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Cedar Point

Coordinates: 41°28′48″N 82°40′55″W / 41.480033°N 82.681818°W / 41.480033; -82.681818
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This article is about the amusement park in Ohio. For other uses, see Cedar Point (disambiguation).

Cedar Point
LocationSandusky, Ohio,
 United States
Coordinates41°28′48″N 82°40′55″W / 41.480033°N 82.681818°W / 41.480033; -82.681818
Opened1870 (1870)
OwnerCedar Fair Entertainment Company
General managerJohn Hildebrandt
Slogan"Roller Coaster Capital of the World"
"America's Rollercoast"
"Thrills Connect"
Operating seasonMay through October
Attendance3,143,000 in 2011[1]
Area364 acres (0.569 sq mi; 1.47 km2)
Attractions
Total74
Roller coasters16
Water rides3
Websitewww.cedarpoint.com
Aerial view of Cedar Point
Current entrance sign (2005). The background changes depending on the new attraction that year

Cedar Point is a 364-acre (147 ha) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. Opened in 1870, it is the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce.[2] The park is owned and operated by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company and features a world-record 74 rides, including 16 roller coasters.[3] Known as "America's Roller Coast", Cedar Point is currently tied with Canada's Wonderland for the second-most roller coasters in a park.[4]

Cedar Point's normal operating season runs from mid-May until Labor Day, when the park is open daily. The park is then open only on weekends until the end of October for HalloWeekends, a Halloween event. Other attractions near the park include a Template:Convert/spell-long white-sand beach,[5] an outdoor water park called Soak City, an area known as Challenge Park, two marinas,[6] and several nearby resorts.

The park has reached several milestones. It is the only amusement park in the world with four roller coasters taller than 200 feet (61 m) – Magnum XL-200, Millennium Force, Wicked Twister, and Top Thrill Dragster – and is the only park with roller coasters in all four height classifications. Cedar Point has also received the Golden Ticket Award for "Best Amusement Park in the World" from Amusement Today for the past 14 years.[7]

History

In the mid-19th century, the south shore region of Lake Erie was a popular vacation destination for the emerging middle class in the United States. The lake islands, such as Kelleys Island and South Bass Island, were gaining a reputation for their freshwater bathing resorts.[8] The Cedar Point peninsula, named for its abundance of cedar trees, was originally known for its fishing. Local fishermen leased land and built living quarters there.[9] Sandusky, which featured an important shipping harbor and two railroads, transformed into a major economic center over the next three decades.[10] Railroad and steamship travel supported an emerging tourism industry, and rapid development of the area began.[11]

Historic Marker

In the 1860s during the American Civil War, housing for a battery of four field artillery pieces was constructed at the tip of the peninsula. It was used to defend a prison for Confederate soldiers on nearby Johnson's Island. Louis Zistel, a German immigrant, built two boats to transport the prisoners. In 1870, he began to ferry locals to the Cedar Point peninsula, which was regaining popularity as a summer picnic destination. Zistel opened a bathhouse on the north shore of the peninsula and the same year built a beer garden with a small dance floor.[8] He charged 25 cents per person to ride from Sandusky to Cedar Point on his boat, Young Reindeer. This marked the beginning of Cedar Point the amusement park.[12]

Benjamin F. Dwelle and Captain William Slackford leased land on the peninsula in 1882 and built eight new bathhouses, a dance hall and wooden walkways on the beach.[8] The steamboats R.B. Hayes and Lutts provided transport to Biemiller's Cove and Cedar Point Lighthouse.[12] Building on early success, Dwelle and Slackford continued to expand the park each year and added picnic tables, cleared acres of brush, and built a baseball diamond. In 1888, after Slackford became ill, Dwelle entered a more lucrative partnership with Adam Stoll and Louis Adolph, who owned land at Cedar Point, and investors Charles Baetz and Jacob Kuebeler.[13] The partnership's first venture was constructing a Grand Pavilion, which opened in 1888. It was a two-story theater and concert hall with a bowling alley and photographer's studio. The building was recognized for its unusual architecture, and still stands in the park.[13] The first amusement ride at Cedar Point, a water toboggan ride consisting of a ramp that launched riders into Lake Erie, opened in 1890. Electricity was installed at Cedar Point in 1891.[14] The first roller coaster, Switchback Railway, opened the following year. It stood 25 feet (7.6 m) high and had a top speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h). The Switchback Railway was designed as two identical tracks side-by-side – one for the ride down and the other for the train to be hauled back to the top by the ride attendant.[8]

Boeckling era

Former Cedar Point logo, used from the 1970s until 1994

Representatives of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad purchased the peninsula for $256,000 in 1897, and formed the Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company.[15][16] The company appointed George A. Boeckling, a businessman from Indiana, as the park's new manager. Under his tenure, the peninsula was transformed from a picnic ground into a nationally recognized amusement park and resort destination.[8][12]

The second roller coaster at Cedar Point, the Figure-Eight Roller Toboggan, debuted in 1902. It was moved several years later and renamed The Racer.[17][18] A pony track was built near the beach the same year. Mosquitos were becoming a problem, so in 1904, the park hired the Detroit Dredging Company to drain swampy areas on the peninsula. Detroit Dredging connected a series of lagoons to form a water passageway that quickly became one of the park's signature attractions. Aside from sightseeing passenger boats, the passageway was used to transport coal to power plants near the center of the peninsula.[8] The historic Hotel Breakers opened in 1905 as one of the largest in the Midwest; it had 600 guest rooms and a cafe that could seat 400 guests. A new area of the park called "Amusement Circle" was designed in 1906 to link the pier to the beach. It was located southeast of the Coliseum, a large arena built the same year that featured a grand ballroom and other attractions.[12]

In 1908, the Dip the Dips Scenic Railway roller coaster opened but was soon overshadowed in 1912 by the larger Leap the Dips ride. In 1917, Dip the Dips was razed and replaced by the Leap Frog Scenic Railway. With three roller coasters and a growing variety of other rides, Cedar Point was beginning to grow as an amusement park, though that was not Boeckling's priority. He marketed the peninsula primarily as a bathing resort complete with shows, exhibits, motion pictures, and other forms of entertainment, but did not emphasize the park's rides.[19]

Many more hotels and restaurants were constructed in the remaining years of Boeckling's tenure, including Hotel Cedars, White House Hotel, Crystal Rock Castle, and Crystal Gardens Ballroom. The Cyclone, a rickety and rough coaster, was built in 1926. Cedar Point continued to update its ride attractions, replacing the Racer, the Circle Swing, and many other rides to make way for a Shoot-the-Chutes water ride, a Tilt-A-Whirl, and fun houses such as Noah's Ark and Bluebeard's Palace. Boeckling's health began to deteriorate in the late 1920s. In 1931, Boeckling became confined to a wheelchair, but he continued to oversee park operations, and was pushed around Cedar Point by an employee or relative. His condition worsened, however, and he eventually had to remain indoors. Boeckling died on July 24, 1931 from Uremia. His portrait in the lobby of Breakers Hotel was draped in black. Flags in the resort and on the G.A. Boeckling steamboat were lowered to half mast.[20]

After Boeckling

Edward Smith took over Cedar Point's management after the death of Boeckling. Little expansion happened through the 1930s; one of the few rides built in that period was the Tumble Bug. The decaying Leap the Dips coaster was demolished in the mid-1930s. In the late 1930s, the resort was on the brink of being sold to the state of Ohio for $3,000,000. After the 1938 season, the directors had the second floor of the Coliseum modernized in the art deco style with a new stage. In the middle, the giant dance floor remained. Some of the top bands of the time played in the ballroom. As a result, it kept Cedar Point operating through the rest of the Depression.[20] Momma Berardi's Home Made French Fries came to Cedar Point, Momma Berardi's family played an important role in the food industry at Cedar Point. Momma Berardi's fries were sold there from 1942 until 1978, winning four Reader's Choice Awards.[21]

By the end of World War II, Cedar Point was in need of financial help. The wood of the Cyclone roller coaster was rotting, the boardwalk was cracked in many places, and the fishing dock was in need of repair. In 1946, Cedar Point's oldest still-existing ride, the Midway Carousel, was installed. By 1951, the Cyclone coaster was razed because of its poor condition, leaving the resort without a roller coaster. While the Cyclone was departing, the Laff-in-the-Dark, Rocket Ships, and Loop-A-Plane were newly installed. Cedar Point Causeway was built in 1957, and is still in use. The president of Cedar Point, Bernie Zeiher, was replaced by George Roose around 1958, and Emile Legros was elected chairman that same year.[17][14]

Blue Streak, built in 1964, is Cedar Point's oldest operating roller coaster

In the 1950s, the Pagoda Gift Shop was a post-office and the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop in the late-1950s. In 1959, the hotels were repainted, new admission gates were installed, and over $1,200,000 was spent to refresh Cedar Point. The park's first roller coaster since the Cyclone, the Wild Mouse, was built. The resort also got a new kind of ride, a monorail that was the most popular ride in 1959. Breakers Hotel was restored, and the neglected cottages were demolished. The Coliseum and Grand Pavilion were both painted and remodeled. The Crystal Rock Castle Maintenance Shop, bathhouses, and the old powerhouse were demolished, and a new $50,000 bathhouse, boiler house, and maintenance shop were built in their place.[17][14]

In the 1960s, the idea of "pay one price" season passes became common.[9] On March 28, 1960, Cedar Point announced plans to transform the park into a "Disneyland" amusement center.[22] Those plans fell through, however. Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad opened in 1963, transporting passengers from the middle of the park to the back. In 1964, Cedar Point built its oldest surviving roller coaster, the Blue Streak. It was named after the local high school's sports teams, the Sandusky Blue Streaks.[23] Jungle Larry's Safari Island was a well-known attraction that operated from 1965 until 1994 despite the death of Jungle Larry in 1984.[24] The Cedar Creek Mine Ride opened in 1969; it is currently the second oldest rollercoaster at Cedar Point.[25]

In 1970, the Centennial Theatre, named in honor of Cedar Point's 100th anniversary, was built. In 1975, Robert L. Munger Jr. took over as president of Cedar Point after Roose retired. The record-breaking Corkscrew roller coaster was built in 1976; it was the first roller coaster to span a midway and have three inversions. The Gemini opened in 1978 as the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world. A junior coaster, named Jr. Gemini, opened the following year across from the original version. White Water Landing opened in 1982, replacing the original Shoot the Rapids log flume. In 1983, Demon Drop was built at the front of the park. Avalanche Run opened in 1985 close to the beach, and was later be re-themed as Disaster Transport.[17] That same year, the San Francisco Earthquake Ride was transformed into the Berenstain Bear Country.[20]

Dick Kinzel era

View of the Sky Ride from the main midway with Power Tower and Top Thrill Dragster

In 1986, Robert L. Munger Jr, the President and CEO of Cedar Fair, stepped down due to health issues, and was replaced by Richard "Dick" Kinzel.[26] Thunder Canyon, a river rafting ride manufactured by Intamin, also opened in 1986. In 1987, the Iron Dragon, a suspended roller coaster, debuted on the Million Dollar Midway near the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad station. In 1988, Soak City, Cedar Point's outdoor water park, was constructed near Hotel Breakers. It features speed slides, more than 10 body and tube slides, a family raft ride, a water playhouse and two lazy rivers.[20]

Several new rides and roller coasters opened at Cedar Point since 1989 have been record-breakers. The Magnum XL-200 debuted in 1989, breaking the world height and speed records. It was the first roller coaster to exceed a height of 200 feet (61 m) and speeds over 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and was the first Hyper coaster in the world.[20] For the 1990 season, Avalanche Run was transformed into Disaster Transport, the ride was fully enclosed and special effects were added.[20] In recent years the special effects and theming were removed, leaving the ride almost completely dark. Mean Streak opened in 1991 as the northernmost attraction in the park. It broke records for the fastest and tallest wooden roller coaster in the world, reaching speeds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a height of 161 feet (49 m).[20][14] Challenge Park was built between Hotel Breakers and Soak City in 1992. Challenge Park includes a go kart car race track and two eighteen-hole mini-golf courses.[20]

Snake River Falls was constructed in 1993 because of the popularity of Soak City. The 82-foot (25 m)-tall structure sends riders plunging down at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). At the bottom of the hill, the ride ends with a splash landing in which the boat creates a large wave, splashing spectators on an overlooking bridge. When it opened, it was the tallest and fastest water ride in the world.[20] In 1994, Cedar Point installed the Raptor. The Mill Race log flume was removed from the park, and the circular Calypso was relocated to make room for the Raptor, the first inverted roller coaster to feature a Cobra Roll.[27] In 1996, Cedar Point opened Mantis, then the tallest steepest, and fastest stand-up roller coaster in the world.[14] The original name for the Mantis was "Banshee", but many people thought it was offensive and the name was changed.[28] The logo for the Banshee was later used as the logo for the Steel Force at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, another Cedar Fair park. Camp Snoopy debuted in 1999; it features eight Snoopy-themed attractions, with the exception of a Tilt-a-Whirl. The area also features a junior roller coaster built by Vekoma, Woodstock Express.[29]

Millennium Force, added in 2000, is Cedar Point's signature roller coaster

Cedar Point built the first giga coaster, Millennium Force, in 2000. When it debuted, it was the tallest and fastest complete circuit coaster in the world, reaching speeds of 93 miles per hour (150 km/h) and heights of 310 ft (94 m).[30] In 2002, Wicked Twister opened as the first second-generation Intamin inverted impulse roller coaster. Today, Wicked Twister is the tallest (215 ft) and fastest 72 miles per hour (116 km/h) inverted impulse roller coaster in the world.[31] Top Thrill Dragster debuted as the first strata coaster in 2003 and was the tallest, 420 ft (130 m), and fastest, 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), roller coaster in the world. It is currently second-tallest in the world.[32] maXair debuted in 2005 as only the second HUSS Giant Frisbee ride in the United States.[33] In 2006, Skyhawk was built next to Snake River Falls. It is currently the tallest Screamin' Swing in the world.[34] In the 2007 season, Cedar Point built Maverick, which features a 105-foot (32 m) drop at a 95-degree angle and includes an LSM launch in the middle of the ride reaching speeds of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[35] In 2008, Cedar Point introduced Planet Snoopy, a kids' area constructed on the site of Peanuts Playground; it consists of family and children's rides relocated from Cedar Point's sister park Geauga Lake after it closed. The area also consists of a "Kids Only" restaurant called Joe Cool Cafe, which has a small menu for adults.[36] Starlight Experience, a night-time LED light extravaganza with floats themed to the four seasons, debuted in 2009. This $1,000,000 attraction takes place on the Frontier Trail nightly beginning at twilight. In order to prepare for Starlight Experience, the Frontier Trail closes for approximately 30 minutes before the event.[37] In 2010, Cedar Point added a new flume ride on the park's Frontier Trail named Shoot the Rapids, which includes two drops and a three-minute journey through a rustic western environment. WindSeeker, a 301-foot (92 m) tall tower that spins riders along the shoreline of Lake Erie, was introduced in 2011. WindSeeker did not open on time due to construction delays and opened to the public on June 14, 2011.[38]

Matt Ouimet era

On June 20, 2011, Cedar Fair announced that Dick Kinzel would retire on January 3, 2012, and Matt Ouimet would become the CEO of the company. Ouimet was employed by The Walt Disney Company for 17 years, served as president of Disney Cruise Line and the Disneyland Resort.[39]

In 2012, Cedar Point added Dinosaurs Alive!, a walk-through exhibit featuring approximately 50 life-size animatronic dinosaurs. It is located on Adventure Island and replaced the Paddlewheel Excursions boat cruise ride.[40] A six-lane mat racer slide complex called Dragster H2O was added to Soak City. The slides around Dragster H2O were repainted and the Speed Slides were dismantled to make room for Dragster H2O. Cedar Point also introduced Fast Lane, their version of a fast-pass system, and a new nighttime show, Luminosity — Ignite the Night!. Cedar Point also removed WildCat for the 2012 season to make room for Lumimosity.[3] This was the first time since 1978 that a roller coaster was removed from Cedar Point.[25]

On May 30, 2012, the Sandusky Register reported that Cedar Point was receiving a Wing Coaster for 2013 that will have the world's "longest drop, run the fastest and be the longest” ride of its kind in the world. Neither Cedar Fair nor Cedar Point have commented on the roller coaster. It is expected to replace Disaster Transport and Space Spiral.[41]

Timeline

2010s
2000s
Top Thrill Dragster, added in 2003
  • 2009: Starlight Experience; Demon Drop closes
  • 2008: Planet Snoopy and SkyScraper open; The Aquatic Stadium is renamed Extreme Sports Stadium with new show, All Wheels Extreme
  • 2007: Maverick opens; Peanuts Playground closes
  • 2006: Skyhawk opens; Hot Summer Lights nighttime show
  • 2005: maXair opens; White Water Landing closes; Magnum XL-200 repainted
  • 2004: $10 million in capital improvements with expansions at Lighthouse Point luxury camping complex; Splash City added to Soak City; Iron Dragon repainted
  • 2003: Top Thrill Dragster opens; Swan Boats close; Troika and Chaos are relocated to make room for Top Thrill Dragster; Troika and WildCat repainted
  • 2002: Wicked Twister opens; "Snoopy Rocks! On Ice" ice skating show. The Cedar Point Cinema is converted to the Good Time Theatre; Schwabinchen closes
  • 2001: Lighthouse Point opens; The aqauriam closes; VertiGo is open 4 months before being demolished
  • 2000: Millennium Force and Breakers Express open; Giant Wheel relocated to make room for Millennium Force
1990s
Snake River Falls, added in 1993
  • 1999: Camp Snoopy opens; Breakers Tower is added to Hotel Breakers; Super Himalaya is relocated to make room for Camp Snoopy; Oceana Dolphin stadium is renamed The Aquatic Stadium with new show, Splash!; Kid Arthur's Court closes
  • 1998: Power Tower opens; Bumper Boats relocated from Kiddy Kingdom to Gemini Midway
  • 1997: Chaos opens; Soak city expansion
  • 1996: Mantis and Ripcord open; Pirate Ride closes;
  • 1995: Zoom Flume, Renegade River and Choo-Choo Lagoon added to Soak City; Breakers East is added to Hotel Breakers; Laser Light Show
  • 1994: Raptor opens; Jungle Larry's African Safari closes; Calypso and Midway Carousel relocated to make room for Raptor; Turnpike Cars reduced to make room for Raptor
  • 1993: Snake River Falls opens; Mill Race closes
  • 1992: Challenge Park opens; Outdoor complex added to Bernstain Bear Country
  • 1991: Mean Streak opens; Sky Slide closes
  • 1990: Sandcastle Suites; Main Stram and Tadpole Town added to Soak City; Trabant closes; Avalanche Run is transformed into Disaster Transport
1980s
Demon Drop
  • 1989: Magnum XL-200 opens
  • 1988: Soak City waterpark opens
  • 1987: Iron Dragon opens; Monster is relocated to make room for Iron Dragon; Western Cruise station is moved and renamed Paddlehweel Excursions to make room for Iron Dragon
  • 1986: Thunder Canyon opens; Sir Rub-A-Dub's Tubs added to Kiddy Kingdom;
  • 1985: Avalanche Run and Berenstain Bear Country indoor complex, Frontier Lift closes; WildCat, Matterhorn and Super Himalaya relocated to make room for Avalanche Run; Schwabinchen relocated near Ocean Motion
  • 1984: Tiki Twirl, Rotor, Bayern Curve and Earthquake close
  • 1983: Demon Drop opens
  • 1982: White Water Landing and Kid Arthur's Court open
  • 1981: Ocean Motion opens; Sky Wheel, Funhouse and Shoot-the-Rapids close
  • 1980: Oceana Dolphin stadium opens; Sky Wheel closes; WildCat is relocated to make room for the Oceana Stadium
1970s
Troika, added in 1976
  • 1979: Jr. Gemini and Wave Swinger open
  • 1978: Gemini opens; Jumbo Jet closes
  • 1977: Witches' Wheel opens
  • 1976: Corkscrew and Troika open
  • 1975: The Cedar Point Cinema opens
  • 1972: Frontiertown Carousel, Jumbo Jet, Giant Wheel and Matterhorn open; Zugspitze closes
  • 1971: Trabant, Frontier Trail, Camper Village RV Campground open
  • 1970: WildCat, Bayern Kurve, Dodgem #2, Monster, Schwabinchen, Calypso, Super Himilaya, Centennial Theatre, Kiddy Kingdom, Sealand marine exhibit open
1960s
Cedar Creek Mine Ride, added in 1969
  • 1969: Cedar Creek Mine Ride, Antique Cars, and the Town Hall Museum open
  • 1968: Frontier Lift, Kiddieland Carousel and Sky Slide open
  • 1967: Cedar Downs Racing Derby, Rotor, Shoot-the-Rapids, and Frontiertown open
  • 1966: Pirate Ride opens
  • 1965: Earthquake, Space Spiral, Turnpike Cars, Jungle Larry's African Safari open
  • 1964: Blue Streak, and Paddlewheel Excursions (formerly called Western Cruise) open
  • 1963: Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad and Mill Race open
  • 1962: Sky Wheel opens
  • 1961: Sky Ride, and Star Voyager (formerly called Super Jets) open
  • 1960: Cadillac Cars, Scrambler and Tiki Twirl open
Pre 1960s
Midway Carousel, added in 1946, is currently located at the front of the park
  • 1959: Construction is completed on the Cedar Point Marina.
  • 1957: The Cedar Point Causeway opened on June 12
  • 1951: Cyclone closes
  • 1946: Midway Carousel
  • 1940: High Frolics closes
  • 1935: Leap the Dips closes
  • 1929: Cyclone opens
  • 1928: Racer closes
  • 1918: High Frolics opens
  • 1917: Dip the Dips Scenic Railway closes
  • 1912: Leap the Dips opens
  • 1910: Racer opens
  • 1908: Dip the Dips Scenic Railway opens
  • 1907: Switchback Railway closes
  • 1905: Hotel Breakers opens
  • 1902: Figure-Eight Roller Toboggan opens
  • 1899: Bay Shore Hotel opens
  • 1892: Switchback Railway opens
  • 1823: First mention of Cedar Point

[12][14]

Current attractions

See also: List of former Cedar Point attractions

Roller coasters

Cedar Point 16 roller coasters,[43] tied with Canada's Wonderland for the second-most in the world.[4]

Coaster Year Opened Manufacturer Description Thrill Rating
Blue Streak 1964 Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters A wooden roller coaster. It is the oldest operating roller coaster at Cedar Point. 4
Cedar Creek Mine Ride 1969 Arrow Dynamics A steel mine train roller coaster with a wooden structure. 4
Corkscrew 1976 Arrow Dynamics A steel roller coaster that spans over the midway. It was the first coaster with 3 inversions and the first coaster to span a midway when it first opened. 5
Disaster Transport 1985 Intamin An enclosed bobsled roller coaster. It is only one of four still operating in the world.[44] Formerly known as Avalanche Run (1985–1990). 4
Gemini 1978 Arrow Dynamics A steel racing roller coaster with a wooden structure. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened. 5
Iron Dragon 1987 Arrow Dynamics A steel suspended roller coaster. 4
Jr. Gemini 1979 Intamin A steel children's roller coaster. It was the first roller coaster manufactured by Intamin.[45] 2
Magnum XL-200 1989 Arrow Dynamics A steel hyper roller coaster. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened.[14] 5
Mantis 1996 Bolliger & Mabillard A steel stand-up roller coaster. It was the tallest, fastest and steepest stand up roller coaster in the world when it opened.[46] 5
Maverick 2007 Intamin A steel launched roller coaster. With its 95 degree drop, it is the steepest roller coaster in the park. 5
Mean Streak 1991 Dinn Corporation A wooden roller coaster. It was the tallest, fastest and longest wooden roller coaster in the world when it opened.[47] 5
Millennium Force 2000 Intamin A steel giga roller coaster. It set several records when it opened such as tallest, fastest and longest roller coaster in the world.[48] 5
Raptor 1994 Bolliger & Mabillard A steel inverted roller coaster. It was the tallest, fastest and longest inverted roller coaster in the world when it opened. It was also the first inverted roller coaster with a cobra roll.[27] 5
Top Thrill Dragster 2003 Intamin A steel strata accelerator roller coaster. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened.[32] 5
Wicked Twister 2002 Intamin A steel inverted impulse roller coaster. It is currently the tallest and fastest Impulse roller coaster in the world.[31] 5
Woodstock Express 1999 Vekoma A steel junior roller coaster. It is located within Camp Snoopy. 4

Thrill rides

Cedar Point has 15 thrill rides. The newest is WindSeeker, introduced in 2011.[49]

Ride Year Opened Manufacturer Description Thrill Rating
Calypso 1970 Mack Rides A spinning ride that spins riders in two degrees of motion. 3
Cedar Downs Racing Derby 1967 Prior and Church A racing horses carousel type ride. It is only one of two of its kind still operating in the United States.[50] Originally from Euclid Beach Park on the east side of Cleveland and called the "Great American Racing Derby".[51] Cedar Downs was manufactured in 1920 by Prior and Church and sold to Cedar Point in 1965. 3
Dodgem 1970 A classic bumper cars attraction. 4
Matterhorn 1972 Mack Rides A matterhorn circular ride that swings riders as it moves in a clockwise motion while traveling up and down. 3
maXair 2005 HUSS Park Attractions A Giant Frisbee ride, it is only one of two Giant Frisbee's made by HUSS in the world. 5
Monster 1970 Eyerly Aircraft Corporation A standard monster ride. 3
Ocean Motion 1982 HUSS Park Attractions A swinging pirate ship ride that reaches a height of 65 feet (20 m). 3
Power Tower 1998 S&S Worldwide A combo drop tower ride featuring both a Space Shot and a Turbo Drop. Power Tower is the only four-towered drop tower ride in the world, devoting two towers to each drop cycle. 5
Scrambler 1960 Eli Bridge Company A scrambler type ride. It is one of the oldest rides operating at Cedar Point. 3
Skyhawk 2006 S&S Worldwide A Screamin' Swing ride, which is currently the world's largest swinging ride. 5
Super Himalaya 1970 Mack Rides A circular Musik Express ride that travels in a clockwise motion on a track of various elevations. 3
Troika 1976 HUSS Park Attractions A Troika ride in which riders reach a height of 25 feet (7.6 m). 3
Wave Swinger 1979 Zierer A wave swinger ride featuring hand painted murals. Riders reach a height of 16 feet (4.9 m). 3
WindSeeker 2011 Mondial A Wind Seeker tower swinger ride. It was one of the first of its kind. 4
Witches' Wheel 1977 HUSS Park Attractions An Enterprise ride. It turns riders upside down more than a dozen times, 60 feet (18 m) above the ground. 4

Family rides

Cedar Point has 11 family rides; the newest, Dinosaurs Alive!, opened in 2012.[52]

Ride Year Opened Manufacturer Description Thrill Rating
Antique Cars 1969 Arrow Dynamics An automobile track ride with cars that resemble a Ford Model T car. It is one of three track rides in the park. 3
Cadillac Cars 1960 Arrow Dynamics A second track ride with cars designed to look like a 1914 Cadillac. 3
Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad 1963 A 15-minute train excursion encompasses a two-mile (3 km) trip along Lake Erie and through a western themed "Bone Town".[53] There is one station located near Iron Dragon and another station located near Mean Streak and Maverick. 1
Dinosaurs Alive! 2012 Dinosaurs Unearthed A walk through prehistoric-themed attraction featuring nearly 50 life-size animatronic dinosaurs on Adventure Island. The attraction has an extra cost of $5 per person.[54] N/A
Giant Wheel 1972 Anton Schwarzkopf A giant Ferris wheel. At 136 feet (41 m) tall, Giant Wheel is one of the tallest Ferris wheels in North America.[55] 2
Kiddy Kingdom Carousel 1968 William H. Dentzel firm A classic carousel ride. It is located in the Kiddy Kingdom section of the park. 1
Midway Carousel 1946 Daniel Muller A classic carousel ride. One of the few remaining Daniel Muller Carousels, it was built in 1912 and moved to Cedar Point 1946. It is the oldest operating ride at Cedar Point. 1
Sky Ride 1961 Von Roll A standard gondola lift ride. It transports passengers from the front of the park to a station near Celebration Plaza. The cars used are from the defunct Frontier Lift. 3
Space Spiral 1965 Von Roll/Willie Buhler's Space Towers Company A 330-foot (100 m) tall Gyro tower gives riders a 360-degree view of the surrounding area. Space Spiral was the first amusement ride in the world to top 300 feet (91 m). Space Spiral features a distinctive two-level cabin, found only on a few early models. However, the second level hasn't been used for years. 2
Tilt-a-Whirl 1999 Sellner A standard Tilt-A-Whirl ride. It is the only ride located in Camp Snoopy that is not themed to Snoopy. 3
Turnpike Cars 1965 Arrow Dynamics The park's third car track ride, it features cars themed to mini hot rods from the 1950s. 3

Water rides

Cedar Point has three water rides, excluding the rides in Soak City.[56]

Ride Year Opened Manufacturer Description Thrill Rating
Shoot the Rapids 2010 Intamin A log flume ride. It features two drops, one is 85 feet (26 m) and the other is 49 feet (15 m), and two splashdowns. The ride also features waterfalls, rock work, and water bombs. 5
Snake River Falls 1993 Arrow Dynamics A Shoot-the-Chute ride. It opened as the tallest, fastest and steepest water ride in the world with a drop of 80 feet (24 m).[20] 5
Thunder Canyon 1986 Intamin A river rafting ride. Thunder Canyon normally closes in early September and is transformed into a HalloWeekends attraction called CornStalkers. 4

Children's areas

A splash area located in front of Kiddy Kingdom

Kiddy Kingdom opened in 1970 as Kiddieland but was renamed in 1993.[14] It is located near the first aid station and maXair. It contains 13 rides.

Name Height Requirement Thrill
4x4's None 2
Dune Buggies Under 54" 1
Frog Hopper Between 36" and 54" 2
Helicopters Under 54" 2
Hot Rods Under 54" 1
Krazy Kars Between 35" and 53" 2
Motorcycles Between 39" and 54" 1
Mustangs Under 54" 1
Old Timers Under 54" 1
Police Cars Under 54" 1
Roto Whip Under 54" 2
Sky Fighters Under 54" 2
Sir Rub-a-Dub's Tubs Over 42", between 42" and 54" must be with adult 2
Snoopy's Space Race in the Planet Snoopy section of the park

Opened in 2008, Planet Snoopy is Cedar Point's newest children's area. All of its rides come from the defunct Geauga Lake park.[36] It is located near WindSeeker and contains seven rides.

Name Height Requirement Thrill
Flying Ace Balloon Race Over 42" or with adult 2
Kite Eating Tree Between 36" and 54" 2
Peanuts Road Rally Over 42" or with adult 1
Snoopy's Deep Sea Divers Over 42" 2
Snoopy's Space Race Between 36" and 54" 2
Snoopy's Express Railroad Over 36" or with adult 1
Woodstock's Whirlybirds Over 42" 2
File:Snoopy Bounce.jpg
Snoopy Bounce located between Camp Snoopy and the Gemini Midway

The Gemini Midway is located near Gemini and contains 5 rides and one kiddie coaster:

Name Height Requirement Thrill
Bumper Boats Between 36" and 54" 2
Frog Hopper Between 36" and 54" 2
Jr. Gemini Over 36", under 54" with adult 2
Rock, Spin, and Turn Under 54" 2
Snoopy Bounce Between 36" and 54" 2
Space Age Under 54" 1
Peanuts 500 in the Camp Snoopy section of the park

Camp Snoopy opened in 1999 near the entrance to Dinosaurs Alive!. It contains 5 rides and one kiddie coaster.

Name Height Requirement Thrill
Balloon Race Over 42" or with adult 2
Camp Bus Over 42" 2
Lolli Swings Over 42" or with adult 2
Peanuts 500 Over 42" or with adult 2
Red Baron Between 36" and 54" 2
Woodstock Express Over 48" or with adult 4

Challenge Park

Challenge Park, located between Cedar Point and Soak City, was opened in 1992. Its attractions require extra payment over the Cedar Point admission charge.[57] On January 14, 2002, one of the three towers of the VertiGo ride in Challenge Park, which had been opened four months before, collapsed. No one was in the park and only minimal damage was reported. The ride was demolished later that year.[58] Guests must get their hand stamped to re-enter Cedar Point.[59]

Attractions

Overview of Challenge Park with RipCord on the left, SkyScraper on the right and Soak City in the background.

All rides and attractions require an extra fee.

Attraction Year Opened Description
Challenge Golf 1992 Two miniature golf courses
Challenge Racing 1992 Two go kart tracks. On the Sprint track riders encounter tight turns and quick straight-aways. The Grand Prix track is built for speed, with longer straightaways and faster turns. Guests must be at least 48" tall to drive on the Sprint track and at least 16 years old to drive on the Grand Prix track.
RipCord 1996 A Skycoaster ride with a height of 150 feet (46 m) and a speed of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h). Riders must be 48" to ride.
SkyScraper 2008 A Booster type ride. The arm rotates at a max speed of 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) at a max height of 160 feet (49 m). The ride was previously located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom and Valleyfair.

Soak City

Main article: Soak City (Sandusky, Ohio)

Opened in 1988, Soak City is Cedar Point's water park. It is adjacent to Cedar Point and requires separate admission. Guests must get their hands stamped to re-enter Cedar Point.[59]

Live entertainment

Venues

  • The Good Time Theatre is an ice-skating area in Celebration Plaza. It was formerly the Cedar Point Cinema, which housed an IMAX theatre before its conversion into the Good Time Theatre for the 2002 season.
  • The Extreme Sports Stadium is a stunt stadium situated between WindSeeker and Wicked Twister. It was known as the Oceana Stadium from 1980–1998 and The Aquatic Stadium from 1999-2007.
  • The Red Garter Saloon is a stage located on the Frontier Trail.
  • The Palace Theater is next to the Last Chance Saloon in Frontiertown.
  • The Camp Snoopy Theatre is a small stage in Camp Snoopy.

Shows

All shows are about 25 minutes.[60]

  • Absolute Country is a country music and dancing show begun in 2012 in the Red Garter Saloon.
  • All Wheels Extreme is a stunt show in the Extreme Sports Stadium. It features bikers and gymnasts who flip, dive and perform stunts. It was introduced in 2008.
  • Charlie Brown's Funtime Frolics takes place in the Camp Soopy Theatre.
  • Happiness is...Snoopy is an ice-skating show begun in 2012 in the Good Time Theatre.
  • Jamming DJ's are DJ's who take requests from people waiting in line for the Millennium Force daily and for the Raptor on weekends during the summer.
  • Peanuts' Celebration at the Point is a Peanuts show performed at 5pm daily on the Celebration Plaza stage.
  • Snoopy's Sing-A-Long is a singing and dancing show in the Camp Snoopy Theatre.
  • Summer Daze is a show in the Palace Theater that debuted in 2012.

Fast Lane

Further information: List of Fast Lane attractions § Cedar Point

Fast Lane is Cedar Point's "two line" queue system, introduced in 2012. For between $40 and $55, in addition to the standard admission charge, visitors receive a wrist band allowing them to bypass the "normal-wait" line and enter the "Fast Lane". The Fast Lane puts purchasers immediately at the front of the line at 16 of the most popular attractions. Unlike previous virtual queue systems, Fast Lane is not an "up the exit ramp" feature. Each attraction has its own Fast Lane entrance that merges into the normal line at the ride. A limited number of passes are sold each day.[61]

Awards/rankings

Awards

Cedar Point won the Golden Ticket Award from Amusement Today for "Best Amusement Park in the World" in 2011 for the fourteenth consecutive year. The park has also placed in categories for "Friendliest Staff", "Best Outdoor Night Production" and "Best Halloween Event". Cedar Point won "Best New Ride of 2007" with the roller coaster Maverick.[62]

Rankings

Maverick, added in 2007, Cedar Point's newest roller coaster. It received the "Best New Ride of 2007" award

The following steel and wooden coasters were ranked by Amusement Today in 2011:[63]

Steel

Wooden

Cedar Point has also won several IAAPA awards, including the Applause Award in 1996.[64]

Resorts

Cedar Point owns and operates six resorts located either on park grounds or less than a mile away.[65] All facilities are non-smoking, and all Cedar Point Resort guests can enter the park one hour before it opens to the general public. Rides that operate during this early-entry session are: Iron Dragon, Maverick, Midway Carrousel, Millennium Force, Ocean Motion, Raptor, WindSeeker and Planet Snoopy Children's Area.[65]

On-site resorts and campgrounds

The Sandcastle Suites Hotel

Hotel Breakers, the oldest resort at Cedar Point, was built in 1905. The hotel has 650 rooms and suites and is the closest resort to Cedar Point and Soak City. In 1997, Hotel Breakers was renovated and expanded, doubling its size. Hotel Breakers has standard hotel rooms, suites with views of Lake Erie, Snoopy-themed rooms and Wi-Fi in the lobby, rotunda and conference center. It has three pools, beach access, a conference center, and five restaurants including T.G.I. Friday's and Perkins Restaurant and Bakery.[66]

Sandcastle Suites is a hotel at the northernmost part of the peninsula that contains 187 suites. It has Wi-Fi in the lobby and guest suites, an outdoor heated pool and whirlpool, beach access, tennis courts, a shuttle to both Cedar Point and Soak City, and two restaurants ‒ the Breakwater Cafe and the Sand Bar.[67]

Lighthouse Point contains 64 cottages and 40 cabins and is located along the west bank of the peninsula. The centerpiece of Lighthouse Point is the Cedar Point Lighthouse, which was built in 1862 and is the oldest existing structure on the peninsula. It has an outdoor pool and outdoor whirlpool spa, a shuffleboard court, a game room, and shuttle service.[68]

Camper Village is the only place at Cedar Point where it is possible to hook up an RV to water and electricity. Camper Village sites range from deluxe sites with electricity, water, sewer and cable to 112 electric-only sites. The Camper Village has the Camper Village Store, an outdoor pool, a shuffleboard court, a game room, a shuttle service on Cedar Point Peninsula, a dump station and laundry facilities.[69]

Off-site Cedar Point-owned resorts

Castaway Bay is an indoor waterpark resort opened by Cedar Fair in November 2004. It has over 38,000 feet (12,000 m) of water slides, shops, and a wave pool. There are 237 guest rooms and luxury suites. Castaway Bay has five restaurants, including T.G.I. Friday's and Bay Harbor.[70]

Breakers Express, a sister resort to the Hotel Breakers, is located one mile (1.6 km) from Cedar Point and is the closest hotel to the peninsula. It opened in 2000 and includes 350 guest rooms. Breakers Express has an outdoor heated pool, outdoor whirlpool spa, game room, and Wi-Fi in guest rooms.[71]

Cedar Point has been mentioned in several movies, TV shows, and books:

  • In Bob Greene's book Be True to Your School: A Diary of 1964, Greene and two friends, who all live in suburban Columbus, Ohio, take a trip in August to Cedar Point.[72]
  • In the movie Knute Rockne, All American, Knute worked as a lifeguard on the beach at Cedar Point, where he and his college roommate Gus Dorais worked on the forward pass, which was first used in a scrimmage game on the Cedar Point beach.[73]
  • Characters in the movie Edge Of Seventeen work at a restaurant at Cedar Point. Though the movie is set in the 1980s, the only shot featuring the park was filmed at a distance and clearly shows the Raptor, which was built in 1994.[74]
  • The 2004 movie Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Infestation From Mars is set in Sandusky and contains numerous scenes set at the park. Cedar Point is integral to the movies's plot. Some Cedar Point executives appear in the movie in cameo roles. Employees and guests who were there on filming days appeared as extras in scenes involving large crowds throughout the park.[75]
  • In Cinda Williams Chima's book "The Warrior Heir," the main characters take a field trip to Cedar Point with their high school class.[76]
  • In an episode of the show 8 simple rules, Bridget (Kaley Cuoco) and Kerry (Amy Davidson) talk about going to Cedar Point to visit their father, Paul (John Ritter).[77]
  • In episode two of season one of Travel Channel's Bert the Conqueror, Bert takes the Foursome Fearsome Challenge in which he rides the four fastest and tallest coasters in the park in under an hour.[78]
  • In episode four of season two of Travel Channel's Off Limits, Don works on Mean Streak and Millennium Force with the maintenance crew.[79]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Oldest Amusement Parks in the United States". The Best of America. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Cedar Point removing WildCat roller coaster". WKYC. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Cedar Point tied with Canada's Wonderland for most coasters". Clevelandpress.com. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  5. ^ "Cedar Point Beach". Cedar Point. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  6. ^ "Cedar Point Marinas". Cedar Point. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  7. ^ "Cedar Point best park again". Cedar Point. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Edwards, Chris. "Cedar Point: The Queen of Great Lakes Resorts". Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  9. ^ a b "History of Cedar Point". LoveToKnow. January 5, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  10. ^ "Sandusky, Ohio". Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  11. ^ "Sandusky, OH: History". The Great American Stations. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e "The History of Fun: Cedar Point Celebrates Its Past", Cedar Point, retrieved August 11, 2010
  13. ^ a b "Cedar Point, Ohio". Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "PointBuzz Timeline". PointBuzz. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  15. ^ "G.A. Boeckling, Cedar Point Chief, is Dead". July 25, 1931. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  16. ^ "Cedar Point Development Planned: First in 1836; Sold for High Price". Sandusky Star Journal. December 2, 1922. p. 7. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d Hammond, Jason. "Cedar Point History". Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  18. ^ "Three-Way Figure Eight Roller Toboggan". RCDB.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  19. ^ Francis, David W.; Francis, Diane DeMali (1988). "5". Cedar Point: The Queen of American Watering Places. Canton, Ohio: Daring Books. p. 51. ISBN 0-938936-75-1.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Point Online history". thepointol.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  21. ^ "Berardi's Family Tradition". Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  22. ^ "Cedar Point Disney project" (PDF). Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  23. ^ "Blue Streak - Point Place". Retrieved July 1, 2012.
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  26. ^ Chavezblade, Jon (December 25, 2011). "Kinzel reflects on wild ride". Toledo Blade. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  27. ^ a b "Raptor". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
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  29. ^ "Cedar Point set to add Camp Snoopy for kids". 1998. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  30. ^ "Cedar Point To Build World's Tallest Roller Coaster". 1999. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  31. ^ a b "Wicked Twister". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  32. ^ a b "Top Thrill Dragster". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  33. ^ "HUSS Giant Frisbee". Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  34. ^ "Starlight Experience Review". S&S Screamin' Swing. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  35. ^ "Cedar Point announces Maverick". September 7, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  36. ^ a b "Planet Snoopy to open at Cedar Point". Newsplusnotes.com. January 10, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  37. ^ "Starlight Experience Review". The Point Online. May 27, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
  38. ^ "Windseeker Now Open at Cedar Point!", The Point Online, June 16, 2011, retrieved June 16, 2011
  39. ^ "Cedar Fair Names Former Disney Executive Matthew A. Ouimet President Of The Company" (PDF). Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. June 20, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  40. ^ "Dozens of Life-Size Dinos To Inhabit Cedar Point in 2012!". Cedar Point. August 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  41. ^ "Memo: Cedar Point to build coaster in 2013". Sandusky Register. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  42. ^ "Cedar Point 2012". PointBuzz. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  43. ^ "Cedar Point Things To Do - Roller coasters". Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  44. ^ "Intamin Swiss Bob roller coasters". Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  45. ^ "Builder Profile: Intamin". Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  46. ^ "Mantis". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  47. ^ "Mean Streak". Coaster-net.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  48. ^ "Millennium Force Fact Sheet". 1999. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  49. ^ "Cedar Point Things To Do - Thrill rides". Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  50. ^ "Cedar Downs Racing Derby". Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  51. ^ Euclid Beach Park Now, Park History/Timeline.
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  53. ^ "CP&LE R.R.- Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad, Over 40 years of history!". CP&LE R.R. February 28, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  54. ^ "Roller Coaster Capital & Best Amusement Park in the World". Cedar Point. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
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  56. ^ "Cedar Point Things To Do - Water rides". Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  57. ^ "Challenge Park". Cedar Point. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  58. ^ "VertiGo incident". Ultimaterollercoaster.com. March 7, 2002. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  59. ^ a b "Cedar Point FAQ". Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  60. ^ "Live Entertainment Shows". Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  61. ^ "Fast Lane". Cedar Point. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  62. ^ Nguyen, Janet (September 6, 2007). "For 10th Year, Top Rating Gets to the Point". Sandusky Register. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  63. ^ "GTA 2011" (PDF). Amusement Today. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
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  65. ^ a b "Cedar Point Resorts". Retrieved April 15, 2012.
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  68. ^ "Cedar Point Resorts - Lighthouse Point". Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  69. ^ "Cedar Point Resorts - Camper Village". Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  70. ^ "Cedar Point Resorts - Castaway Bay". Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  71. ^ "Cedar Point Resorts - Breakers Express". Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  72. ^ "Bob Greene's book, Be True to Your School". Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  73. ^ "Knute Rockne, All American". Sandusky Newspapers, Inc. SanduskyRegister.com. May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  74. ^ "Edge of Seventeen". October 12, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  75. ^ Close Encounters of the 4th Kind: Infestation from Mars at IMDb
  76. ^ "Cinda Williams Chima book, The Warrior Heir". Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  77. ^ "8 Simple Rules". Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  78. ^ "Travel Channel host tackles Cedar Point coasters". Sandusky Newspapers, Inc. SanduskyRegister.com. June 15, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  79. ^ "Off Limits Episode: "Digging Under Manhattan, Climbing Coasters, & Training in Disaster City"". Tvguide.com. Tvguide.com. May 8, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.

Further reading

  • Francis, David W. (2004). Cleveland Amusement Park Memories. Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-886228-89-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Francis, David W. (1995). Cedar Point: The Queen of American Watering Places. Amusement Park Books. ISBN 0-935408-03-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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