1994 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1994.

Plants

Conifers

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Diploporus^[2]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil Yew Genus, type species D. torreyoides
Taxus masonii^[2]	Sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil Yew species
Torreya clarnensis^[2]	Sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil nutmeg yew species

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Actinidia oregonensis^[2]	Sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil Kiwi species
Cornus clarnensis^[2]	Sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil dogwood species
Coryloides^[2]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil hazelnut relative, Type species C. hancockii
Eucommia constans^[3]	Sp nov	valid	Magallón-Puebl & Cevallos-Ferriz	Miocene - Pleistocene	Pié de Vaca Formation	Mexico	Youngest Eucommia sp. in North America.
Kardiasperma^[2]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil hazelnut relative, type species K. parvum
Paleopanax^[2]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil ginseng genus, type species P. oregonensis
Rhus rooseae^[2]	Sp nov	valid	Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA	Fossil Sumac species

Arthropods

Newly named insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acanthognathus poinari^[4]	Sp nov	Valid	Baroni Urbani & De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	only fossil Acanthognathus ant
Anochetus ambiguus^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus ambiguus
Anochetus conisquamis^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus conisquamis
Anochetus dubius^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus dubius
Anochetus exstinctus^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus exstinctus
Anochetus intermedius^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus intermedius
Anochetus lucidus^[5]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A ponerin ant	Anochetus lucidus

Molluscs

Bivalves

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Fordilla germanica^[6]	sp nov	Valid	Elicki	Early Cambrian	Zwetau Formation	Germany	early Cambrian bivalve species

Fishes

Newly named bony fishes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Megalocoelacanthus^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	valid	Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams	Late Cretaceous (late Santonian to mid-Campanian)	Blufftown Formation Niobrara Formation	United States	A giant latimeriid coelacanth.^[8] The type species is Megalocoelacanthus dobiei.

Archosauromorphs

Aff. Rebbachisaurus gastroliths documented.^[9]
The "Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur" specimen was discovered in a quarry being excavated for road material.^[10] The quarry is near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage.^[11] That fall, excavation began, and was resumed in the summer of 1996.^[10]

Newly named pseudosuchians

Name	Status	Authors		Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Galtonia^[12]	Valid non-dinosaurian taxon	Hunt	S.G. Lucas	Late Triassic (late Carnian	New Oxford Formation	United States	An relative of Revueltosaurus.
Pekinosaurus^[12]	Junior synonym	Hunt	S. G. Lucas	Late Triassic (late Carnian)	Cumnock Formation	United States	A junior synonym of Revueltosaurus.

Newly named basal dinosauromorphs

Name	Status	Authors		Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Marasuchus^[13]	Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon	Paul Sereno	Arcucci	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Chañares Formation	Argentina	A basal dinosauriform; new genus for "Lagosuchus" liloensis Romer (1972).	Marasuchus

Newly named dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list^[14] and Dr. Jeremy Montague's dinosaur genus database.^[15]

Name	Status	Authors		Images
“Acracanthus”^[16]	nomen nudum later named Acrocanthosaurus	Langston vide: Czaplewski Cifelli	Langston	Afrovenator Cryolophosaurus Monolophosaurus Skeletal mount Mymoorapelta on display in a museum. Sinornithoides Sinraptor
Afrovenator^[17]	Valid taxon	Paul Sereno Jeffrey A. Wilson. Larsson	Dutheil Sues
Alwalkeria^[18]	Valid taxon	Sankar Chatterjee	Creisler
Alxasaurus^[19]	Valid taxon	Dale A. Russell	Dong Zhiming
“Amphicoelicaudia”	nomen nudum later named Huabeisaurus	Cheng Z.
Caenagnathasia^[20]	Valid taxon	Phillip Currie Godfrey	Lev A. Nesov
"Comanchesaurus"	nomen nudum	Hunt vide: Sterling J. Nesbitt Randall B. Irmis	William G. Parker
Cryolophosaurus^[21]	Valid taxon	Hammer	Hickerson
“Cryptoraptor”	nomen nudum, possibly non-dinosaurian	Hunt vide: Sterling J. Nesbitt Randall B. Irmis	William G. Parker
Koparion^[22]	Valid taxon	Chure
Monolophosaurus^[23]	Valid taxon	Zhao X.	Phillip Currie
Mymoorapelta^[24]	Valid taxon	James Kirkland	Kenneth Carpenter
Pelecanimimus^[25]	Valid taxon	Perez-Moreno Sanz Buscalioni	Moratalla Ortega Rasskin-Gutman
Phuwiangosaurus^[26]	Valid taxon	V. Martin Buffetaut	Suteethorn
"Revueltoraptor"	nomen ex dissertatione later named Gojirasaurus	Hunt vide: Sterling J. Nesbitt Randall B. Irmis	William G. Parker
Sinornithoides^[27]	Valid taxon	Dale A. Russell	Dong Zhiming
Sinraptor^[28]	Valid taxon	Phillip Currie	Zhao X.
Timimus^[29]	Valid taxon	Thomas H. Rich	Patricia Vickers-Rich
“Tonouchisaurus”	nomen nudum	Rinchen Barsbold

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaur gastroliths documented.^[30]

New taxa

Name	Status	Authors		Notes
Morturneria	Valid	Chatterjee Creisler
	Valid

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Arthurdactylus	Valid	Frey Martill	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian/early Albian)	Crato Formation	Brazil	A pteranodontoid pterosaur.
Montanazhdarcho^[31]	Valid	Padian, K., Horner de Ricqlès, A.J.	Late Cretaceous (Judithian)	Two Medicine Formation	United States	An azhdarchid.
"Wyomingopteryx"	nomen nudum	Bakker	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States
Zhejiangopterus	Valid	Cai, Z. Wei, F.	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Tangshang Formation	China	An azhdarchid.

Other diapsids

New taxa

Name	Status	Authors		Notes
Lucianosaurus^[12]	Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon	Hunt	S. G. Lucas
Tecovasaurus^[12]	Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon	Hunt	S. G. Lucas

Footnotes

^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814.
^ Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 198: 1–65.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 199: 1–28.
^ Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9.
^ David R. Schwimmer, J. D. Stewart and G. Dent Williams (1994). "Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States". Geology. 22 (6): 503–506.
^ Hugo Dutel, John G. Maisey, David R. Schwimmer, Philippe Janvier, Marc Herbin and Gaël Clément (2012). "The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49911. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Calvo (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
^ ^a ^b "Introduction," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
^ "Location and Geologic Setting," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1994. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (N.C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues, Eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: pp. 227-241.
^ Sereno, P.C. and A.B. Arcucci. 1994. Dinosaur precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: pp. 53-73.
^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
^ Montague, Jeremy. "Dr. Montague's Database" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-10-29.
^ Langston, W.R. 1947. A new genus and species of Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from the Trinity of Atoka County, Oklahoma. Unpublished M.S. thesis (73 pages), University of Oklahoma; vide Czaplewski, N.J., D.L. Cifelli, and W.R. Langston. 1994. Catalog of Type and Figured Fossil Vertebrates. Oklahoma Museum of Natural History. Oklahoma Geological Survey Special Publication 94 (1): pp. 1-35.
^ Sereno, P.C., J.A. Wilson, H.C.E. Larsson, D.B. Dutheil, H.-D. Sues. 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 266 (14 October [5183]): pp. 267-271.
^ Chatterjee, S. and B.S. Creisler. 1994. Alwalkeria (Theropoda) and Morturneria (Plesiosauria), new names for preoccupied Walkeria Chatterjee, 1987 and Turneria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 142.
^ Russell, D.A. and Z.-M. Dong. 1994. The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30:pp. 2107-2127.
^ Currie, P.J., S.J. Godfrey, and L. Nesov. 1993 [Olshevsky cites 1994]. New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2255-2272.
^ Hammer, W.R. and W.J. Hickerson. 1994. A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica. Science. 264: pp. 828-830.
^ Chure, D.J. 1994. Koparion douglassi, a new dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument; The oldest troodontid (Theropoda: Maniraptora). Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: pp. 11-15.
^ Zhao, X.J. and P.J. Currie, P.J. 1994 [not 1993]. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Canadian. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2027-2036.
^ Kirkland, J.I. and K. Carpenter. 1994. North America’s First Pre-Cretaceous Ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: pp. 25-42.
^ Perez-Moreno, B., J.L. Sanz, A.D. Buscalloni, J.J. Moratalla, F. Ortega, and D. Rasskin-Gutman. 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: pp. 363-367.
^ Martin, V. E. Buffetaut, and V. Suteethorn. 1994. A new genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Sao Khua Formation (Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous) of north-eastern Thailand. Comptes Rendus l'Acad. Sci. Paris (II) 319 : pp. 1085-1092.
^ Russell, D.A. and Z.-M Dong. 1993 [George Olshevsky cites 1994, not 1993]. A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2163-2173.
^ Currie, P.J. and X.J. Zhao. 1994. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci., 30: pp. 2037-2081.
^ Rich, T.H., and P. Vickers-Rich. 1994. Neoceratopsians and ornithomimosaurs: Dinosaurs of Gondwana origin. Res. Exploration 10: pp. 129-131.
^ Martin (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
^ Padian, K., Ricqles, A. de J., and Horner, J. R., 1994, Bone histology determines identification of a new fossil taxon of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 320, serie 2, p. 77-84.

References

Calvo,J.O.(1994). Gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs. Gaia, 10: 205-208.
Martin, James E.; 1994; Gastric residues in marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale in South Dakota; their bearing on extinction; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology; 14(3, Suppl.) pp. 36; University of Oklahoma
Pasch, A. D., K. C. May. 2001. Taphonomy and paleoenvironment of hadrosaur (Dinosauria) from the Matanuska Formation (Turonian) in South-Central Alaska. In: Mesozioc Vertebrate Life. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press. Pages 219-236.
Sanders F, Manley K, Carpenter K. Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae. In: Tanke D.H, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic vertebrate life: new research inspired by the paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press; Bloomington, IN: 2001. pp. 166–180.

[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[Manchester1994-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.

[Call1997-3] Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814.

[BaroniUrbani1994-4] Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 198: 1–65.

[DeAndrade1994-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 199: 1–28.

[Elicki2009-6] Elicki, O.; Gürsu, S. (2009). "First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves" (PDF). Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 267–291. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9.

[7] David R. Schwimmer, J. D. Stewart and G. Dent Williams (1994). "Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States". Geology. 22 (6): 503–506.

[8] Hugo Dutel, John G. Maisey, David R. Schwimmer, Philippe Janvier, Marc Herbin and Gaël Clément (2012). "The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49911. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[calvo-sanders-9] Calvo (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.

[mata-hadro-intro-220-10] "Introduction," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.

[mata-hadro-location-220-11] "Location and Geologic Setting," in Pasche and May (2001); page 220.

[hunt94ornithischian-12] Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1994. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: the Shadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (N.C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues, Eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: pp. 227-241.

[13] Sereno, P.C. and A.B. Arcucci. 1994. Dinosaur precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: pp. 53-73.

[ddinogeorge-14] Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07.

[montaguedatabase-15] Montague, Jeremy. "Dr. Montague's Database" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-10-29.

[16] Langston, W.R. 1947. A new genus and species of Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from the Trinity of Atoka County, Oklahoma. Unpublished M.S. thesis (73 pages), University of Oklahoma; vide Czaplewski, N.J., D.L. Cifelli, and W.R. Langston. 1994. Catalog of Type and Figured Fossil Vertebrates. Oklahoma Museum of Natural History. Oklahoma Geological Survey Special Publication 94 (1): pp. 1-35.

[17] Sereno, P.C., J.A. Wilson, H.C.E. Larsson, D.B. Dutheil, H.-D. Sues. 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 266 (14 October [5183]): pp. 267-271.

[18] Chatterjee, S. and B.S. Creisler. 1994. Alwalkeria (Theropoda) and Morturneria (Plesiosauria), new names for preoccupied Walkeria Chatterjee, 1987 and Turneria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 142.

[19] Russell, D.A. and Z.-M. Dong. 1994. The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30:pp. 2107-2127.

[20] Currie, P.J., S.J. Godfrey, and L. Nesov. 1993 [Olshevsky cites 1994]. New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2255-2272.

[21] Hammer, W.R. and W.J. Hickerson. 1994. A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica. Science. 264: pp. 828-830.

[22] Chure, D.J. 1994. Koparion douglassi, a new dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument; The oldest troodontid (Theropoda: Maniraptora). Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: pp. 11-15.

[23] Zhao, X.J. and P.J. Currie, P.J. 1994 [not 1993]. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Canadian. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2027-2036.

[24] Kirkland, J.I. and K. Carpenter. 1994. North America’s First Pre-Cretaceous Ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: pp. 25-42.

[25] Perez-Moreno, B., J.L. Sanz, A.D. Buscalloni, J.J. Moratalla, F. Ortega, and D. Rasskin-Gutman. 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: pp. 363-367.

[26] Martin, V. E. Buffetaut, and V. Suteethorn. 1994. A new genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Sao Khua Formation (Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous) of north-eastern Thailand. Comptes Rendus l'Acad. Sci. Paris (II) 319 : pp. 1085-1092.

[27] Russell, D.A. and Z.-M Dong. 1993 [George Olshevsky cites 1994, not 1993]. A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30: pp. 2163-2173.

[28] Currie, P.J. and X.J. Zhao. 1994. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci., 30: pp. 2037-2081.

[29] Rich, T.H., and P. Vickers-Rich. 1994. Neoceratopsians and ornithomimosaurs: Dinosaurs of Gondwana origin. Res. Exploration 10: pp. 129-131.

[Martin-Sanders-30] Martin (1994). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.

[31] Padian, K., Ricqles, A. de J., and Horner, J. R., 1994, Bone histology determines identification of a new fossil taxon of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 320, serie 2, p. 77-84.

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