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Reinhard Heydrich
Heydrich as a SS-Gruppenführer (1940)
Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia
(acting Protector)
In office
29 September 1941 – 4 June 1942
Appointed byAdolf Hitler
Preceded byKonstantin von Neurath
(Protector until 24 August 1943)
Succeeded byKurt Daluege
(Acting Protector)
Director of the Reich Main Security Office
In office
27 September 1939 – 4 June 1942
Appointed byHeinrich Himmler
Preceded byPost created
Succeeded byHeinrich Himmler (acting)
President of Interpol
In office
24 August 1940 – 4 June 1942
Preceded byOtto Steinhäusl
Succeeded byArthur Nebe
Personal details
Born(1904-03-07)7 March 1904[1]
Halle an der Saale, Germany
Died4 June 1942(1942-06-04) (aged 38)[1]
Prague–Libeň, Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic)
Political partyNational Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP)
SpouseLina von Osten (married 26 December 1931)
Children
  • Klaus Heydrich (17 June 1933 – 24 October 1943)
  • Heider Heydrich (born 23 December 1934)
  • Silke Heydrich ( born 9 April 1939)
  • Marte Heydrich (born 23 July 1942)
Signature
Nickname(s)The Hangman, The Butcher of Prague,[2] The Blond Beast, Young Evil God of Death[3]

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official during World War II, and one of the main architects of The Holocaust. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (Lieutenant-general) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the Gestapo, and Kripo) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemian and Moravia. In August 1940 he was appointed and served as President of Interpol (the international law enforcement agency). Heydrich chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which laid out plans for the final solution to the Jewish Question—the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory.

Historians regard him as the darkest figure within the Nazi elite, and Hitler christened him "the man with the iron heart".[4] He was the founding head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), an intelligence organisation tasked with seeking out and neutralising resistance to the Nazi Party via arrests, deportations, and murder. He was an organiser of Kristallnacht, a series of co-ordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians, one of the early events of the Holocaust. Upon his arrival in Prague, Heydrich sought to eliminate opposition to the Nazi occupation through the suppression of the Czech culture and the deportation and execution of members of the Czech resistance.

He was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by a British-trained team of Czech and Slovak soldiers who had been sent on behalf of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to kill him in an operation code named Operation Anthropoid. He died from his injuries a week later. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. Lidice was razed to the ground; all adult males were executed, and all but a handful of its women and children were deported and killed in Nazi concentration camps.

Early life

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich[5] was born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth Anna Maria Amalia Krantz, a Roman Catholic.[6] His two forenames were patriotic musical references: "Reinhard" was the name of the tragic hero from Amen, an opera written by his father, while "Tristan" stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. His third name, "Eugen", was the name of his late maternal grandfather, Professor Eugen Krantz, who had been the director of the Dresden Royal Conservatory.[7] Heydrich was born into a family of social standing and substantial financial means. Music was a part of Heydrich's everyday life; his father was the founder of the Halle Conservatory of Music. His mother was a piano instructor there.[8] Heydrich developed a passion for the violin, a passion he carried into his adult life; he impressed listeners with his musical talent.[9]

File:Heydrichchildren2.jpg
Children of Richard Bruno Heydrich: Heinz Heydrich (seated), Reinhard Heydrich (centre), Maria Heydrich

His father was a German nationalist who instilled patriotic ideas in the minds of his three children, but was not affiliated with any political party until after World War I.[10] The Heydrich household was strict. As a youth, Heydrich engaged his younger brother, Heinz, in mock fencing duels. Heydrich was very intelligent and excelled in his schoolwork at the "Reformgymnasium", especially in science.[11] A talented athlete, he became an expert swimmer and fencer.[9] He was shy, insecure, and was frequently bullied for his high-pitched voice.[12] Heydrich was often mocked in his youth, being nicknamed "Moses Handel" owing to rumours that he had Jewish ancestry.[13] Years later, Wilhelm Canaris said he had obtained photocopies proving Heydrich's Jewish ancestry, but these photocopies never surfaced. Rudolf Jordan also made the claim that Heydrich was not a pure "Aryan".[14] Heydrich ordered Schutzstaffel (SS) researchers to investigate the rumour. They established that he had no Jewish ancestors. Achim Gercke concluded that Heydrich was a pure Aryan.[15][16]

In 1918, World War I ended with Germany's defeat. In late February 1919, civil unrest took place in Heydrich's home town of Halle, including strikes and clashes between communist and anti-communist groups. Under Defense Minister Gustav Noske's directives, a right-wing paramilitary unit was formed and ordered to "recapture" Halle. [17] Heydrich, then 15 years old, joined Maercker's Volunteer Rifles (the first Freikorps unit). After the end of the skirmishes, Heydrich was part of the force assigned to protect private property.[18] Little is known as to his role, but the events left a strong impression; it was a "political awakening" for him.[18] He joined the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund (The National German Protection and Shelter League), an anti-Semitic organisation.[19]

File:Heydrichensign.jpg
Reinhard Heydrich, cadet

As a result of the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation spread across Germany and many people lost their life savings. By 1921, these events greatly reduced the ability of the people of Halle to afford a musical education at Bruno Heydrich's conservatory. This led to a financial crisis for the Heydrich family.[20]

Heydrich and his wife Lina attending a concert in Waldstein Palace in Prague, 26 May 1942, the day before the assassination attempt that led to his death on 4 June 1942

In 1922 Heydrich joined the Navy, taking advantage of the security, structure, and pension it offered. He became a naval cadet at Germany's chief naval base at Kiel. On 1 April 1924 he was promoted to senior midshipman and sent off to officer training at the Mürwik Naval College.[21] In 1926 he advanced to the rank of ensign (Leutnant zur See) and was assigned as a signals officer on the battleship Schleswig-Holstein, the flagship of the German North Sea Fleet. With the promotion came greater recognition; he received good evaluations from his superiors. He had fewer problems with other crewmen, but the increased rank drove his ambition and arrogance.[22]

Heydrich became a notorious womaniser, having countless affairs. In December 1930 he attended a rowing club ball and met Lina von Osten. The two became romantically involved and soon announced their engagement. Lina was already a Nazi Party follower; she had attended her first rally in 1929.[23] Heydrich was dismissed from the navy by Admiral Erich Raeder in April 1931 after being charged with "conduct unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman" for breaking an engagement promise to a woman he had known for six months prior to the engagement to Lina.[24] Heydrich was devastated, but he remained engaged to Lina von Osten. He found himself with no prospects for a career.[25] Heydrich and von Osten married in December 1931.[26]

Career in the military and SS

Reinhard Heydrich (middle) with Heinrich Himmler (left), Karl Wolff (right), and an unidentified assistant (front) at the Obersalzberg, May 1939

In 1931, Heinrich Himmler began setting up a counterintelligence division of the SS. Acting on the advice of his associate Karl von Eberstein, who was a friend of Lina von Osten, Himmler interviewed Heydrich. Himmler was impressed and hired him immediately.[27] His pay was 180 reichsmarks per month (40 USD). His NSDAP number was 544,916 and his SS number was 10,120.[1] Heydrich later received a Totenkopfring from Himmler for his service.[28]

On 1 August 1931 Heydrich began his job as chief of the new 'Ic Service' (intelligence service).[27] He set up his office at the Brown House, the Nazi Party headquarters in Munich. By October he had created a network of spies and informers for intelligence-gathering purposes and to obtain information to be used as blackmail to further political aims.[29] Information on thousands of people was recorded on index cards stored at the Brown House.[30] To mark the occasion of Heydrich's December wedding, Himmler promoted him to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer (major). In just over fifteen months, Heydrich had surpassed his former navy rank and was making what was considered a "comfortable" salary.[31]

In 1932 a number of Heydrich's enemies began to spread rumours of his possible Jewish ancestry. Within the Nazi organisation such innuendo could be deadly, even for the head of the Reich's counterintelligence service. An investigation was conducted by Nazi Party racial expert Dr. Achim Gercke into Heydrich's genealogy. Dr Gercke reported that Heydrich was "... of German origin and free from any coloured and Jewish blood".[32]

Gestapo and SD

Gestapo headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße in Berlin, 1933

In the summer of 1932, Himmler appointed Heydrich chief of the renamed security service—the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).[27] Heydrich's counterintelligence service grew into an effective machine of terror and intimidation. With Hitler striving for absolute power in Germany, Himmler and Heydrich wished to control the political police forces of all 17 German states, and they began with the state of Bavaria. In 1933, Heydrich gathered some of his men from the SD and together they stormed police headquarters in Munich and took over the police using intimidation tactics. Himmler became the Munich police chief and Heydrich became the commander of Department IV, which controlled the political police.[33]

In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, and through a series of decrees[34] became Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor) of Germany.[35] Originally intended to house political opponents, the first concentration camps were set up in early 1933, and by the end of the year there were over fifty of them.[36]

The Gestapo was originally founded in 1933 as a Prussian police force by Hermann Göring. When Göring transferred full authority over the Gestapo to Himmler in April 1934, it immediately became an instrument of terror under the purview of the SS.[37] Himmler named Heydrich the head of the Gestapo on 22 April 1934.[38]

Crushing the SA

At this point, the SS was still part of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the early Nazi paramilitary organisation. Beginning in April 1934, and at Hitler's request, Heydrich and Himmler began building a dossier on SA leader Ernst Röhm in an effort to remove him as a rival for leadership of the party.[39] At Hitler's direction, Heydrich, Himmler, Göring, and Viktor Lutze drew up lists of those who should be liquidated, starting with seven top SA officials and including many more. On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued throughout the weekend. Röhm was shot without trial, along with the leadership of the SA.[40] This Nazi purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives. Up to 200 people were killed in the purge. Lutze was appointed new head of the SA, and it was converted into a sports and training organisation.[41]

SS-Brigadeführer Heydrich, head of the Bavarian police and SD, in Munich, 1934

With the SA out of the way, Heydrich began building the Gestapo into an instrument of fear. He improved his index card system, creating categories of offenders, and using color-coded cards.[42] The Gestapo had the authority to arrest citizens on the suspicion that they might commit a crime, and the definition of a crime was at their discretion. The Gestapo Law, passed in 1936, gave the police force the right to act outside the law. This led to the sweeping use of Schutzhaft—"protective custody", a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings.[43] The courts were not allowed to investigate or interfere. The Gestapo was considered to be acting legally as long as it was carrying out the will of the leadership. People were arrested arbitrarily, sent to concentration camps, or killed.[36]

Himmler began developing the notion of a Germanic religion and wanted SS members to leave the church. In early 1936, Heydrich left the Catholic Church. His wife, Lina, had already done so the year before. Heydrich not only felt he could no longer be a member, but came to consider the political power (and influence) of the church a danger to the state.[44]

Consolidating the police forces

Seyß-Inquart, Adolf Hitler, and Heydrich in Vienna, March 1938

On 17 June 1936 all police forces throughout Germany were united, with Himmler as the chief. On 26 June, Himmler reorganised the police into two groups: the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo), which consisted of the national uniformed police and the municipal police, and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo), which consisted of the Gestapo and the Kripo or Kriminalpolizei (criminal police).[45] At that point, Heydrich was head of the SiPo and SD. Heinrich Müller was the chief of operations of the Gestapo.

Heydrich was assigned to help organise the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin. The games were used to promote the propaganda aims of the Nazi regime. Goodwill ambassadors were sent to countries that were considering a boycott. Anti-Jewish violence was forbidden for the duration, and news stands were required to stop displaying copies of Der Stuermer. [46][47] For his part in the success of the Games, Heydrich was awarded the Deutsches Olympiaehrenzeichen or German Olympic Games Decoration (First Class).[28]

In mid-1939 Heydrich created the Stiftung Nordhav Foundation to obtain real estate for use of the SS and Security Police as guest houses and vacation spots.[48] The Wannsee Villa, which the Stiftung Nordhav acquired in November 1940,[49] was the site of the Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942), a meeting Heydrich held with senior officials of the Nazi regime to formalise plans for the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory, and in countries not yet conquered.[50] This action was to be coordinated among the representatives from the Nazi state agencies present at the meeting.[51]

On 27 September 1939 the SD and SiPo (made up of the Gestapo and the Kripo) were folded into the new Reich Main Security Office or SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), which was placed under Heydrich's control.[52] The title of "Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD" (Chief of the Security Police and SD) or CSSD was conferred on Heydrich on 1 October.[53] Heydrich became the President of Interpol on 24 August 1940,[54] and its headquarters were transferred to Berlin. He was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei on 24 September 1941.[1]

Red Army purges

In 1936, the SD received information that a top ranking Soviet officer was plotting to overthrow Joseph Stalin. Sensing an opportunity to strike a blow at both the Soviet Army as well as Admiral Canaris of the German Abwehr, Heydrich decided the Russian officers should be "unmasked".[55] Heydrich discussed the matter with Himmler and both in turn brought it to Hitler's attention. Unknown to Heydrich, the "information" that he received about the plot was actually misinformation planted by Stalin himself, in an attempt to make his purges of the Red Army high command believable. Stalin ordered one of his best NKVD agents, General Nikolai Skoblin, to pass Heydrich the false information suggesting a plot against Stalin by Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky and other Soviet generals. Heydrich received approval from Hitler to act immediately on the information. Heydrich's SD forged a series of documents and correspondence implicating Tukhachevsky and other Red Army commanders. The material was delivered to the NKVD.[55] The Great Purge of the Red Army followed upon orders of Stalin. While Heydrich believed they had successfully deluded Stalin into executing or dismissing some 35,000 of his officer corps, the importance of Heydrich's part is a matter of speculation and conjecture.[56] The forged documents were not used by Soviet military prosecutors against the generals in their secret trial, which instead relied on false confessions extorted or beaten out of the defendants.[57]

Night and Fog Decree

Commemorative plaque of the French victims of the Night and Fog Decree at Hinzert concentration camp

By late 1940, German armies had swept through most of Western Europe. In 1941, Heydrich's SD was given the responsibility of carrying out the Nacht und Nebel (Night and Fog) decree, designed to "seize persons endangering German security". According to the decree, suspects had to be arrested in a maximally discreet way "under the cover of night and fog". People disappeared without a trace and no one was told of their whereabouts or their eventual fate.[58] For each prisoner, the SD was required to fill out a questionnaire that listed their personal information, their country of origin, and the details of their crimes against the Reich. This questionnaire was to be put into an envelope inscribed with a seal that read "Nacht und Nebel" and submitted to the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA). In the WVHA "Central Inmate File", as in many camp files, these prisoners would be given a special "covert prisoner" code, as opposed to the code for POW, Felon, Jew, Gypsy, etc.[a] This decree remained in effect after Heydrich's death. The exact number of people who vanished under this decree has never been positively established, but it is estimated to be 7,000.[59]

Acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia

Further information: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
Heydrich (left) with Karl Hermann Frank at Prague Castle in 1941

On 27 September 1941 Heydrich was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Reich on 15 March 1939). The Reich Protector, Konstantin von Neurath, remained titular Protector, but was sent on "leave", and Heydrich assumed effective government of the territory, as Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt Neurath's "soft approach" to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage.[60] Heydrich told his aides upon his appointment, "We will Germanize the Czech vermin."[61]

Heydrich came to Prague to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were "extremely important to the German war effort".[60] Heydrich viewed the area as a bulwark of Germandom and condemned the "stabs in the back" by the Czech resistance. To realise his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained, "... making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought".[62] Heydrich started his rule by terrorising the population: within three days of his arrival in Prague, 92 people were executed, with their names appearing on posters throughout the occupied region.[63] Almost all avenues by which Czechs could act Czech in public were closed.[62] According to Heydrich's estimate between 4,000 and 5,000 people had been arrested by February 1942. Those who were not executed were sent to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, where only four per cent of Czech prisoners survived the war.[63] In March 1942, further sweeps against Czech cultural and patriotic organisations, military, and intelligentsia resulted in the practical paralysis of Czech resistance. Although small disorganised cells of Central Leadership of Home Resistance (Ústřední vedení odboje domácího, ÚVOD) survived, only the communist resistance was able to function in a coordinated manner (although it also suffered arrests).[63] The terror also served to paralyse resistance in society, with public and widespread reprisals against any action resisting the German rule.[63] Heydrich's brutal policies during that time quickly earned him the nickname "the Butcher of Prague".[64]

Excerpt from a speech by Reinhard Heydrich in 1941
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As the Acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich applied carrot-and-stick methods.[65] Labour was reorganised on the basis of the German Labour Front. Heydrich used equipment confiscated from the Czech organisation Sokol to organise events for workers.[66] The black market was suppressed, with food given out in worker cafeterias. Food rations and free shoes were given out, pensions were increased, and (for some time) free Saturdays were introduced. Unemployment insurance was established for the first time.[65] Those associated with the resistance movement or the black market were tortured or executed. Heydrich described those harshly dealt with as "economic criminals" and "enemies of the people" in the press, which helped gain him support. Conditions in Prague and the rest of the Czech lands were relatively peaceful under Heydrich, and industrial output increased.[65] Still, those measures could not hide shortages and increasing inflation, and reports grew of growing discontent.[66]

Despite public displays of goodwill towards the Czechs, privately Heydrich made no illusions as to his eventual goal: "This entire area will one day be definitely German, and the Czechs have nothing to expect here". Eventually up to two-thirds of Czechs were to be either be removed to regions of Russia or exterminated after Nazi Germany won the war. Bohemia and Moravia were to be annexed directly into the German Reich.[67]

The Czech workforce was exploited as conscripted labour by the Nazis.[66] More than 100,000 workers were removed from "unsuitable" jobs and conscripted by the Ministry of Labour; by December 1941, Czechs could be called to work anywhere within the Reich. Between April and November 1942, 79,000 Czech workers were taken in this manner for work within Nazi Germany. Also in February 1942, the work day was increased from eight hours to twelve.[68]

Heydrich was, for all intents and purposes, military dictator of Bohemia and Moravia. His changes to the government's structure left President Emil Hacha and his cabinet virtually powerless. He often drove alone in a car with an open roof—a show of his confidence in the occupation forces and in the effectiveness of his government.[69]

Summary of career

Main article: Service record of Reinhard Heydrich

Heydrich's time in the SS was a mixture of rapid promotions, reserve commissions in the regular armed forces, and front-line combat service. During his 11 years with the SS, Heydrich truly "rose from the ranks", being appointed to every rank from private to full general. He was also a major in the Luftwaffe, flying nearly one hundred combat missions until 22 July 1941, when his plane was hit by Soviet anti-aircraft fire. Heydrich made an emergency landing behind enemy lines. He evaded a Soviet patrol and met up with a forward German patrol.[70] After this Heydrich returned to Berlin and resumed his SS duties.[71] His service record also gives him credit as a Reserve Lieutenant in the Navy, although during World War II Heydrich had no contact at all with this military branch.

Heydrich was the recipient of several high-ranking Nazi and military awards, including the German Order,[72] Blood Order,[73] Golden Party Badge, bronze and silver combat mission bars, and the Iron Cross First and Second Classes.[74]

Role in the Holocaust

1938 telegram giving orders during Kristallnacht, signed by Heydrich
July 1941 letter from Göring to Heydrich concerning the "final solution" "in the manner of emigration or evacuation" (sic)

Historians regard Heydrich as the most feared member of the Nazi elite;[75][76][77] Hitler called him "the man with the iron heart".[4] He was one of the main architects of the Holocaust during the early years of the war, answering only to—and taking orders from—Hitler, Hermann Göring, and Himmler in all matters that pertained to the deportation, imprisonment, and extermination of Jews.

Heydrich was one of the organisers of Kristallnacht, a pogrom against Jews throughout Germany on the night of 9–10 November 1938. Heydrich sent a telegram that night to various SD and Gestapo offices, helping to coordinate the program with the SS, SD, Gestapo, uniformed police (Orpo), Nazi party officials, and even the fire departments. It talks about permitting arson and destruction of Jewish businesses and synagogues, and orders the taking of all "archival material" out of Jewish community centres and synagogues. The telegram ordered that "as many Jews – particularly affluent Jews – are to be arrested in all districts as can be accommodated in existing detention facilities ... Immediately after the arrests have been carried out, the appropriate concentration camps should be contacted to place the Jews into camps as quickly as possible."[78][79] Twenty thousand Jews were sent to concentration camps in the days immediately following; [80] Kristallnacht is considered as the beginning of the Holocaust by historians.[81]

When Hitler required a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Heydrich was placed in charge of the false flag plan code named Operation Himmler, a fake attack on the German radio station at Gleiwitz on 31 August 1939. Heydrich worked out the plan of the operation and toured the site, which was about four miles from the border with Poland. Wearing Polish uniforms, 150 German troops carried out a group of attacks along the border that Hitler then used as an excuse to launch his planned invasion.[82][83]

On 21 September 1939 Heydrich sent out a teleprinter message to the chiefs of all Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police with a subject of "Jewish question in the occupied territory". It contained instructions on how to round up Jewish people for placement into ghettos, called for the formation of Judenrat (Jewish councils), ordered a census, contained Aryanization plans for Jewish-owned businesses and farms, and discussed other measures.[b] The Einsatzgruppen followed the army into Poland for this purpose. Later, in the Soviet Union, they were tasked with rounding up and killing Jews, by gunshot and using gas vans. By the end of the war, the Einsatzgruppen had murdered over one million people, including over 700,000 in Russia alone.[84]

"... the planned total measures are to be kept strictly secret ... the first prerequisite for the final aim ("Endziel") is the concentration of the Jews from the countryside into the larger cities." – Heydrich, September 1939[b]
"By order of the Reichsführer-SS, residency without possession of an identification card is punishable by death" – Heydrich, November 1939[85]

On 29 November 1939 he sent out a cable regarding the "Evacuation of New Eastern Provinces", describing details of the deportation of people by railway to concentration camps, and giving guidance surrounding the December 1939 census, which would be the basis on which those deportations were formed.[85] In May 1941, Heyrdrich drew up regulations with Quartermaster general Eduard Wagner for the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union that ensured that the Einsatzgruppen and army would cooperate in murdering Soviet Jews.[86]

On 10 October 1941 Heydrich was the senior officer at a meeting in Prague that discussed deporting 50,000 Jewish people from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to ghettos in Minsk and Riga. Also discussed was the taking of 5,000 Jewish people from Prague "in the next few weeks" and handing them over to the Einsatzgruppen commanders Arthur Nebe and Otto Rasch. The creation of ghettos in the Protectorate was planned, which resulted in the construction of Theresienstadt,[87] where 33,000 people would eventually die. Tens of thousands more would pass through the camp on their way to their deaths in the East.[88] In 1941 Himmler named Heydrich as "responsible for implementing" the forced movement of 60,000 Jewish people from Germany and Czechoslovakia to the Lodz (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto in Poland.[89]

On 20 January 1942 Heydrich chaired the Wannsee Conference, at which he presented to the heads of a number of German Government departments a plan for the deportation and transporting of 11 million Jewish people from every country in Europe, to be worked to death or killed outright in extermination camps.[90][91]

Under suitable direction, the Jews should be brought to the East in the course of the Final Solution, for use as labour. In large labour gangs, with the sexes separated, the Jews capable of work will be transported to those areas and set to road-building, in the course of which, without doubt, a large part of them ("ein großteil") will fall away through natural losses. The surviving remnant, surely those with the greatest powers of resistance, will be given special treatment, since, if freed, they would constitute the germinal cell for the re-creation of Jewry.

— from Heydrich's speech at the Wannsee Conference, January 1942[92]

Death in Prague

Main article: Operation Anthropoid
The open-top Mercedes in which Heydrich was mortally wounded

In London, the Czechoslovak government-in-exile resolved to kill Heydrich. Jan Kubiš and Jozef Gabčík headed the team chosen for the operation. After receiving training from the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), they returned to the Protectorate by parachute on 28 December 1941, dropped from a Handley Page Halifax. They lived in hiding, preparing for the assassination attempt.[93]

On 27 May 1942 Heydrich was scheduled to attend a meeting with Hitler in Berlin. German documents suggest that Hitler intended to transfer Heydrich to German-occupied France, where the French resistance had started to gain ground.[94] Heydrich would have to pass a section where the Dresden-Prague road merged with a road to the Troja Bridge. The intersection, in the Prague suburb of Libeň, was well-suited for the attack because Heydrich's car would have to slow to negotiate a hairpin turn. As the car slowed to take the turn, Gabčík took aim with a Sten sub-machine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver to speed away, Heydrich called his car to a halt in an attempt to take on the attackers. Kubiš then threw a bomb (a converted anti-tank mine) at the rear of the car as it was coming to a halt. The explosion wounded Heydrich and Kubiš.[95]

File:Heydrichmarke.jpg
Postage stamp (1943) features the death mask of Heydrich

When the smoke cleared, Heydrich emerged from the wreckage with his gun in his hand; he chased Kubiš and tried to return fire. Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedalled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock. He sent his driver, Klein, to chase Gabčík on foot. In the ensuing firefight, Gabčík shot Klein in the leg and escaped to a safe house. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped the left side of his back, which was bleeding profusely.[96]

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but after complaining that the movement of the truck was causing him pain, he was placed in the back of the truck, lying on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Na Bulovce Hospital.[97] He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and lung, as well as a broken rib. Dr. Slanina packed the chest wound, while Dr. Walter Diek tried unsuccessfully to remove the splinters. He immediately decided to operate. This was carried out by Drs. Diek, Slanina, and Hohlbaum. Heydrich was given several blood transfusions. A splenectomy was performed. The chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided and the wounds closed.[97] Himmler ordered Dr. Karl Gebhardt to fly to Prague to take over Heydrich's care. Despite a fever, his recovery appeared to progress well. Dr. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of Sulfonamide (a new antibiotic), but Dr. Gebhardt refused, as he thought Heydrich would recover.[98] On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns Himself.
We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.[99]

Bullet-scarred window in the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodious in Prague, where Kubiš and his compatriots were cornered

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit, and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June, probably around 4:30 am, at the age of 38. The autopsy states that he died of sepsis. Heydrich's facial expression as he died betrayed an "uncanny spirituality and entirely perverted beauty, like a renaissance Cardinal," according to Dr. Bernhard Wehner, a police official who investigated the assassination.[100]

After an elaborate funeral in Prague, Heydrich's coffin was placed on a train to Berlin, where a second ceremony was held in the new Reich Chancellery. Hitler attended, and placed Heydrich's decorations on his funeral pillow, including the highest grade of the German Order and the Blood Order Medal.[73] Although Heydrich's death was employed as pro-Reich propaganda, Hitler seemed privately to blame Heydrich for his own death, through carelessness:

Since it is opportunity which makes not only the thief but also the assassin, such heroic gestures as driving in an open, unarmoured vehicle or walking about the streets unguarded are just damned stupidity, which serves the Fatherland not one whit. That a man as irreplaceable as Heydrich should expose himself to unnecessary danger, I can only condemn as stupid and idiotic.[101]

Heydrich was buried in Berlin's Invalidenfriedhof, a military cemetery.[102] The location of the grave in the Invalidenfriedhof is not entirely certain, as the temporary wooden grave marker disappeared when the Red Army overran the city in 1945. The marker was never replaced, because the Allies and Berlin authorities feared Heydrich's grave would become a rallying point for Neo-Nazis.[103] A photograph of Heydrich's burial shows the wreaths and mourners to be in section A, which abuts the north wall of the Invalidenfriedhof and Scharnhorststraße, at the front of the cemetery.[103] A recent biography of Heydrich also places the grave in Section A.[104] Hitler wanted Heydrich to have a monumental tomb, but as a result of the downhill course of the war, it was never built.

After the war the judicial system of West Germany awarded Heydrich's widow a federal pension.[105] The couple had four children: Klaus, born in 1933; Heider, born in 1934; Silke, born in 1939; and Marte, born shortly after her father's death in 1942.[106] Klaus was killed in a traffic accident in 1943. Lina wrote a memoir, Leben mit einem Kriegsverbrecher (Living With a War Criminal), which was published in 1976.[107] She remarried once and died in 1985.[108]

Aftermath

Main article: Lidice
File:Lidice massacred men.jpg
The massacre at Lidice

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses, and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. Their location was betrayed by a traitor in the Czech resistance.[109] The church was surrounded by eight hundred members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the crypt of the church. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was created with explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers took their own lives. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.[110]

Infuriated by Heydrich's death, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs, but after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he reduced his response, because the Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the productivity of the region.[111] Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. Upon Himmler's orders, the Nazi retaliation was brutal. Over 13,000 people were arrested, deported, and imprisoned. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the village of Lidice, 22 km north-west of Prague, and the village of Ležáky, were murdered. All but four of the women were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were forcibly aborted at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and then sent to the concentration camp). A number of children were chosen for Germanization. However, 81 children were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp. The towns were burned and the ruins of Lidice were levelled.[112][113] At least 1,300 people were massacred after Heydrich's death.[114][115]

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA,[102] and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors.

After Heydrich's death, his legacy lived on; the first three death camps were constructed and put into operation at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Belzec. The project was named Operation Reinhard in Heydrich's honour.[116]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ For the coding of prisoners, see IBM and the Holocaust by Edwin Black, pp 355 and 362. Black references the "Administration of German Concentration Camps", 9 July 1945, PRO FO 371/46979 (Public Record Office, London), as well as "Decoding Key for Concentration Camp Card Index Files", n.d. NARG242/338 T-1021 Roll 5, JAG (National Archives, College Park); and in the last source Frame 99 is mentioned.
  2. ^ a b The telegram is evidence number PS-3363 from the Oswald Pohl case at the Nuremburg Trials. A translation of the text is available at yadvashem.org.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Dederichs 2009, p. 12.
  2. ^ Ramen 2001, p. 8.
  3. ^ Snyder 1994, p. 146.
  4. ^ a b Dederichs 2009, p. 92.
  5. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 11.
  6. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 14–15, 18.
  7. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 14.
  8. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 14, 20.
  9. ^ a b Dederichs 2009, p. 28.
  10. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 28.
  11. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 24.
  12. ^ Dederichs 2009, pp. 23, 28.
  13. ^ Lemons 2005, p. 225.
  14. ^ "Reinhard Heydrich". Auschwitz.dk. 20 January 1942. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  15. ^ "Reinhard Heydrich". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  16. ^ "Reinhard Heydrich biography". Historyplace.com. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  17. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 28, 29.
  18. ^ a b Gerwarth 2011, p. 30.
  19. ^ Waite 1969, pp. 206–207.
  20. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 32, 33.
  21. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 34.
  22. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 37, 38.
  23. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 39–41.
  24. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 43, 44.
  25. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 44, 45.
  26. ^ Calic 1985, p. 51.
  27. ^ a b c Longerich 2011, p. 125.
  28. ^ a b SS service record collection, United States National Archives. College Park, Maryland
  29. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 56, 57.
  30. ^ Calic 1985, p. 72.
  31. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 58.
  32. ^ Williams 2001, p. 38.
  33. ^ Longerich 2011, p. 149.
  34. ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 196–200.
  35. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 226–227.
  36. ^ a b Shirer 1960, p. 271.
  37. ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 270–271.
  38. ^ Williams 2001, p. 61.
  39. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 306–307.
  40. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 309–12.
  41. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 313.
  42. ^ Flaherty 2004, pp. 56, 68.
  43. ^ McNab 2009, p. 156.
  44. ^ Williams 2001, p. 66.
  45. ^ Williams 2001, p. 77.
  46. ^ Calic 1985, p. 157.
  47. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 358–359.
  48. ^ Lehrer 2000, p. 55.
  49. ^ Lehrer 2000, p. 61–62.
  50. ^ Goldhagen 1996, p. 158.
  51. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 696.
  52. ^ Longerich 2011, pp. 469, 470.
  53. ^ Headland 1992, p. 22.
  54. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 83.
  55. ^ a b Williams 2001, p. 85.
  56. ^ Williams 2001, p. 88.
  57. ^ Conquest 2008, pp. 200–202.
  58. ^ Snyder 1994, p. 242.
  59. ^ "Night and Fog Decree". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  60. ^ a b Williams 2003, p. 82.
  61. ^ Horvitz & Catherwood 2006, p. 200.
  62. ^ a b Bryant 2007, p. 140.
  63. ^ a b c d Bryant 2007, p. 143.
  64. ^ Paces 2009, p. 167.
  65. ^ a b c Williams 2003, p. 100.
  66. ^ a b c Bryant 2007, p. 144.
  67. ^ Garrett 1996, p. 60.
  68. ^ MacDonald 1989, p. 133.
  69. ^ Williams 2003, p. 141.
  70. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 174, 196, 197.
  71. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 197.
  72. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 279.
  73. ^ a b Dederichs 2009, pp. 148–150.
  74. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 174.
  75. ^ Sereny 1996, p. 325.
  76. ^ Evans 2006, p. 53.
  77. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. xiii.
  78. ^ "Glass: Image 3". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  79. ^ Calic 1985, p. 192.
  80. ^ Calic 1985, p. 193.
  81. ^ "Kristallnacht". The Hutchinson Encyclopedia (18 ed.). Oxford: Helicon. 1998. p. 1199. ISBN 978-1-85833-951-1.
  82. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 518–520.
  83. ^ Calic 1985, pp. 194–200.
  84. ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 958–963.
  85. ^ a b Aly, Götz; Roth, Karl Heinz; Black, Edwin; Oksiloff, Assenka (2004). The Nazi Census: Identification and Control in the Third Reich. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-59213-199-0.
  86. ^ Hillgruber 1989, pp. 94–96.
  87. ^ "The Path to the Mass Murder of European Jews, part 2. Notes from the meeting on the solution of Jewish questions held on 10.10.1941 in Prague". Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz – Gedenk- und Bildungsstätte. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  88. ^ "Theresienstadt". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  89. ^ "The Path to the Mass Murder of European Jews, part 2: Letter of 18 September 1941 from Himmler to Reichsstatthalter Greiser". Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz – Gedenk – und Bildungsstätte. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
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  96. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 147, 155.
  97. ^ a b Williams 2003, p. 155.
  98. ^ Williams 2003, p. 165.
  99. ^ Lehrer 2000, p. 86.
  100. ^ Höhne 2000, p. 495.
  101. ^ MacDonald 1989, p. 182.
  102. ^ a b Dederichs 2009, p. 107.
  103. ^ a b Lehrer 2000, p. 87.
  104. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 176.
  105. ^ Frei 2002, p. 335.
  106. ^ Gerwarth 2011, pp. 77, 83, 113, 289.
  107. ^ Browder 2004, p. 260.
  108. ^ Lehrer 2000, p. 58.
  109. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 152.
  110. ^ Dederichs 2009, pp. 153–155.
  111. ^ Craig 2005, p. 189.
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  113. ^ Frucht 2005, p. 236.
  114. ^ Burian et al. 2002.
  115. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 714.
  116. ^ Arad 1987, p. 13.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Aronson, Shlomo (1984) [1971]. Reinhard Heydrich und die Frühgeschichte von Gestapo und SD. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-01569-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Fest, Joachim (1999) [1970]. The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80915-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Graber, G. S. (1996) [1978]. The History of the SS. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-5880-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Graber, G. S. (1980). The Life and Times of Reinhard Heydrich. Philadelphia, PA: David McKay. ISBN 978-0-679-51181-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Heydrich, Lina (1976). Leben mit einem Kriegsverbrecher. Pfaffenhofen: Ludwig Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7787-1025-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Lehrer, Steven (2002). Hitler Sites: A City-by-city Guidebook (Austria, Germany, France, United States). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1045-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Reitlinger, Gerald (1989) [1956]. The SS: Alibi of a Nation 1922–1945. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80351-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schellenberg, Walter (2000) [1956]. The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief of Counterintelligence. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80927-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schreiber, Carsten (2008). Elite im Verborgenen. Ideologie und regionale Herrschaftspraxis des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS und seines Netzwerks am Beispiel Sachsens. Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; Bd. 77 (in German). München: Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-58543-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-316-72723-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wiener, Jan G. (1969). The Assassination of Heydrich. New York, NY: Grossman Publishers. OCLC 247895. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Williamson, Gordon (1995). Loyalty is my Honor. London: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0012-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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Government offices
Preceded by Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (acting Protector)
29 September 1941 – 4 June 1942 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Post Created
 Director of the Reich Main Security Office
27 September 1939 – 4 June 1942 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Interpol
24 August 1940 – 4 June 1942 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
23 February 1942 		Succeeded by

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