Choiceless awareness
Choiceless awareness is posited in philosophy, psychology, and spirituality to be the state of unpremeditated, complete awareness of the present without preference, effort, or compulsion. The term was popularized in mid-20th century by Jiddu Krishnamurti, in whose philosophy it signifies a main theme. Similar or related concepts had been previously developed in several religious or spiritual traditions; the term or others like it has also been used to describe traditional and contemporary secular and religious meditation practices. By early 21st century, choiceless awareness as a concept or term had appeared in a variety of fields, including in neuroscience, therapy, sociology, and in art. However, Krishnamurti's approach of the subject was unique, and differs from both prior and later notions.
Jiddu Krishnamurti
Choiceless awareness is a major topic in the exposition of Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986).[1] Beginning in the 1930s, he often commented on the subject, which became a recurring theme in his work.[2] He is considered to have been mainly responsible for the subsequent interest in both the term and the concept.[3]
Krishnamurti held that outside of strictly practical, technical matters, the presence and action of choice indicates confusion and subtle bias: an individual who perceives a given situation in an unbiased manner, without distortion, and therefore with complete awareness, will immediately, naturally, act according to this awareness – the action will be the manifestation and result of this awareness, rather than the result of choice. Such action (and quality of mind) is inherently without conflict.[4]
He did not offer any method to achieve such awareness; [5] in his view application of technique cannot possibly evolve into, or result in, true choicelessness – just as unceasing application of effort leads to illusory effortlessness, in reality the action of habit; [6] additionally, in his opinion all methods introduce potential or actual conflict, generated by the practitioner's efforts to comply. According to this analysis, all practices towards achieving choiceless awareness have the opposite effect: they inhibit its action in the present by treating it as a future, premeditated result, and moreover one that is conditioned by the practitioner's implied or expressed expectations.[7] For true choicelessness to be realized, choice – implicit or explicit – has to simply, irrevocably, stop; however, the ceasing of choice is not the result of decision-making, but implies the ceasing of the functioning of the chooser or self as a psychological entity. Krishnamurti proposed that such a state might be approached through inquiry based on total attentiveness: identity is then dissolved in complete, all-encompassing attention.[8] Therefore, he asserted that choiceless awareness is a natural attribute of non-self-centered perception, which he called "observation without the observer".[9]
Accordingly, Krishnamurti advised against following any doctrine, discipline, teacher, guru, or authority, including himself.[10] He also advised against following one's own psychological knowledge and experience, which he considered integral parts of the observer.[11] He denied the usefulness of all meditation techniques and methods, but not of meditation itself, which he called "perhaps the greatest" art in life; [12] and stated that insight into choiceless awareness could be shared through open dialogue.[13]
Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness were discussed by among others, influential Hindu spiritual teacher Ramana Maharshi (1879–1950) [14] and, following wide publication of his books,[15] they attracted the attention of psychologists and psychoanalysts in the 1950s; [16] in subsequent decades Krishnamurti held a number of discussions on this and related subjects with practicing psychotherapists and with researchers in the field.[17] His views on the subject have been included in scholarly papers on existential therapy,[18] education theory,[19] and peace research,[20] but they have also been discussed in less formal or structured settings.[21]
In late 1980, almost half a century after he started discussing it, Krishnamurti included the concept in "The Core of Krishnamurti's Teaching", a pivotal statement of his philosophy: "Freedom is found in the choiceless awareness of our daily existence and activity."[22][23]
Other representations
In contrast with Krishnamurti's approach, other articulations commonly include choiceless awareness (or related ideas and terms) as part, or as the hoped-for result, of specific methodologies and meditation techniques.[24] Similar concepts and terms appeared or developed in various traditional and contemporary religious or spiritual doctrines and texts,[25] and also within secular disciplines such as psychotherapy,[26] rehabilitation medicine,[27] and counseling.[28] Choiceless awareness has been examined within the context of philosophy of perception and behavior,[29] while studies have cited its possible role in job performance.[30] Other studies have linked meditation based on the concept (among others), with neural activity consistent with increased attentiveness, considered a factor of well-being and happiness.[31]
One term that is often used as a near-synonym is mindfulness, which as a concept has similarities to or may include choiceless awareness.[32] Initially part of Buddhist meditation practice, it has been adapted and utilized for contemporary psychological treatment,[33] and has been applied as a component of integrative medicine programs.[34]
Kindred themes can be found in the doctrine and meditation practices (such as Vipassanā) associated with the Theravada school of Buddhism; [35] and also in 20th-century offshoots such as the Thai Forest Tradition and the Vipassana movement.[36] Within these and similar fields, for example the Shikantaza practice in Zen Buddhism,[37] choiceless (or effortless) awareness is considered to frequently be the result of a mature progression of practice.[38]
The concept has been included in the discourse of transpersonal philosopher Ken Wilber (b. 1949),[39] and also of independent Indian spiritual teacher Osho (Rajneesh) (1931–1990).[40] Tibetan Buddhism teacher Chögyam Trungpa (1939–1987), who engaged in dialogue with Krishnamurti,[41] used the term to describe the experience of shunyata (Śūnyatā) – in Sanskrit, "emptiness", or "ego-less perception".[42]
Among other fields, the term has appeared in dispute resolution theory and practice,[43] and has found application in artistic endeavors. In dramatic theory, theater criticism,[44] and acting,[45] it has been used to denote spontaneous creativity and related practices or attempts; it has additionally appeared in music works.[46] Author J. D. Salinger (1919–2010), who was interested in spirituality and alternative religions, was reputedly an adherent of Ramana Maharshi's ideas on choiceless awareness.[47]
Contrary to press reports published in mid-20th-century,[48] later interest in practices related to, or influenced by, choiceless awareness, has resulted in unambiguously favorable mentions in the popular press.[49] Additionally, mass market general interest titles covering the subject have been published.[50]
See also
Notes
- ^ Several biographies of Krishnamurti have been published, for example Vernon 2001. Most biographies concentrate on his life rather than on his ideas.
- ^ Patterson 2001; Vernon 2001, pp. 206, 207; J. Krishnamurti 1933, "Para 18". Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- ^ Cortright 1997, p. 128; Soeng 2004, p. 76. Retrieved 2016-01-11 – via Google Books (limited preview, e-book edition).
- ^ J. Krishnamurti 2001, § "You can't be totally aware if you are choosing." pp. 16–17. Retrieved 2016-02-16 – via Google Books (limited preview); Jones 2015, pp. 661–662; Rodrigues 1996, p. 43. Compare inattentional blindness.
- ^ Rodrigues 1996, p. 49. "Krishnamurti ... rejects systematic paths to realization which contain stages of development."
- ^ Jones 2015, p. 670. "[Krishnamurti:] ... anything practiced mechanically ... leads to mechanical results"; J. Krishnamurti 1953, "Para 7, 13, 18". Retrieved 2015-01-08.
- ^ Cortright 1997, p. 147; Jones 2015, p. 659; J. Krishnamurti 1978.
- ^ Rodrigues 1996, pp. 43–44, 49; Lewin 2014, pp. 357, 361–362; Jones 2015, pp. 657–659.
- ^ Rodrigues 1996, pp. 43–44, 49; J. Krishnamurti 1965, "Para 45". Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- ^ J. Krishnamurti 1975, p. 19. Retrieved 2015-12-27 – via J. Krishnamurti Online ("Para 31").
- ^ J. Krishnamurti 1975, p. 116. Retrieved 2015-12-27 – via J. Krishnamurti Online ("Para 312").
- ^ Krishna 2008, p. 970. "[C]hoiceless awareness ... can be shared with fellow-inquirers in what he [Krishnamurti] termed the art of dialogue."
- ^ Osborne 1996, p. 70. Retrieved 2016-01-06 – via Google Books (limited preview).
- ^ a b Lutyens 2003, pp. 81, 86–87. One such book (J. Krishnamurti 1954) includes a foreword by Aldous Huxley, who provided a comprehensive description of Krishnamurti's ideas – including choiceless awareness: Huxley 1954, pp. 17–18. Retrieved 2016-01-14 – via J. Krishnamurti Online ("Para 16").
- ^ Kelman 1956. Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness (as described in J. Krishnamurti 1954), are a main focus of this article; Maslow 1959, p. 54. "Krishnamurti has an excellent phrase to describe my data. He calls it 'choiceless awareness'."
- ^ Lutyens 2003, pp. 206, 217.
- ^ Feltham 2005, p. 316.
- ^ Lewin 2014, pp. 357, 361–362.
- ^ Fisk 1994, pp. 90, 93.
- ^ Randall 1985, p. 83. "What Krishnamurti pushes as 'choiceless awareness'. A helluva projection." From an essay on music; Grosjean 2000, p. 93. From a presentation at a poetry symposium, Krishnamurti’s view and its relation to creativity.
- ^ J. Krishnamurti c. 1980, ¶ 3 [not numbered].
- ^ For more on Krishnamurti and choiceless awareness see Choiceless awareness, volume 5 in his Collected Works (1991, ISBN 978-0-8403-6238-4); "J. Krishnamurti on Choiceless Awareness, Creative Emptiness and Ultimate Freedom" – via SAGE Journals (subscription required) . Article by Dinesh Chandra Mathur in Diogenes, published January 1984; Amir Sabzevary’s Choiceless awareness: psychological freedom in the philosophy of Krishnamurti (2010, ISBN 978-3-8383-0385-7); also, J. Krishnamurti Online (JKO).. Official Jiddu Krishnamurti archival website contains large number of his works in text and other media.
- ^ Kabat-Zinn 2002, p. 71; Risom 2010, "§ Step 10: Choiceless Awareness" pp. 44–45. Retrieved 2016-01-05 – via Google Books (limited preview).
- ^ Ashtavakra 1993, "Chapter XV" verse 5. "You are choiceless, awareness itself and unchanging – so live happily"; Kabat-Zinn 2011, p. 289; choiceless awareness has also been related to aspects of Christian contemplative traditions (Söring 2003, pp. 159, 163; Bruder 1998, p. 107).
- ^ Germer et al. 2013, p. 16.
- ^ Carlson & Speca 2011, "Chapter 10: Deepening and Expanding" pp. 137–141. Retrieved 2016-01-10 – via Google Books (limited preview, e-book edition).
- ^ Cohen-Posey 2010, § "Handout 2.8–Being Present: Choiceless Awareness" pp. 48–49. Retrieved 2016-01-10 – via Google Books (limited preview, e-book edition).
- ^ Drengson 2006, pp. 39, 44.
- ^ Frantz 1980, p. 521; Fritz 1976, p. 342. Both studies cite Abraham Maslow’s ideas on choiceless awareness and on related subjects.
- ^ Brewer et al. 2011; Lutz et al. 2015.
- ^ Soeng 2004, pp. 5, 54–58, 78, 83, 94–95, 98, 103; Kabat-Zinn 2011.
- ^ Germer et al. 2013, p. 82. Retrieved 2014-01-14 – via Google Books (limited preview, e-book edition). "[I]t's important to remember that the purpose of mindfulness is to alleviate suffering, not choiceless awareness for its own sake."
- ^ UW Health 2015.
- ^ Kabat-Zinn 2011, pp. 289, 299.
- ^ Sharf 2013, Publisher summary [text]. "[T]he form of 'mindfulness meditation' ... that has become popular in the West is, at least in part, a relatively modern phenomenon; it can be traced to Burmese Buddhist reform movements that date to the first half of the twentieth century." In Sharf's opinion, "[t]raditional Buddhist practices are oriented more toward acquiring 'correct view' and proper ethical discernment, rather than 'no view' and a non-judgmental attitude. ... This doesn't mean that modern forms of 'bare awareness' practice are without historical precursors."
- ^ Soeng 2004, pp. 76, 127.
- ^ Osborne 1996, p. 70; Sharf 1995, pp. 230–231, 233, 242.
- ^ Wilber 1988, pp. 155, 158.
- ^ Osho n.d.
- ^ J. Krishnamurti 1996, "[Chapter:] What is Meditation?" pp. 236–242. Discussion at San Diego, 15 February 1972.
- ^ Trungpa 1994, "[Chapter] 3: Choiceless Awareness" pp. 87–99. Retrieved 2016-01-10 – via Google Books (limited preview, e-book edition).
- ^ Riskin 2006.
- ^ Lamont 1970.
- ^ Eastin 2010.
- ^ Marshall 1978, "[Track] A2: This Choiceless Awareness".
- ^ Keenan 2010. Salinger "would quote the yogi" on the concept.
- ^ The Times of India 1954. "Huxley is at some pains to explain this idea [choiceless awareness]." From a negative review of Krishnamurti's The First and Last Freedom (J. Krishnamurti 1954).[15]
- ^ Needham 1968. Quotes Maslow on choiceless awareness; Magida 1981, p. C45. "Uncovered through vipassana's 'choiceless awareness'"; Wardy 2005. "There exists a less cluttered mind, allowing for choiceless awareness, which eliminates judgment and opinion."
- ^ Alidina 2015, pp. 110, 303, "Track 14: Sitting meditation – choiceless awareness" [in accompanying online audio content. Retrieved 2017-09-19.].
References
- Alidina, Shamash (2015). Mindfulness for dummies (paperback). For Dummies. With accompanying online content (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-86818-8.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Ashtavakra (1993) [original in Sanskrit, date unknown]. Ashtavakra gita. Charlton Classics. Vol. 2. Translated by Richards, John H. UK: Pembroke. p. Translator's Notes. OCLC 729544550 – via Wikisource.
Nothing seems to be known about the author, though tradition ascribes it to the Sage Ashtavakra
{{citation}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help). - Brewer, Judson A.; Worhunsky, Patrick D.; Gray, Jeremy R.; Tang, Yi-Yuan; Weber, Jochen; Kober, Hedy (13 December 2011). "Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (50). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences: 20254–20259. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108. ISSN 0027-8424.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - Bruder, Kurt A. (1998). "Monastic Blessings: Deconstructing And Reconstructing The Self". Symbolic Interaction. 21 (1). Greenwich, Connecticut & London, England: JAI Press: 87–116. doi:10.1525/si.1998.21.1.87. ISSN 0195-6086 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Carlson, Linda E.; Speca, Michael (2011). Mindfulness-based cancer recovery: a step-by-step MBSR approach to help you cope with treatment and reclaim your life (paperback). Foreword by Segal, Zindel. Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 978-1-57224-887-8. Retrieved 15 January 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Chögyam Trungpa (1994). Sherab Chödzin (ed.). Illusion's game: the life and teaching of Naropa (paperback). Dharma Ocean (1st ed.). Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-87773-857-2. Retrieved 19 January 2016 – via Google Books. (Limited preview, e-book edition).
- Cohen-Posey, Kate (2010). More brief therapy client handouts (paperback) (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-49985-6. Retrieved 15 January 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Cortright, Brant (1997). Psychotherapy and spirit: theory and practice in transpersonal psychotherapy (paperback). SUNY Series in the philosophy of psychology. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3466-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Drengson, Alan (2006). "Emotions, Judgments, and Life Quality". Archives. The Trumpeter. 22 (1 [Winter 2006]). Athabasca, Alberta: AU Press: 29–50. eISSN 1705-9429. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Eastin, Steve (19 February 2010). "Something To Not Think About". Backstage. Vol. 51, no. 7 (National ed.). New York: Prometheus Global Media. p. 11. ISSN 1946-5440. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
{{cite magazine}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Feltham, Colin (July 2005). "Existentialism, Transparency and Anthropathology". Existential Analysis. 16 (2). London: Society for Existential Analysis: 301–321. ISSN 1752-5616. Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Academic Search.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Fisk, Larry J. (May 1994). "Jiddu Krishnamurti: Violence as Resistance to Factuality". Peace Research. 26 (2). Brandon, Manitoba: 85–102. ISSN 0008-4697. JSTOR 23607349.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|registration=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Frantz, Roger S. (1980). "On the Existence of X-Efficiency". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 2 (4). Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis: 509–527. doi:10.1080/01603477.1980.11489181. ISSN 0160-3477. JSTOR 4537557.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Fritz, Dan (April 1976). "Bureaucratic Commitment in Rural India: A Psychological Application". Asian Survey. 16 (4). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 338–354. doi:10.2307/2643210. ISSN 0004-4687.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Germer, Christopher K.; Siegel, Ronald D.; Fulton, Paul R., eds. (2013) [originally published 2005]. Mindfulness and psychotherapy (hardcover) (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-46251-137-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=7bADAAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Grosjean, Ok-Koo Kang (2000). "The Way of Translation". In Stewart, Frank; McGlynn, John (eds.). Silenced voices: new writing from Indonesia (paperback). Manoa. Vol. 12. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 90–97. ISBN 978-0-8248-2321-4. JSTOR 4229826.
[In book section:] The Poem behind the Poem: Literary Translation as American Poetry
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|registration=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help). - Huxley, Aldous (1954). Foreword. The first and last freedom. By Jiddu, Krishnamurti (hardcover) (1st UK ed.). London: Gollancz. pp. 9–18. OCLC 59002436. JKO document no. 306. Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via J. Krishnamurti Online.
- Jiddu, Krishnamurti (6 July 1933). Third Talk at Alpino ("Verbatim Report" transcript). Talks and Answers to Questions, Italy and Norway 1933. J. Krishnamurti Online. JKO document no. 330706. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- —— (11 July 1953). Seventh Talk in The Oak Grove ("Verbatim Report" transcript). Krishnamurti's Talks 1953 Ojai, California. J. Krishnamurti Online. JKO document no. 530711. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- —— (9 May 1965). Sixth dialogue in London ("Authentic Report" transcript). Discussions With Krishnamurti In Europe 1965. J. Krishnamurti Online. JKO document no. 650509. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- —— (1975) [originally published 1969]. Lutyens, Mary (ed.). Freedom from the known (paperback) (reprint ed.). San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-064808-4.
- —— (3 September 1978). The beginning of meditation: fourth public talk (flv) (Video webcast w. transcript). Talks at Brockwood Park 1978. J. Krishnamurti Online (published 13 November 2012). JKO BR78T4 (video transcript). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- —— (c. 1980). "The Core of the Teachings". J. Krishnamurti Online. Krishnamurti Foundations (published c. 2010). Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - —— (1996). Questioning Krishnamurti: J. Krishnamurti in dialogue. London: Thorsons. ISBN 978-0-7225-3284-3.
- Jones, Constance A. (2015). "Chapter 14: Techniqueless Meditation: J. Krishnamurti's This Light in Oneself ". In Komjathy, Louis (ed.). Contemplative literature: a comparative sourcebook on meditation and contemplative prayer (hardcover). Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 645–702. ISBN 978-1-4384-5705-5. Retrieved 10 January 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2002). "Meditation Is about Paying Attention". Reflections. 3 (3 [Spring 2002]). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press: 68–71. ISSN 1524-1734. Retrieved 15 January 2016 – via EBSCOhost.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - —— (May 2011). "Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps". Contemporary Buddhism. 12 (1). London: Routledge: 281–306. doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564844. eISSN 1476-7953 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
Special Issue: Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma [publisher note]
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help). - Keenan, Elizabeth (3 February 2010). "Salinger found the spiritual in his writings". Opinion. The Daily Telegraph. Sydney: News Corp Australia. p. 27. OCLC 221797506. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via The Daily Telegraph Online Archive.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kelman, Harold (January 1956). "Life history as therapy: Part II; On being aware". The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 16 (1). New York: Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis: 68–78. doi:10.1007/bf01873714. ISSN 0002-9548 – via Springer Link.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Krishna, P. (2008) [originally published 2005]. "Krishnamurti, Jiddhu (1895–1986)". In Taylor, Bron (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Vol. 1 (1st paperback ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 970–971. ISBN 978-1-84706-273-4 – via Oxford Reference Online [2010 online ed.].
Jiddhu [variant family name spelling. Listed by his given name]
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help). - Lamont, Rosette C. (1970). "Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness". In Friedman, Melvin J (ed.). Samuel Beckett now: critical approaches to his novels, poetry and plays (hardcover) (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 199–218. ISBN 978-0-226-26346-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lewin, David (November 2014). "Behold: Silence and Attention in Education". Journal of Philosophy of Education. 48 (3). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 355–369. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.12074. ISSN 0309-8249.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Lutyens, Mary (2003) [originally published 1983. London: John Murray]. Krishnamurti: the years of fulfilment (paperback). Bramdean: Krishnamurti Foundation Trust. ISBN 978-0-900506-20-8.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lutz, Antoine; Jha, Amishi P.; Dunne, John D.; Saron, Clifford D. (October 2015). "Investigating the phenomenological matrix of mindfulness-related practices from a neurocognitive perspective". American Psychologist. 70 (7). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association: 632–658. doi:10.1037/a0039585. ISSN 0003-066X – via APA PsycNET.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Magida, Arthur J. (19 August 1981). "Tuning the mind". The Boston Globe. Affiliated Publications. pp. C10–C11, C45, C48, C50, C54. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved 10 January 2016 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Marshall, Steve (Producer, performer) (1978). Do what you will (LP record). San Francisco: Reynolds Records. PR-716. Retrieved 29 December 2015 – via Discogs.
- Maslow, Abraham H. (January 1959). "Cognition of being in the peak experiences". The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 94 (1). Provincetown, Massachusetts: Heldref Publications: 43–66. doi:10.1080/00221325.1959.10532434. ISSN 0022-1325 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Integrative Medicine". UW Health. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- Needham, Richard J. (30 July 1968). "A writer's notebook (XLVII)". The Globe and Mail (column). Toronto: FP Publications. p. 6. ISSN 0319-0714. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Osborne, Arthur, ed. (1996). "Preface". The teachings of Ramana Maharshi (paperback) (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Weiser Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-87728-897-8. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via Google Books.
[Selections previously] published in The Collected Works of Ramana Maharshi
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help). (Limited preview). - Osho (Rajneesh) (n.d.). Choiceless Awareness (flv) (online video). New Delhi: Osho World. Retrieved 28 December 2015. (Limited streaming preview or full download).
- Patterson, Albion W. (2001) [originally published 1992]. Foreword. Choiceless awareness: a selection of passages for the study of the teachings of J. Krishnamurti. By Jiddu, Krishnamurti. Patterson, Albion W. (ed.). (paperback) (revised ed.). Ojai, California: Krishnamurti Publications. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-888004-04-5. Retrieved 10 February 2016 – via Google Books.
[p. 1:] The passages in this Study Book have been taken directly from Krishnamurti's talks and books from 1933 through 1967.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Randall, James K. (1985). "Are You Serious?". Perspectives of New Music. 23 (2). Seattle: 72–88. ISSN 0031-6016. JSTOR 832701.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|registration=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Riskin, Leonard L. (2006). "[Chapter] 27: Knowing Yourself: Mindfulness". In Kupfer Schneider, Andrea; Honeyman, Christopher (eds.). The negotiator's fieldbook (paperback) (1st ed.). Washington D.C.: American Bar Association. pp. 239–250. ISBN 978-1-59031-545-3.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - Risom, Jens-Erik (2010) [originally self-published 2006 in Danish]. Presence meditation: the practice of life awareness (paperback). Translated by Bentzen, Marianne. Foreword by Levine, Peter A. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-912-4. Retrieved 15 January 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview). - Rodrigues, Hillary (January 1996). "J. Krishnamurti's 'religious mind'". Religious Studies and Theology. 15 (1). Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing: 40–55. ISSN 0829-2922. Retrieved 10 January 2016 – via ATLASerials.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Sharf, Robert H. (October 1995). "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience" (pdf). Numen. 42 (3). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 228–283. ISSN 0029-5973. Retrieved 20 January 2016 – via University of California, Berkeley.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (From author website at Dept. of Buddhist Studies, UC Berkeley). - —— (June 2013). "Mindfulness or Mindlessness: Traditional and Modern Buddhist Critiques of 'Bare Awareness'". Mindfulness in cultural context. 2013 Advanced Study Institute (Vimeo video). Montreal: Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University (published 23 September 2013). Advanced Study Institute 2013 Videos. Retrieved 20 January 2016 – via McGill Transcultural Psychiatry Vimeo Channel.
{{cite conference}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Soeng, Mu (2004). Trust in mind: the rebellion of Chinese Zen (paperback). Foreword by Jan Chozen Bays. Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-391-2. Retrieved 10 February 2016 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) (Limited preview, e-book edition). - Söring, Jens (November 2003). "The Kenotic Convict: A Divertissement on Contemporary Contemplative Spirituality in its Social Context". In Kilcourse, George; Kramer, Victor A. (eds.). The Merton Annual (paperback). Vol. 16. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 152–171. ISBN 978-0-82646-955-7. Retrieved 17 January 2016 – via Academic Search.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - "The First and Last Freedom by Krishnamurthi". Book Reviews. The Times of India. Mumbai: Bennett, Coleman & Co. 22 August 1954. p. 6. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[Variant spelling:] Krishnamurthi
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help). - Vernon, Roland (2001). Star in the east: Krishnamurti: the invention of a messiah (hardcover). New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-23825-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wardy, Joseph (3 July 2005). "Key factor to success: The journey to consciousness". Daily Record. Morristown, New Jersey: Gannett Company. p. E3. OCLC 12777527. Retrieved 11 January 2016 – via ProQuest NewsStand.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - Wilber, Ken (January 1988). "On being a support person". Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 20 (2). Palo Alto, California: Association for Transpersonal Psychology: 141–160. ISSN 0022-524X.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)