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The correct title of this article is #MeToo. The substitution of the # is due to technical restrictions.
For other uses, see Me Too (disambiguation).

"Me Too" (or "#MeToo", with local alternatives in other languages) spread virally as a two-word hashtag used on social media in October 2017 to denounce sexual assault and harassment, in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations against film producer and executive Harvey Weinstein.[1][2][3] The phrase, long used in this sense by social activist Tarana Burke, was popularized by actress Alyssa Milano, who encouraged women to tweet it to publicize experiences to demonstrate the widespread nature of misogynistic behavior.[4][5] Since then, the phrase has been posted online millions of times, often with an accompanying personal story of sexual harassment or assault. The initial response on Twitter included high-profile posts from several celebrities, including Reese Witherspoon, Rosario Dawson, Viola Davis, Anna Paquin, Lady Gaga, Sheryl Crow, Björk, Sarah Hyland, Molly Ringwald, and Ellen DeGeneres.[6][7][8]

Origin

Alyssa Milano encouraged use of the hashtag after accusations against Harvey Weinstein surfaced in 2017.

Social activist and community organizer Tarana Burke created the phrase "Me Too" on the Myspace social network[9] in 2006 as part of a grassroots campaign to promote "empowerment through empathy" among women of color who have experienced sexual abuse, particularly within underprivileged communities.[4][10][11] Burke, who is creating a documentary titled Me Too, has said she was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a 13-year-old girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, "me too".[9]

On October 15, 2017, actress Alyssa Milano encouraged spreading the phrase as part of an awareness campaign in order to reveal the ubiquity of the problem, tweeting: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem."[4][6][12] Milano later acknowledged earlier use of the phrase by Burke, writing on Twitter, "I was just made aware of an earlier #MeToo movement, and the origin story is equal parts heartbreaking and inspiring".[9]

Reach and impact

See also: Weinstein effect

The phrase had been used more than 200,000 times by October 15,[13] and tweeted more than 500,000 times by October 16.[1] On Facebook, the hashtag was used by more than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts during the first 24 hours.[7] The platform reported that 45% of users in the United States had a friend who had posted using the term.[14]

Tens of thousands of people replied to Milano's tweet, including:[15]

Some men, such as actors Terry Crews[40] and James Van Der Beek,[41] have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse, while others have responded by acknowledging past behaviors against women, spawning the hashtag "HowIWillChange."[42]

On November 12, 2017 in Hollywood, a few hundred men, women, and children participated in the "Take Back the Workplace March" and the "#MeToo Survivors March" to protest sexual abuse.[43]

On November 16, 2017, US Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York specifically referred to "the 'Me Too' Movement" when asked about allegations of sexual misconduct by politicians such as President Donald Trump, former President Bill Clinton, Senator Al Franken of Minnesota, and Roy Moore.[44]

On November 23, 2017, actress Uma Thurman posted a Thanksgiving Day message on her Instagram account accompanied by the #MeToo hashtag. She wrote, "I said I was angry recently, and I have a few reasons, #metoo, in case you couldn’t tell by the look on my face."[45]

Industries affected

In addition to Hollywood, "Me Too" declarations elicited discussion of sexual harassment and abuse in the music industry,[20] sciences,[46] academia,[47] and politics.[48] In the music industry, the band Veruca Salt used the #MeToo hashtag to air allegations of sexual harassment against James Toback,[49] and Alice Glass used the hashtag to share a history of alleged sexual assault and other abuses by former Crystal Castles bandmate Ethan Kath.[50][51]

Statehouses in California, Illinois, Oregon, and Rhode Island responded to allegations of sexual harassment surfaced by the campaign,[52] and several women in politics spoke out about their experiences of sexual harassment, including United States Senators Heidi Heitkamp, Mazie Hirono, Claire McCaskill and Elizabeth Warren.[48] Congresswoman Jackie Speier has introduced a bill aimed at making sexual harassment complaints easier to report on Capitol Hill.[53]

International response

The hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries,[54] including India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Variants of the phrase trended in France,[13] using "BalanceTonPorc" (DenounceYourPig),[55] which encouraged users to share the names of their alleged abusers.[56] In the Philippines men and women shared their harrowing experiences with their offenders.[57] In Italy, women posted stories of assault and harassment under the hashtag #QuellaVoltaChe translated literally into "#TheTimeThat."[58][59] The Spanish-language counterpart is "#YoTambién". In French-speaking parts of Canada, the campaign is done under the hashtag "#MoiAussi". In Israel, the Hebrew hashtag "גםאנחנו#" (#UsToo) began trending on October 18, with a front page spread in the newspaper Yediot Aharonot.[55] In Sweden, several women used the hashtag to confront television presenter Martin Timell,[60] whose shows on TV4 were cancelled on October 20, 2017,[61][62] and journalist Fredrik Virtanen's[63] alleged abuse towards them.

The European Parliament convened a session directly in response to the Me Too campaign, after it gave rise to allegations of abuse in Parliament and in the European Union's offices in Brussels. Cecilia Malmström, the European Commissioner for Trade, specifically cited the hashtag as the reason the meeting had been convened.[64] In the UK, the Cabinet Office has launched an investigation in allegations that Parliament member Mark Garnier ordered a secretary to buy sex toys for his wife and mistress.[65]

In China, the websphere reacted in anger following the media's claims that harassment was a foreign problem since Chinese men are both educated and culturally set to be protective.[66]

In Hong Kong, track and field athlete Vera Lui Lai-Yiu posted her own case of sex abuse with the hashtag on her Facebook fanpage on her 23rd birthday. She decided to reveal the case after similar action by the gymnast McKayla Maroney. Lui specifically used the "#metoo" hashtag and posted a picture of herself holding a piece of paper with the handwritten words "#metoo lly" (her initials).[67][68][69][70][71]

In Spain, on October 25 several Spanish actresses recognized in a report the existence of sexual harassment in Spanish cinema, among them Maru Valdivieso, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Carla Hidalgo, and Ana Gracia.[72] Also explaining cases of harassment suffered by them were the actress, scriptwriter and film director Leticia Dolera[73] and Bárbara Rey.[74]

List of local alternative hashtags

  • Arabic: أنا_كمان# (en: MeToo)
  •  Basque Country: #NiEre (en: MeToo)
  •  Canada, French-speaking areas: #MoiAussi (en: MeToo)
  •  Catalonia: #JoTambé (en: MeToo)
  •  China: #我也是 (en: MeToo)
  • English-speaking countries: #MeToo
  •  Finland: #memyös (en: WeToo)
  •  France: #balanceTonPorc (en: DenounceYourPig)[75]
  •  Iran: #من_هم_همینطور (en: MeToo)
  •  Italy: [#QuellaVoltaChe (en: TheTimeThat)
  •  Israel: גםאנחנו# (en: UsToo)
  •  Japan: #meToo (en: MeToo)
  •  Norway: #stilleforopptak (en: SilentForRecording)
  •  Russia: #Ятоже (en: MeToo)
  •  South Korea: #나도당했다 (en: MeToo)
  •  Spain: #YoTambién (en: MeToo)
  •  Vietnam: #TôiCũngVậy (en: MeToo)

Criticism

Criticism of the movement has come from many quarters, including women and self-described feminists.[76][77]

Undefined purpose

There has been discussion about whether the movement is meant to inspire change in all men or just a percentage of them, and what specific actions are the end goal of the movement.[78]

For example, Angelina Chapin wrote in the Huffington Post that she believed most men have likely made a woman feel unsafe at some point in their life whether they realized it or not. She stated the point of #MeToo is to show all men what inappropriate behavior looks like so they can help stop it. She believes all men have the responsibility to call out sexual harassment when they see it even if the women choose to stay silent.[79]

Other women have stated #MeToo should only be examining the worst types of abuse in order to prevent casting all men as perpetrators, or causing people to become numb to the problem.[78][80]

In a recent interview by the Huffington Post, Carlos E. Stolk III, a well-known music producer who resides in South Florida, believes that through music, we can reach a larger part of the population and make sure that the main message of the #MeToo Campaign, to protect women and advocate for them, continues to move forward.

[78]

Possible overcorrection

There has been discussion on whether harsh consequences are warranted for particular examples of alleged misconduct.[81][80][82]

Shikha Dalmia said #MeToo had "run amok" and cited Stephen Henderson's firing by the Detroit Free Press. Henderson was formally investigated for sexual harassment after a local DJ spread unsubstantiated rumors about him. At the end of the internal investigation, Henderson was dismissed for inappropriate behavior toward two women which violated the company's code of conduct. The full details were never released, though it was stated the women had not requested action against Henderson. Dalmia believes the resulting firing went too far because the women hadn't complained. Dalmia stated the #MeToo movement should focus on only the worst offenses to prevent too many men from getting thrown "under the bus."[80][82][83]

Heather Wilhelm of the Chicago Tribune wrote that she's personally has never experienced sexual harassment more than a catcall, and wonders if the movement overstates the true prevalence of the problem. She also believes it trivializes sexual abuse by failing to "discriminate between a 'me too' for a catcall and a 'me too' for sexual assault." She says it casts all men as perpetrators and all women as victims.[78]

Ijeoma Oluo spoke about how some Democrats have expressed regret over the resignation of Senator Al Franken, who was once a strong Democratic ally but stepped down due to allegations of sexual misconduct. She empathizes that it's normal to feel conflicted when someone who's not a bad person does bad things, but stresses that "most abusers are more like Al Franken than Harvey Weinstein" because we are often attached to them. She argues this is why they can get away with misconduct for so long, and everyone looks away.[84]

The New York Times has referred to this discussion the "Louis C.K. Conundrum."[85] This reflects the struggle many fans faced with how to react after popular liberal comedian Louis C.K. admitted to allegations of sexual misconduct with 5 women, alongside evidence that his agent Dave Becky (who has many high-profile comedians as clients including Kevin Hart, Aziz Ansari, and Amy Poehler) may have damaged the careers of some comedian victims by blocking them from working with his clients. Becky admitted what he did was wrong and C.K. has since been removed or suspended from nearly all current and future projects. Of celebrities who have admitted to sexual misconduct, the conundrum explores what constitutes as fair consequences for sexual abusers, and asks, is it "still O.K. to like — or even look at — their work?"[85][86][87]

Possible trauma to victims

The hashtag has been criticized for putting the responsibility of publicizing sexual harassment and abuse on those who experienced it, which could be re-traumatizing.[88][89][90] The hashtag has been criticized as inspiring fatigue and outrage, rather than emotionally dense communication.[91][92]

Fact-checking

There has been discussion about the extent to which accusers should be believed before fact-checking.[93] Some have questioned whether the accused are getting punished without due process confirming their guilt.[81][80][82]

Representation of women of color

The #MeToo creator Tarana Burke initially criticized the movement for ignoring the work of black women in creating dialogue addressing sexual assault. However, she did salute those who partook in the movement and credited Milano for acknowledging Burke's own similar movement.[94]

Lauren deLisa Coleman of the Huffington Post wrote that the movement has ignored how feminism can look different for different ethnic groups, and African American women's voices in particular have been largely silent in the #MeToo movement. Ijeoma Oluo once noted that while American white women do make less money than white men, they still make more money on average than black or Latino men.[95]

See also

References

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