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2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

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2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes
Part of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Armenian–Azerbaijani border conflict

  Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh
  Territory claimed by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic but controlled by Azerbaijan
Date1 April 2016 – present
(8 years, 7 months and 3 days)
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact
Status Ceasefire;[1][2][3] ongoing ceasefire violations[4]
Territorial
changes		 Limited Azerbaijani territorial gains confirmed by NKR officials[5][4]
Belligerents
 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR)
 Armenia		  Azerbaijan
Units involved
Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
Armed Forces of Armenia[6]		 Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Casualties and losses

Per Armenian sources:

  • 46 soldiers killed, 19 missing, 122 wounded[7]
  • 5 volunteers killed[7][8]
  • 4 civilians killed, 6 wounded[7]
  • 14 tanks destroyed[9]

Azerbaijani claim:[10]

  • 370 soldiers killed
  • 12 tanks, 12 armored vehicles, 15 artillery pieces destroyed

Per Azerbaijani sources:

  • 31–87 soldiers killed, 6 missing[11]
  • 3–6 civilians killed, 6–26 wounded[12][13]
  • 1 Mi-24 helicopter and 1 drone shot down[9][14]
  • 1 tank destroyed[15]

Armenian claim:

  • 300 soldiers killed, 2,000 wounded[7]
  • 2 helicopters, 13 drones shot down[9]
  • 26 tanks, 4 IFVs, 1 AEV, 1 MRL destroyed[9]

The 2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes, referred to by some as the Four-Day War,[16][17][18][19] occurred along the line of contact, with the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and Armenian Armed Forces on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other, in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, with Azerbaijani forces seeking to regain control of the territory controlled by the Armenia-backed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR).

One day after the fighting started, on 2 April, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense announced a unilateral end to the active clashes from its side, but, according to the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, the attacks continued. According to official statements of the involved sides, 46 Armenian soldiers and 31 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed during the clashes, and several pieces of military equipment from both sides were destroyed. On 3 April, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs also confirmed the deaths of three civilians. On 5 April, a mutual ceasefire agreement was reached, effective from 12:00 local time.

Background

Further information: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Armenian–Azerbaijani War, and Nagorno-Karabakh War

The separatist Nagorno-Karabakh Republic has de facto independence from Azerbaijan, but the territory is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.[20] After the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the ceasefire under the 1994 Bishkek Protocol has been in effect. Since then Azerbaijan and Armenia reported over 7,000 breaches of the ceasefire in various years.[21][22] The 2016 clashes became the heaviest breach of the 1994 ceasefire.[23]

During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, territories constituting the former NKAO region of Azerbaijan and the seven adjacent rayons (some of them partly) fell under the control of the majority Armenian population, with help from Armenia proper. As a result, 600,000 Azerbaijanis became refugees due to the conflict.[24] Also 430,000 Armenians from Azerbaijan and Karabakh had to leave their homes. Azerbaijan cites among others UN Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the UN General Assembly Resolution 62/243, which called for "continued respect and support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity" of Azerbaijan "within its internationally recognized borders", demanded the "immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all the occupied territories" of Azerbaijan and emphasized that "no state shall render aid or assistance" to maintain the occupation of Azerbaijani territories.[25] Accordingly, Azerbaijan repeatedly announced plans to take back the breakaway region by military means if peaceful negotiations fail.[26] Armenians cite the principle of self-determination which is part of the Madrid Principles upon which the sides agreed to negotiate based on, as well as the fact that the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and the adjacent Shahumian region held a democratic referendum on independence in 1991 even before Azerbaijan broke off from the USSR, and therefore it has never been a part of an Azerbaijan.[27][28][29][30][31]

Clashes

Each side blamed the other for the outbreak of clashes around Aghdara, Tartar, Agdam, Khojavend, and Fuzuli.[32] According to Armenian sources, on the night of 1 April and early morning of 2 April, the Azerbaijani side launched large-scale attacks along the contact line between Karabakh and Azerbaijan. On 2 April, a 12-year-old Armenian boy was killed as a result of missile artillery attack from a BM-21 Grad near the border with Martuni.[33] Two other children were wounded as well.[34] According to Azerbaijani sources, on 2 April, Azerbaijani positions and inhabited places near the front line came under fire from Armenian military, armed with mortars and high caliber grenade launchers,[6] that killed and wounded several civilians.[35] According to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense, during a rapid counter-offensive, the Armenian side's front defense line was broken in multiple places and several strategic heights and inhabited places were retaken (including the strategically important hill of Lalatapa).[32][35] The Azerbaijani side claimed that they had captured some areas, including heights near the village of Talysh, as well as the village of Seysulan.[36] 14,400 people living in villages were affected by clashes, but no internal displacement or immediate humanitarian need was reported.[23]

Armenian Defense Ministry spokesman Artsrun Hovhannisyan sharply accused Azerbaijan of "launching an unprovoked coordinated ground offensive against Armenia’s forces", saying the Azerbaijani military used warplanes, tanks and artillery to try to make inroads into Nagorno-Karabakh.[6] During the first day of fighting, Armenian forces claimed to have destroyed at least three Azerbaijani tanks, two military helicopters (including at least one armed Mil Mi-8/17) and two unmanned drones, photographs and videos of which surfaced on the internet.[37] Armenian frontline positions were reinforced, heavy artillery was brought forward, and in the NKR capital Stepanakert reservists were called up.

On 3 April, Armenian military authorities announced that NKR forces had recaptured positions around Talysh,[38] which the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense claimed was untrue.[39] On 6 April, news footage shown on Armenia's First Channel revealed Armenian journalists and NKR troops freely mingling on the streets of Talysh and Madagiz.[40] On the evening of 3 April, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense announced the Azerbaijan had seized control of the village of Madagiz,[citation needed] but Armenian officials refuted this claim.[41] Later Defense Minister Zakir Hasanov stated that if shelling of Azerbaijani settlements by Armenian forces did not cease, Azerbaijan could consider launching artillery attacks on Stepanakert.[42] On the same day, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense announced a unilateral end to hostilities. The Armenian Defense Ministry quickly refuted Azerbaijan's declaration, saying that it was continuing to attack NKR positions.[43] The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense stated that should Armenian shelling pursue, Azerbaijan will continue its offensive.[44]

On 4 April, Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense reported that an Armenian command and control center had been destroyed and released a video capturing the attack. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense claimed that along with numerous military personnel, two high-ranking Armenian officers were killed as a result.[45] The same day, the Armenian defense ministry announced that an Azeri drone, identified as an Israeli-made IAI Harop, attacked a bus carrying Armenian volunteers enlisting in military service to the Nagorno-Karabakh town of Martakert by slamming itself against it, killing seven people aboard. It would be the first such case a Harop drone was used in combat.[8][46]

On 5 April, Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense announced that the mutual ceasefire agreement was breached by Armenian forces which shelled Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu with 60, 82 and 120 mm mortars.[47]

According to Azerbaijani claims Armenian Armed Forces directed high caliber artillery fire at a mosque (in Əhmədağalı, one civilian dead),[48] schools (in Seydimli, one schoolboy injured)[49] and residential buildings as well as civilian infrastructure.[50][51] These facts were confirmed by Russian press.[52] According to Azerbaijani claims on 7 April Armenian armed forces shelled an ambulance evacuating injured Azerbaijani civilians.[53]

On April 8, artillery fire was exchanged between Armenian and Azeri forces, with the Armenians reporting two soldiers killed.[54]

According to Armenian Major General, Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan, Azerbaijan achieved all its initial goals with successful reconnaissance-in-force and stress testing of its own force.[55]

In the course of the clashes, mortar shells fired from the conflict area hit a village in the northwestern Iranian province of East Azerbaijan, but no casualties or damages were reported.[56]

Alleged atrocities by Azerbaijan

According to Armenian officials, residents of Talysh and Madagiz had been evacuated and provided with shelter in other parts of the region.[57] Armenian and international reporters announced that after Talysh was retaken by Armenian troops, an elderly Armenian couple were found shot in their home and their corpses mutilated. According to these reports, Azerbaijani soldiers also killed another elderly woman.[58][59][60][61][62] Azerbaijan's Ministry of Defense denied these reports.[63][64]

On 4 April it was reported that Azerbaijani forces decapitated Yazidi-Armenian soldier Karam Sloyan, with videos and pictures of his severed head posted on social networks.[65][66][67] According to The Sunday Times reporters, it included "shocking souvenir photos of uniformed Azerbaijani soldiers posing with the severed head".[68] Artak Beglaryan, spokesperson of NKR Prime Minister, called the beheading a "barbaric act & Daesh/ISIS style war crime."[69] Azerbaijani sources stated that Sloyan was killed in action.[70]

International reactions

For continued war

Only Turkey and Pakistan called for war and expressed unconditional support for Azerbaijan.

  •  Turkey – President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called his Azerbaijani counterpart Ilham Aliyev to pay condolences for the "martyred" soldiers.[71] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condemning what they claimed was an Armenian attack on civilians and calling on Armenia to comply with the ceasefire.[72] He also announced his country's support to Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh border clashes, saying "Turkey backs the Azeris 'to the end' against Armenia".[73]
  •  Pakistan – Foreign Ministry issued a statement expressing concern about the escalation "caused due to the continuous artillery firing by Armenian forces." It added, "Pakistan will continue to promote a peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict."[74] Secretary to president, Ahmad Farooq, said Pakistan "always stands by Azerbaijan" and that "Azerbaijan is a brotherly and friendly country."[75][better source needed]

For immediate ceasefire

While not supporting Armenia nor recognizing the independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, all other countries and international bodes called for an immediate ceasefire.

Supranational bodies
  •  EU – High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini urged the parties "to stop the fighting immediately and observe the ceasefire".[76]
  •  UN – Secretary General Ban Ki-moon demanded all sides involved in the conflict to immediately cease all armed hostilities and observe the terms of ceasefire.[77]
  • PACE – President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Pedro Agramunt called on both sides to respect the ceasefire and resume peaceful negotiations. He also called for the withdrawal of all Armenian armed troops from occupied Azerbaijani territories in compliance with the UN Security Council resolutions.[78]
  • OIC – The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation condemned "the attack by Armenian forces on the borders of occupied Azerbaijani territories" and Yerevan’s "disrespect of the unilateral ceasefire" announced by Baku.[79]
  • CSTO – A spokesman for the head of the CSTO, Nikolay Bordyuzha, stated that the conflict must be settled through negotiations. Bordyuzha added that the Azerbaijani side is "leading to the escalation of the situation and the conflict".[80]
OSCE Minsk Group and co-chair countries
  • OSCE Minsk Group – The Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group expressed "grave concern over the reported large-scale ceasefire violations that are taking place along the line of contact in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone" and strongly condemned "the use of force and regret the senseless loss of life, including civilians".[81] The OSCE Minsk Group scheduled to have a meeting on 5 April in Vienna over the incidents.[82]
  •  United States – The State Department condemned ceasefire violations and urged the sides to "show restraint, avoid further escalation, and strictly adhere to the ceasefire." Their statement continued, "The unstable situation on the ground demonstrates why the sides must enter into an immediate negotiation under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs on a comprehensive settlement of the conflict. We reiterate that there is no military solution to the conflict. As a co-chair country, the United States is firmly committed to working with the sides to reach a lasting and negotiated peace."[83]
  •  Russia – President Vladimir Putin called on both sides to end hostilities and show restraint.[84] On 4 April Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov criticized what he called Turkey's interference into the internal affairs of neighboring nations and called Turkey's strong support for Azerbaijan "one-sided".[85]
Other states
  •  Belarus – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged the parties to continue seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict "in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, first of all, on the basis of respect and guaranteeing of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, as well as the relevant UN Security Council resolutions and decisions of the OSCE". The Belarusian ambassador to Armenia was summoned to be informed that Yerevan was "deeply bewildered" by this statement which "does not correspond to the spirit of the Armenian-Belarusian relations" and "is detrimental to the negotiation process".[86][87] Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko insisted that both sides should seek a peaceful dialogue.[88]
  •  Bulgaria – Foreign Ministry of Bulgaria has expressed deep concern about "massive violations of the ceasefire". Bulgaria reiterated its position that the conflict could only be solved through peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group.[89]
  •  Canada – Minister of Foreign Affairs Stéphane Dion called on all sides to show restraint, immediately return to a true ceasefire, and actively resume dialogue within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group. "Canada firmly believes that there is no alternative to a peaceful, negotiated solution to this conflict," Minister Dion said in a statement.[90][91]
  •  Czech Republic – Foreign Ministry expressed concern over extensive violations of the ceasefire on the line of contact of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and condemned the use of force. It called to involved parties to stop the violence and to strictly respect the truce. Foreign Ministry supported the peaceful efforts of the OSCE Minsk Group.[92]
  •  Cyprus – Foreign Ministry statement accused Azerbaijan of violations of the armistice line and urged Azerbaijan to "respect the status quo ante." It also urged Turkey to "refrain from any activities and statements that further destabilize the unfolding situation."[93]
  •  Georgia – Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili expressed concern over the recent developments in the region and expressed hope that the international community's efforts will help to de-escalate the situation.[94] President Giorgi Margvelashvili called on both neighbors to end fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh region and resolve the conflict peacefully.[95] In a telephone call with her Azerbaijani counterpart Zakir Hasanov, Defense Minister Tinatin Khidasheli reaffirmed Georgia's support of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.[96]
  •  Germany – Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier called on both sides to immediately stop fighting and to fully respect the ceasefire.[97]
  •  Greece – The Foreign Ministry expressed concern and called on the two sides to "exercise restraint and composure in order to return, as soon as possible, to the process of dialogue within the framework of the Minsk Group."[98]
  •  Iran – Foreign Ministry Spokesman Hossein Jaberi Ansari called for both sides to "refrain from any manner or action" which could "worsen the situation." He added that Iran recommends a cessation of hostilities by reaching a peaceful solution within the framework of United Nations regulations, while he further underlined that, as the region has been the scene of "destructive actions" by extremist groups, such clashes arouse "severe concerns" for Iran.[99]
  •  Kazakhstan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its concern with the recent escalation of violence and called on the parties to abide by the ceasefire agreement.[100]
  •  Kyrgyzstan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expresses its concern with the worsening situation in Nagorno-Karabakh. It said that it stands for working out constructive proposals on searching for ways of resolving the dispute and that it is ready to mediate the settlement of the conflict.[101]
  •  Latvia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on both sides to stop the hostilities immediately and resume the ceasefire, expressing regret over casualties and deaths and conveying condolences to the families of those killed.[102]
  •  Norway – Minister of Foreign Affairs Børge Brende called the clashes an "unacceptable military escalation".[103]
  •  Poland – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland called on parties of conflict to cease military operations in region and return to peace talks initiated in 1994. Poland called also to recognize territorial dispute by diplomatic and political negotiations including OSCE Minsk group mediation format.[104]
  •  Romania – Romania urges to resume diplomatic efforts to resolve Nagorno Karabakh conflict. Foreign Ministry of Romania expressed concern over the escalation in Nagorno Karabakh. Romanian Foreign Ministry urged to immediate cessation of hostilities. "Resumption of diplomatic efforts is necessary for peaceful settlement."[105]
  •  Ukraine – According to a statement by the Foreign Ministry of Ukraine "Ukraine favors a long-term political solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on the basis of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan within its internationally recognized borders".[106] According to the ministry "The current situation eloquently shows that frozen conflicts remain a hotbed of instability across the OSCE space, which could flare up any moment and lead to large-scale hostilities and a great loss of human life".[106] President Petro Poroshenko, in a phone conversation with his Azeri counterpart, said that Ukraine supports Azerbaijan's integrity within internationally recognized borders.[107]
  •  United Kingdom – Minister for Europe David Lidington expressed concern about increased violence and urged both sides "to engage constructively and intensively in the search for a negotiated peaceful settlement through the Minsk Group process."[108]
Partially recognized non-UN member states
Other reactions
  • U.S. Congressmen and co-chairs of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues Frank Pallone (D-NJ), Robert Dold (R-IL), Adam Schiff (D-CA), and Brad Sherman (D-CA) jointly condemning what they described as "Azerbaijan's aggression" and called upon the Obama administration to "hold Ilham Aliyev to account for his unilateral escalation of violence against Nagorno-Karabagh."[114]
  • Selahattin Demirtaş, leader of the left-wing pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), criticised Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu for encouraging violence with their support for military actions. He added, "Nagorno-Karabakh was an autonomous region. Armenia and Azerbaijan had to settle the issue around the negotiating table, as war will be of no benefit to any of the sides."[115][116]
  • Refat Chubarov, a member of the Ukrainian parliament and the Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, called on Ukraine to reaffirm its recognition of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.[117]
  • Mikheil Saakashvili, former president of Georgia and governor of Ukraine's Odessa Oblast, shared a video on Facebook of his speech in the parliament of Azerbaijan in 2012[118] which was interpreted by Azeri media as an expression of support.[119]
  • French conservative Senator Valérie Boyer accused Azerbaijan for the violence and expressed solidarity with the Armenian people and Nagorno-Karabakh.[120] She also called for the official recognition of the NKR by France.[121]
  • French senator Nathalie Goulet called on UN Security Council to condemn what she described as Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan[122][better source needed]
  • The radical nationalist Jobbik, one of the leading political parties in Hungary, stated that "the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has been going on since Armenia, against international law, occupied the province of Nagorno Karabakh and the surrounding counties". Jobbik believes that "the lasting peace cannot be established unless Armenia withdraws from the occupied territories, restores and guarantees Azerbaijan's territorial integrity", and Nagorno-Karabakh is granted an extensive autonomy within Azerbaijan.[123]

See also

References

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