Prime: Trilogy started being developed shortly after the release of Corruption, and was released in 2009.[5]

In April 2008, Retro saw the departure of three key developers, designer Mark Pacini, art director Todd Keller, and principal technology engineer Jack Mathews,[29] who went on to form their own company, Armature Studio.[30] Around the same time, Shigeru Miyamoto asked fellow producer Kensuke Tanabe on a studio that could develop a new Donkey Kong game, and Tanabe recommended Retro as Kelbaugh had worked on the Donkey Kong Country series during his years on Nintendo of America, and had interest in continuing with the franchise. Retro accepted the task, and thus started development of Donkey Kong Country Returns.[31][32] Similar to New Super Mario Bros., the game was developed with the intention to invoke nostalgic feelings in the player with its art style and sound, while trying to provide them with new gameplay experiences.[32] Returns employs fully polygonal 3D graphics with three times the amount of textures and polygons that Corruption offered,[31] and over the course of six months, two thirds of the game's tools and engine had to be rewritten by the programmers.[31] Development accelerated at the outset of 2010, and the project was just "beginning to cohere as a game" around the time of E3, when it was officially announced to the press.[33] Although the game was set for release in autumn that year, the team still had 70 levels to create or refine.[34] After the development of Returns was completed, two more key departures happened at Retro with senior designers Kynan Pearson and Mike Wikan moving on to 343 Industries and id Software, respectively.[35][36]

At E3 2011, it was announced during Nintendo's Developer Roundtable that Retro Studios would be involved in the development of Mario Kart 7 for Nintendo 3DS. Retro contributed assets to developing one of the Donkey Kong themed levels.[37][38]

Retro has received a Nintendo Wii U development kit, and is reportedly working on "a project everyone wants us to do."[39]

Reception

Retro Studios have received very positive reception for their games. On GameRankings, Prime is the 7th highest rated game ever reviewed, with an average score of 96.30% (as of June 2010), making it the highest reviewed game of the sixth generation.[40] The video game countdown show Filter named Prime as having the Best Graphics of all time.[41] Prime was also chosen for lists of best games: 24th in IGN's Top 100,[42] 29th in a 100 game list chosen by GameFAQs users,[43] and 10th in Nintendo Power's "Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever".[44] GameSpy chose it as the third best GameCube title of all time, behind The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Resident Evil 4,[45] while IGN put it at first in a similar list.[46] Nintendo Power also ranked it as the sixth best game of the 2000s.[47]

Metroid Prime: Trilogy has an average of 91 out of 100 and 92.05 out of 100, indicating "Universal Acclaim". GamesRadar praised it for being the compilation of three great games for the price of one.[48] IGN awarded the trilogy a score of 9.5 out of 10, citing the fantastic game play and brilliant presentation values,[49] while NGamer UK cited the massive amount of game play per pound.[50] Blast Magazine awarded the compilation a 9.7 out of 10 and said that these were the "definitive version of each game in the Prime trilogy."[51]

Donkey Kong Country Returns received very positive reviews. It currently has an average score of 88% on GameRankings and Metacritic.

Sales

Metroid Prime became one of the best-selling games on the GameCube. It was the second best-selling game of November 2002 in North America, behind Grand Theft Auto: Vice City,[52] and hit 250,000 units in just one week.[53] The game has since sold about 1.49 million copies in America alone,[54] earning more than $50 million in revenue.[55] It is also the eighth best-selling GameCube game in Australia,[56] and sold more than 78,000 copies in Japan,[57] and more than 250,000 copies in Europe, thus entering the Player's Choice line in the PAL region.[58] Echoes sold 470,000 copies in North America in 2004,[59] and a total of 40,000 copies in Japan.[60] By August 2009, the game had sold 800,000 copies worldwide.[5] Despite being released on August 27, Corruption was the fifth best-selling game of the month, with 218,100 copies sold.[61] It also debuted at the fifth spot of the Japanese charts, with 34,000 units in the first week of release.[62] More than one million copies of the game were sold in 2007,[63] and as of March 2008, 1.31 million copies of the game were sold worldwide.[25]

The game debuted third at the Japanese game charts, with 163,310 units sold,[64] and has sold 638,305 copies in Japan as of January 2, 2011.[65] In North America, the game debuted at sixth place in the charts,[66] with 430,470 units sold.[67] By the end of March 2011, Donkey Kong Country Returns had sold 4.96 million copies worldwide.[68]

Awards

Echoes won an award in almost every category it was nominated for at the 2004 Nintendo Power Awards,[69] and won awards for Best GameCube Game of 2004 from IGN,[70] Electronic Gaming Monthly[71] and GameSpy.[72] It was rated the 174th best game made on a Nintendo system in Nintendo Power's Top 200 Games list,[73] the 74th best game by GameFAQs users,[74] the 15th best GameCube game by IGN,[75] and the 13th best by GameSpy.[76]

In IGN's Best of 2007 Awards, Corruption received the awards for Best Wii Adventure Game,[77] Best Artistic Design,[78] and Best Overall Adventure Game.[79] GameSpy ranked it as the second best Wii game of the year, behind Super Mario Galaxy,[80] and honored it as the Best Innovation on the Wii.[81]

Games developed

Nintendo GameCube

Year released Title Publisher Genre
2002 Metroid Prime Nintendo First-person adventure
2004 Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Nintendo First-person adventure

Nintendo DS

Year released Title Publisher Genre Comments
2006 Metroid Prime Hunters Nintendo First-person adventure Supervision and art direction only.[26]

Wii

Year released Title Publisher Genre
2007 Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Nintendo First-person adventure
2009 Metroid Prime: Trilogy Nintendo First-person adventure compilation
2010 Donkey Kong Country Returns Nintendo Side-scrolling 2.5D platform game

Nintendo 3DS

Year released Title Publisher Genre Comments
2011 Mario Kart 7 Nintendo Kart racing game Donkey Kong-related assets and re-doing classic courses.[37][38]

Wii U

Year released Title Publisher Genre Comments
2013 Untitled Game Nintendo TBA "a project everyone wants us to do"[82]

Cancelled projects

The four initial GameCube projects Retro had before the development of Metroid Prime were cancelled:

  • An action-adventure game with the working title "Action-Adventure". It was mostly concept artwork and a mock up first-person engine before cancellation, but allegedly inspired Shigeru Miyamoto to hand Retro the Metroid license. The development team moved onto production of Metroid Prime.[3]
  • An American football game, NFL Retro Football. The game designers initially wanted to make a Mario Football game, but since Nintendo settled on a realistic simulator with the NFL license due to Retro's purpose of creating mature games.[3] The game was cancelled in February 2001. A possible cause was Electronic Arts and Sega agreeing to port the Madden NFL and NFL 2K series to the GameCube.[7]
  • A vehicular combat game, with the working titles Car Combat and Thunder Rally. It was initially pitched to Nintendo as a mix of "QuakeWorld, Twisted Metal 2, and Mario Kart 64 with shades of Mad Max and Street Fighter II." Despite being the project with most progress at Retro, it was cancelled along with NFL Retro Football in February 2001. Two members of the development team, programmer David "Zoid" Kirsch and modeller Rick Kohler, joined the Metroid Prime project.[3]
  • A role-playing video game, Raven Blade. The game was showcased on E3 2001, but production was plagued with technical setbacks,[83] and the game eventually got cancelled on July 2001 so Retro could focus on Metroid Prime. 9 members of its development team joined Prime.[8]

References

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