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Nathu La and Cho La clashes

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1967 China-India border conflicts

India: The fighting occurred in the Kingdom of Sikkim, between China and India.
China: The border conflict at Sikkim - China border between China and India.
Date11–14 September 1967 (Nathu La)
1–10 October 1967 (Cho La)
Location
Nathu La and Cho La, Kingdom of Sikkim
(now Sikkim, India)
Territorial
changes		 Chinese withdrawal from Nathu La and Cho La, Sikkim[1]
Belligerents
India China
Commanders and leaders
Indira Gandhi
Sagat Singh[2]
Jagjit Aurora[2]		 Mao Zedong [clarification needed]
Casualties and losses
Indian sources:
88 killed
163 wounded in Cho La and the Nathu La incidents combined[3]
Chinese sources:
603 killed or wounded in Nathu La incident
195 killed or wounded in Cho La incident[4][5][6]		 Indian sources:
340 killed
450 wounded in Cho La and Nathu La incidents combined[3]
Chinese sources:
32 killed
91 wounded in Nathu La incident
Unkown in Cho La incident[7][5]

Different parties have different cognition on the Nathu La and Cho La incidents, (11–14 September 1967 for Nathu La; 1–10 October 1967 for Cho La).

India version claims the Nathu La and Cho La incidents were a series of military clashes between India and China in the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate.[8][9][10]

Chinese version says, this incident was a border conflict, and the clashes were limited to the central sector along China - Sikkim border.[11][12]

While some third party source backs Indian claim that the end of the clashes saw a Chinese military was defeated by Indian forces in these incidents;[13] some other third party source shows it was only a border conflict without clear war-goal and India side suffered a higher casualty at the end.[14]

Indian version

India claimed the clashes were initiated from Chinese side, which was backed up by some western sources.[15]

On 11 September, Chinese troops attacked Indian troops on the Sikkim border across the Nathu la and opened heavy mortar and artillery fire. After repeated Indian protests and proposal for ceasefire, by 15 September there was a virtual termination of all hostile activity. On 1 October 1967, Chinese troops fired again on the Indian side and it was repulsed by the Indian Army by 10 October. The Defence Minister of India informed the Indian Parliament that, during the Cho La and Nathu La incidents, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded, while Chinese casualties were estimated to be 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.[16][3][17]

Chinese version

In early September 1967, Indian army crossed the border near the Nathu La and began to set up barbed wire on China's side. Issue escalated after India Army ignored the serious warning sent by Chinese garrison and killed one Chinese soldier. Fight started on 11 September 1967 in a manner of shelling on both sides. On 13 September, India Army ceased fire after 8 Artillery positions paralyzed, two command posts, two observation posts and 23 fortifications destroyed, and over 540 Indian soldiers wounded or killed. On 14 September, when China side also ceased fire and returned the Indian soldiers' bodies, the first conflict ended.[12][11]

The second conflict began on 1 October 1967, when an Indian Gurkha squad crossed the border and killed one Chinese soldier. Chinese garrison retaliated immediately and killed all 8 Gurkha soldiers. The issue soon escalated into exchanging shells, but soon both sides ceased fire at 19:55 on the same day and ends the second conflicts.[12][11] The total losses for the two conflicts combined were nearly 800 Indians wounded or killed, and at least 123 Chinese wounded or killed.[12][11][18]

China doesn't recognize Nathu La and Cho La incidents as related to Sikkim. Because Nathu La and Cho La incidents happened in 1967 whereas all violent conflicts between India and Kingdom of Sikkim started after 1968.[19]

Aftermath

Sikkim became an Indian state in 1975,[9] which was not recognised by China. In 2003, China recognised Sikkim as an Indian state, on condition that India accept that the Tibet Autonomous Region was a part of China, even though India had already done so back in 1953.[20][21][22][23] This mutual agreement led to a thaw in Sino-Indian relations.[24]

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said in 2005 that "Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India."[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chaurasia, R.S. History of Modern China. Atlantic Publishers. p. 288.
  2. ^ a b Sheru Thapliyal (27 May 2011). "The Nathu La skirmish: when Chinese were given a bloody nose". Centre for Land Warfare Studies. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). India-China relations: post conflict phase to post cold war period. A.P.H. Pub. Corp. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7648-538-8.
  4. ^ "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". history.dwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  5. ^ a b Asian Recorder - Volume 13. p. 7965. The New China News Agency report, broadcast by Peking Radio, said that an unspecified number of Chinese soldiers were killed or wounded. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  6. ^ 甄嫣 (20 May 2013). "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". Duowei News (in Chinese). Retrieved 31 January 2017. 在这次的战斗中，印军共伤亡607人，中方伤亡123名，其中阵亡者32名。...打死打伤中国官兵各一人...毙伤印军195名
  7. ^ "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". history.dwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  8. ^ Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. ISBN 9781137412355.
  9. ^ a b Bruce Elleman; Stephen Kotkin; Clive Schofield (2015). Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-7656-2766-7.
  10. ^ Scott, David (9 May 2011). Handbook of India's International Relations. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 9781136811319.
  11. ^ a b c d "1967年乃堆拉山口冲突：比62年更让印度人心惊 - 铁血社区". bbs.tiexue.net. Retrieved 26 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d "鲜为人知的1967年中印边境战争(中印说法对比) - 万维论坛". bbs.creaders.net. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  13. ^ Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. ISBN 9781137412355.
  14. ^ Fravel, M. Taylor (25 August 2008). Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes. Princeton University Press. p. 197. ISBN 1400828872.
  15. ^ Garver, John W. (1 July 2011). Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. University of Washington Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780295801209.
  16. ^ Chapter 2: THE PERIOD OF STALEMATE (1963-1975) Shodhganga; pp 55-
  17. ^ Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1967.
  18. ^ "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". history.dwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  19. ^ "锡金被印度吞并前 曾向全世界宣告加入中国 - 中网资讯中心". www.cnwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017. 1968年，锡金甘托克及周边地区民众爆发大规模示威游行，要求废除《印锡合约》，维护国家主权。由于印度军警的介入，游行活动转变为暴乱，蔓延至锡金全境。在这次暴乱中，印度军警共击伤击毙锡金民众63200余人，逮捕主张国家独立的"激进分子"3327名，其中处死336名。 {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  20. ^ Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson. p. 87.
  21. ^ Eekelen, Willem Frederik. Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China.
  22. ^ Iqbal Singh. Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's, Volume II.
  23. ^ "India and China agree over Tibet". BBC News.
  24. ^ Baruah, Amit (12 April 2005). "China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  25. ^ David Scott. Handbook of India's International Relations. Routledge.

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