Audi Quattro
| Audi Quattro[1] | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Audi AG |
| Also called | Ur-Quattro |
| Production | 1980–1991 |
| Assembly | Ingolstadt, Germany |
| Designer | Jörg Bensinger, Walter Treser, Dr. Ferdinand Piëch, Franz Tengler (transmission), Martin Smith (stylist) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Coupé, rally car |
| Body style | 2-door coupé |
| Layout | longitudinal front engine four-wheel drive |
| Platform | Volkswagen B2 platform |
| Related | Audi 80 (B2), Audi Coupé (B2) |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2.1L I5[2] SOHC 10v (1980–87) 2.2L I5 SOHC 10v (1987–89) 2.2L I5 DOHC 20v (1989–91) |
| Transmission | 5-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,524 mm (99.4 in) |
| Length | 4,404 mm (173.4 in) |
| Width | 1,722 mm (67.8 in) |
| Height | 1,346 mm (53.0 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,290 kg (2,844 lb) to 1,350 kg (2,976 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Audi S2 |
The Audi Quattro is a road and rally car, produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi, now part of the Volkswagen Group. It was first shown at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show on 3 March.[1][3]
The word quattro is derived from the Italian word for "four". The name has also been used by Audi to refer to the quattro four-wheel-drive system, or any four-wheel-drive version of an Audi model. To avoid confusion, the original Quattro model is also commonly referred to as the Ur-Quattro - the "Ur-" (German for "primordial", "original", or "first of its kind") is an augmentative prefix, in this case meaning "original", and is also applied to the first generation Audi S4 and Audi S6 models, as in "Ur-S4" and "Ur-S6" and was known for its legendary sound.
The Audi Quattro was the first rally car to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules which allowed the use of four-wheel drive in competition racing. It won competition after competition for the next two years.[1] To commemorate the success of the original vehicle, all subsequent Audis with their trademark quattro four-wheel-drive system were badged "quattro" with a lower case "q" and in a distinct typeface which has remained nearly unchanged since its inception. The original car with the upper case "Q" in the Quattro name is a collector's piece.
The Audi Quattro shared many parts and core body components with the Audi Coupé, which was a member of the Audi 80 (B2) model range.[1] The Quattro was internally designated Typ 85, a production code it shared with the quattro versions of the Audi Coupé (B2) and Audi 80. Its characteristic flared wheelarches were styled by Martin Smith. The Audi Quattro also had independent rear suspension and independent front suspension.[4][5]
Production history
The idea for a high-performance four-wheel-drive car was proposed by Audi's chassis engineer, Jörg Bensinger, in 1977, when he found that the Volkswagen Iltis could outperform any other vehicle in snow, no matter how powerful. Bensinger's idea was to start developing an Audi 80 variant in co-operation with Walter Treser, Director of Pre-Development.[6]
European market
Audi released the original Quattro to European customers in late 1980,[1] making it both the first car to feature Audi's quattro permanent four-wheel drive system (hence its name), and the first to mate four-wheel drive with a turbocharged engine.[1]
The original engine was the 2,144 cc (131 cu in) (2.1 L), inline-5-cylinder 10 valve SOHC, with a turbocharger and intercooler. It produced 147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp) and torque of 285 N⋅m (210 lbf⋅ft) at 3500 rpm; propelling the Quattro from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.1s, and reaching a top speed of over 220 km/h (137 mph).[1]
The engine was eventually modified to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) (2.2 L) inline-5 10 valve, still producing147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp), but with peak torque lower in the rev-range.[1] In 1989, it was then changed to a 2,226 cc (136 cu in) inline-5 20v (2.2 L 20v) DOHC setup producing 162 kW (220 PS; 217 bhp), now with a top speed of 230 km/h (143 mph).[1]
Audi Quattros are often referred to among owners and enthusiasts by their engine codes, to differentiate between the earlier and later versions: the earliest 2144 cc 10v being the "WR" engine, the 2226 cc 10v being the "MB" engine, and the later 20v being the "RR" engine. Hence, Quattro models may be referred to as either the WR Quattro, MB Quattro, and RR or "20v" Quattro, respectively.
Quattro car production was 11,452 vehicles over the period 1980–1991,[1][3] and through this 11 year production span, despite some touch-ups, there were no major changes in the visual design of the vehicle. For the 1983 model year, the dash was switched from an analogue instrument cluster, to a green digital liquid crystal display (LCD) electronic instrument cluster. This was later changed in 1988 to an orange LCD electronic instrument cluster. The interior was redesigned in 1984, and featured a whole new dash layout, new steering wheel design, and new centre console design, the switches around the instrument panel were also redesigned at this time. In 1985 the dash changed slightly with harder foam and lost a diagonal stripe, the dash switches were varied slightly and the diff lock pull knob gave way to a two-position turning knob with volt and oil temp digital readouts.
External styling received very little modification during its production run. Originally, the car had a flat fronted grille featuring four separate headlamp lenses, one for each of the low and high beam units. This was altered for the 1983 model year, and replaced with combined units featuring a single lens, but housing twin reflectors. This was changed again, for the 1985 model year, in what has become known as the 'facelift model' and included such alterations as a new sloping front grille, headlights, and trim and badging changes. Max speed was 124 mph.[2] The RR 20v Quattro also featured a new three spoke steering wheel design, leather covering for door arm rests, gloveboxes, centre console and door pockets. There was also a full length leather-wrapped centre console running all the way to the rear seats. 20v was also the first Ur-Q to have "quattro" script interior with partial leather seats. The floor on the drivers side had a bulge due to dual catalytic exhaust setup. The different models may be distinguished by the emblems on their boot lids: the WR had a vinyl 'quattro' decal or a brushed aluminium effect plastic emblem, the MB had chrome plated 'audi', 'audi rings' and 'quattro' emblems, whilst the RR had only chrome plated 'audi rings'.
The rear suspension was altered early on with geometry changes and removal of the rear anti-roll bar to reduce a tendency for lift-off oversteer. For the 1984 facelift, the wheel size went from 6x15-inch with 205/60-15 tyres to 8x15-inch wheels with 215/50-15 tyres. At the same time the suspension was lowered 20 mm with slightly stiffer springs for improved handling. For 1987, the Torsen centre differential was used for the first time, replacing the manual centre differential lock.[1]
North American market
Sales of the Quattro in North America began with the 1983 model year, which were constructed concurrently, and were of the same design as, the European 1982 models (they did not include the minor cosmetic changes of the European 1983 model) and continued through 1986. Total sales in the USA were 664. Canadian market received cars that were identical to the US cars with exception of the speedometer, which was metric like the early Euro cars. Official sales figures for Canada were 99, which included 61 in 1983, 17 in 1984, 18 in 1985 and 3 in 1986. Although it's believed that there might have been up to 6 cars bought in 1986.
US/Canadian cars were also equipped with larger impact bumpers with built-in shock absorbers, just like the rest of the 4000/Coupé models. None of the cars came with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), however they were otherwise "loaded" with options, including air conditioning, and in 90% of the cars, leather upholstery. Most of the 1984 and 1985 Canadian models did not have sunroofs. The remainder of the electric, suspension and cosmetic updates took place at the same time as the European cars. Out of 99 cars imported to Canada 35 are still known to be on the road.
The initial 2.1L (2144cc, engine code "WX") engine for US/Canadian models included minor component and engine control unit (ECU) changes, including lowered turbocharger boost pressure, different camshaft, emission controls including catalytic converter, and lambda stoichiometric fuel control, which lowered power to 160 hp (119 kW; 162 PS). Otherwise, mechanical specifications were identical to the European spec cars. The WX engine was also used on Swiss and Japanese market cars. In fact Audi built 200 special edition cars in 1988 with WX engine and analogue instruments, the rest of the car was identical to the MB cars of that year.
Audi quattro Spyder (1991)
The Audi quattro Spyder is a limited (2 units) mid-engine concept coupe with 2.8 litre V6 engine rated 174 PS (128 kW; 172 hp) and 181 ft/lbs of torque, 5-speed manual gearbox, aluminium body, 1,100 kg (2,425 lb) kerb weight, orange or green body colour, trapezoidal links suspension.
The vehicle was unveiled in 1991 Frankfurt Motor Show.[7][8]
Audi quattro concept (2010)
At the Paris Motor Show in 2010 Audi presented the quattro concept. It commemorates the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Quattro and the Audi quattro four-wheel-drive system. Based on the Audi RS5, it features a modified 2.5L five-cylinder TFSI engine and the sixth generation of quattro transmission.[9] It has been reported that Audi are considering a limited production model (200–500 cars) based on the quattro concept.[10]
Audi Sport quattro concept (2013)
The Audi Sport quattro concept show car is a coupe commemorating the 30th birthday of Audi Sport quattro, inspired by the Audi quattro concept and Ur-quattro. It included 21-inch wheels, angular flat C-pillars and the rectangular double headlights featuring Audi's groundbreaking Matrix LED technology, wrap-around daytime running lights with the central low-beam units in Audi Matrix LED, Audi Matrix LED high-beam headlights, hexagonal single-frame grille with sculpted grille insert and CFRP splitter, spoiler at the lower edge of the rear window, rear CFRP diffuser, honeycombed rear upper grille section, two oval tailpipes, rectangular tail lights, 300 liters (10.59 cubic ft) luggage compartment reinforced by a solid crossbeam beneath the rear shelf, flared sills are made of CFRP, four rings at the front, the rear, the air outlets behind the front wheels and the C-pillars; center-locking wheels with five twin-spoke design, sailplane-inspired dashboard, interior support structure in carbon shell with storage compartment in the side doors, racing bucket seats with folding backs, sculpted side bolsters and integrated head restraints up front and full rear seats; crossbeam behind the rear seats, multifunction sport steering wheel, 2 driving modes (Race mode, Setup mode) in virtual 3D displays, Audi MMI control unit, air conditioning control unit integrated directly into the air vents, 4.0 TFSI V8 engine with cylinder on demand rated 560 PS (412 kW; 552 hp) and 700 N⋅m (516.29 lb⋅ft), a disc-shaped electric motor rated 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 400 N⋅m (295.02 lb⋅ft) (combined power 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp) and 800 N⋅m (590.05 lb⋅ft)), eight-speed tiptronic transmission, a liquid-cooled 14.1 kWh lithium-ion battery in the rear, occupant cell made from ultra-high-strength steel panels and cast aluminum structural elements, doors and fenders are made of aluminum, roof and engine hood and the rear hatch made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, front suspension features five control arms per wheel, Audi track-controlled trapezoidal link rear suspension, dynamic steering, carbon fiber-ceramic brake discs, 285/30 R 21 tires. The show car is charged via an Audi wall box, which uses intelligent charge management to ensure the optimal feed of energy to the lithium-ion battery. The Audi Sport quattro concept can cover up to 50 km (31.07 mi) on electric power alone.
The vehicle was unveiled in 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show.[11][12]
Motorsport
Quattro - A1 and A2 evolutions
| Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2[13][14] | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Audi Sport Quattro S1 driven during the 2007 Rallye Deutschland. | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Audi AG |
| Also called | S1, S1 Quattro "Audi Sport Quattro E2" |
| Production | 1985–1986 |
| Assembly | Ingolstadt, Germany |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Coupé, Group B rally car |
| Body style | 2-door coupé |
| Layout | longitudinal front-engine four-wheel-drive |
| Related | Audi Quattro |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2110 cc I5 turbo |
| Transmission | 6-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,204 mm (86.8 in) |
| Length | 4,240 mm (166.9 in) |
| Width | 1,860 mm (73.2 in) |
| Height | 1,344 mm (52.9 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,200 kg (2,646 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Audi Sport Quattro |
The original Audi Quattro competition car debuted in 1980, first as a development car, and then on a formal basis in the 1980 Janner Rally in Austria. Largely based on the bodyshell of the road-going Quattro models (in contrast to the forthcoming Group B cars), the engine of the original competition version produced approximately 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS). In 1981, Michèle Mouton became the first female driver to win a world championship rally, piloting an Audi Quattro.[1] Over the next three years, Audi would introduce the A1 and A2 evolutions of the Quattro in response to the new Group B rules, raising power from the turbocharged inline 5-cylinder engine to around 350 bhp (261 kW; 355 PS).
The Quattro A1 debuted at the WRC 1983 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and went on to win the Swedish Rally and the Rally Portugal in the hands of Hannu Mikkola. Driven by Stig Blomqvist, Mikkola and Walter Röhrl, the A2 evolution won a total of eight world rallies; three in 1983 and five in 1984. Two examples of the same car completely dominated the South African National Rally Championships during 1984 to 1988, with S.A. champion drivers Sarel van der Merwe and Geoff Mortimer at the helm of the 4WD turbo monsters.
Sport Quattro
The Audi Sport Quattro S1 was a Quattro programme car developed for homologation for Group B rallying in 1984, and sold as a production car in limited numbers.[1] It featured an all aluminium alloy 2,133 cc (130.2 cu in) (2.1 L) 20v DOHC engine slightly smaller than that of the Audi Quattro (in order to qualify for the 3-litre engine class after the scale factor applied to turbo engines). In road-going form, the engine was capable of producing 225 kW (306 PS; 302 bhp),[1] with the competition cars initially producing around 331 kW (450 PS; 444 bhp).[1]
The vehicle also featured a body shell composed of carbon-kevlar[1] and boasting wider arches, wider wheels (nine inches as compared to the Ur-Quattro's optional 8-inch-wide (200 mm) wheel rim), the steeper windscreen rake of the Audi 80 (requested by the Audi Sport rally team drivers to reduce internal reflections from the dashboard for improved visibility) and, most noticeably, a 320 mm (12.6 in) shorter wheelbase.
In addition to Group B competition in rallying, the Sport Quattro won the 1985 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with Michèle Mouton in the driving seat, setting a record time in the process.[15] 224 cars of this "short version" Sport Quattro were built, and were offered for sale at a heady price of 203,850 German Marks.[1]
Sport Quattro S1 E2
The Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2 was introduced at the end of 1985 as an update to the Audi Sport Quattro. The car featured an inline 5-cylinder engine that displaced 2,110 cc (128.8 cu in) and produced an officially quoted figure of 350 kW (480 PS; 470 bhp).[1] However, the turbocharger utilised a recirculating air system, with the aim of keeping the turbo spinning at high rpm, when the driver closed the throttle, either to back off during cornering, or on gearshifts. This allowed the engine to resume full power immediately after the resumption of full throttle, reducing turbo lag. The actual power figure was in excess of 500 bhp (373 kW; 507 PS) at 8000 rpm.[1]
In addition to the improved power output, an aggressive aerodynamic kit was added that featured very distinctive wings and spoilers to the front and rear of the car to increase downforce. The weight was reduced to just 1,090 kg (2,403 lb), and the S1 could accelerate from 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in just 3.1 seconds.[1] Some of the cars were supplied with a "power-shift gearbox", a forerunner of today's DSG technology.[1]
The S1 E2 proved to be an immediate success in the rally circuit, helping Walter Röhrl[1] and Christian Geistdörfer win the 1985 San Remo Rally. A modified version of the E2, was also driven by Michèle Mouton.[1] The S1 evolution would become the final Group B car produced by Audi, with the works team withdrawing from the Championship following the 1986 rally in Portugal.[1]
Twenty-three years after the cancellation of Group B, the Sport Quattro S1 E2 is still widely regarded as the most powerful rally car ever fielded in international competition[citation needed], with the final factory machines of 1986 rated at 441 kW (600 PS; 591 bhp).[1] In 1987, the car won the Pikes Peak at the hands of Walter Röhrl.
WRC results
Summary
| Season | Model(s) | Driver | Pos. | Pts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Audi quattro |  Hannu Mikkola (3º) •  Michèle Mouton (8ª)
|
5ª | 63 |
| 1982 | Audi quattro | Michèle Mouton (2ª) • Hannu Mikkola (3º) •  Stig Blomqvist (4º)
|
1ª | 116 |
| 1983 | Audi quattro A1 and Audi quattro A2 | Hannu Mikkola (1º) • Stig Blomqvist (3º) • Michèle Mouton (5ª)
|
2ª | 116 |
| 1984 | Audi quattro A2 and Audi Sport quattro | Stig Blomqvist (1º) • Hannu Mikkola (2º) •  Walter Röhrl (11º) • Michèle Mouton (12ª)
|
1ª | 120 |
| 1985 | Audi Sport quattro | Stig Blomqvist (2º) • Walter Röhrl (3º) • Hannu Mikkola (22º)
|
2ª | 126 |
| 1986 | Audi Sport quattro S1 E2 | Hannu Mikkola (18º) • Walter Röhrl (22º)
|
4ª | 29 |
WRC victories
| # | Event | Season | Driver | Co-driver | Version |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31st International Swedish Rally
|
1981 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro |
| 2 |  23º Rallye Sanremo
|
1981 | Michèle Mouton
|
Fabrizia Pons
|
Audi Quattro |
| 3 |  30th Lombard RAC Rally
|
1981 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro |
| 4 | 32nd International Swedish Rally
|
1982 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro |
| 5 |  16º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto
|
1982 | Michèle Mouton
|
Fabrizia Pons
|
Audi Quattro |
| 6 |  29º Acropolis Rally
|
1982 | Michèle Mouton
|
Fabrizia Pons
|
Audi Quattro |
| 7 |  Rally of Brazil
|
1982 | Michèle Mouton
|
Fabrizia Pons
|
Audi Quattro |
| 8 | 32º 1000 Lakes Rally
|
1982 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro |
| 9 | 24º Rallye Sanremo
|
1982 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro |
| 10 | 31st Lombard RAC Rally
|
1982 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro |
| 11 | 33rd International Swedish Rally
|
1983 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro A1 |
| 12 | 17º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto
|
1983 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro A1 |
| 13 |  3º Marlboro Rally Argentina San Carlos de Bariloche
|
1983 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 14 | 33º 1000 Lakes Rally
|
1983 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 15 | 32nd Lombard RAC Rally
|
1983 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 16 |  52ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo
|
1984 | Walter Röhrl
|
Christian Geistdörfer
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 17 | 34th International Swedish Rally
|
1984 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 18 | 18º Rallye de Portugal Vinho do Porto
|
1984 | Hannu Mikkola
|
Arne Hertz
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 19 | 31º Acropolis Rally
|
1984 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 20 |  14º Sanyo Rally of New Zealand
|
1984 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 21 | 4º Marlboro Rally of Argentina YPF Cordoba
|
1984 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro A2 |
| 22 |  16ème Rallye "Marlboro" Côte d'Ivoire
|
1984 | Stig Blomqvist
|
Björn Cederberg
|
Audi Quattro Sport |
| 23 | 27º Rallye Sanremo
|
1985 | Walter Röhrl
|
Christian Geistdörfer
|
Audi Quattro Sport S1 |
Ashes to Ashes
A red 1983 Quattro is driven by DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister) in the television drama Ashes to Ashes (aired on BBC1 from 2008 to 2010). Two cars were used through the run of the series, the original, and a stunt car that was acquired for series 2. Both portrayed the same car.[16] The original vehicle (also used in the Children in Need Top Gear crossover mini-episode) lacked a sunroof which was present on the car(s) used in series 2 and 3, hence a fake one was added for the sake of continuity.
The stunt car was written off for the jump in series 3, episode 1 by the director of that episode and used as a parts and interior shots car until it was shot up in the finale, leaving the original intact[17]
In the run-up to the 2010 general election, a campaign poster by the incumbent Labour Party government portrayed Conservative Party and opposition leader David Cameron as Gene Hunt sitting on the bonnet of the iconic red Audi Quattro and urged voters not to allow Cameron to take Britain "back to the 1980s" by electing his party into government amid fears that it would lead to a repeat of the social unrest and unemployment that Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government of that era oversaw. The image was then adopted by the Conservatives, with the slogan "Fire up the Quattro, it's time for change",[18] with the comment 'Idea kindly donated by the Labour Party'. "Fire up the Quattro" was a call to action uttered by DCI Hunt in Ashes to Ashes.
In 2012 Corgi (die-cast toys and collectable manufacturer) released a 1:43 scale model of the Audi quattro and a two piece set featuring the quattro that has been 'shot-up' and Ford Granada Police car which featured in a chase in one of the later episodes.
See also
- Audi S and RS models
- AMC Eagle, the first mass-produced all-wheel-drive car introduced in August 1979.
- Jensen FF, the first all-wheel-drive road car, introduced in 1966
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Audi of America Press Site 25 Years of Audi Quattro 22 February 2005
- ^ a b World Cars 1985. Herald Books. 1985. ISBN 0-910714-17-7.
- ^ a b Audi Tradition Audi Tradition at the Techno Classica 2005 16 March 2005
- ^ "1984 Audi Quattro Treser Coupé". Motorbase. 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ "1982–1985 Audi Quattro - Drive - Motor Trend Classic". Motortrend.com. 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ "History of the Audi ur-Quattro". Isham-research.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Concept Cars: Audi Quattro Spyder
- ^ Friday concept: Audi Quattro Spyder
- ^ "Audi quattro concept". www.audi.com. Audi. Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Audi to build reborn Quattro". Autocar. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Audi Sport Quattro Concept speaks softly, carries a 700-hp stick
- ^ Audi Sport quattro concept
- ^ Rally Paradise Audi Sport Quattro S1
- ^ Martin Holmes (July 11, 1985). "The Sport's evolution". Autosport. Archived from the original on 27 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Pikes Peak records shattered". The Post and Courier. 14 July 1985. p. 3-C. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ http://img38.imageshack.us/img38/320/audi3u.jpg
- ^ "Luigis • View topic - My 3.8 filming photos". Luigis.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ^ "Gene Hunt poster sparks propaganda battle". BBC News. 2010-04-03. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
External links
- Evolution der Modelle Audi quattro, 1980–1991
- Audi quattro concept
- Audi Sport quattro concept: English, German
