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2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes

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2019 India–Pakistan standoff
Part of the Indo-Pakistani conflicts and the Kashmir conflict

Map of the Kashmir region
Date14 February 2019 – present
(5 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Line of Control
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

 India

JeM

 Pakistan

Casualties and losses
40–46 CRPF killed[1][2] and 70 wounded[3]
5–10 soldiers wounded[4][5]
1 pilot captured (released)[6]
1 MiG-21 shot down (Indian claim)[7][8]
2 fighter jets shot down (Pakistani claim)[9][10][11]		 Many killed (Indian claim)[12]
None killed (Pakistani claim)[13][14]		 2 soldiers killed[15]
1 F-16 and 1 UAV shot down (Indian claim)[16][17]
10–12 Pakistani and 4 Indian civilians killed[18][19][20]

India and Pakistan are engaged in an ongoing military confrontation in the disputed Kashmir region and its neighboring provinces; the heightened tensions stem from a suicide car bombing that happened on 14 February 2019.

In the bombing, a militant from Jammu and Kashmir killed 40 Indian Central Reserve Police Force members in Pulwama. The Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed claimed responsibility, while Pakistan's government condemned the attack and denied any involvement.[21]

Reacting to the suicide attack, the Indian Air Force on 26 February violated the Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir—for the first time since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971—to conduct what it called "preemptive" aerial strikes that targeted a terrorist training camp and killed several militants.[12][22] Local residents[23] and the Pakistani military disputed India's claims about the strike, saying no one was killed nor was infrastructure damaged.[24]

Escalating the situation, India and Pakistan exchanged fire across the LOC on 26 and 27 February. Ten Indian soldiers were injured[5] while four Pakistani civilians were killed in the shelling.[25] On the latter day, Pakistan conducted airstrikes in Indian-administered Kashmir which caused no casualties or damage.[26]

Also on 27 February, Pakistan claimed that it had captured two pilots after shooting down two Indian jets over Pakistani airspace. India claimed that only one MiG-21 had been lost and demanded the release of the pilot. India also claimed to have shot down a Pakistani F-16, which Pakistan denied. Pakistan later clarified that only one Indian pilot, Abhinandan Varthaman, was captured, and he was subsequently released on 1 March.[6]

Background

See also: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and Kashmir conflict

India and Pakistan have long been at odds with the other, having engaged in several wars, conflicts, and military standoffs. The roots of continued tension are complex, but have centered mainly around the state of Jammu and Kashmir. After the 1947 Partition of India, the newly formed Pakistan and India squabbled over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which turned into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Partially at issue was the fact that the 1947 partition had not determined the final status of the princely state. The issue has proved intractable, leading to further war in 1965, as well as in 1971. Both nations are armed with nuclear weapons after developing them in the 1990s, which may have served to limit the severity of the 1999 Kargil War.[27]

Military events

Pulwama attack

Main article: 2019 Pulwama attack

The 2019 Indo-Pakistan military standoff is in reaction to[28] a terror attack in mid-February 2019, when a convoy of Central Reserve Police Force carrying security personnel on the Jammu Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethpora (near Awantipora) in the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Over 40 Central Reserve Police Force personnel and the perpetrator were killed in the attack, which Jaish-e-Mohammed took responsibility for. The attacker was identified as Adil Ahmad Dar, a militant from Jammu and Kashmir, and a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed.[29] This was the deadliest attack on Indian forces in Kashmir since 1989.[30]

Balakot airstrike

Main article: 2019 Balakot airstrike

On 26 February 2019, Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes at Balakot in Pakistan. The strikes were subsequently claimed to be "non-military" and "preemptive" in nature; targeting a Jaish-e-Mohammed facility within Pakistan. The Indian government stated that the airstrike was in retaliation to the Pulwama attack and that "a very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis" were eliminated who were preparing for launching another suicide attack targeting Indian assets.[31]

Indian media claimed to have confirmed from official sources that twelve Mirage 2000 jets were involved in the operation and that they struck multiple militant camps in Balakot, Chakothi and Muzaffarabad operated by Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Taiba and Hizbul Mujahideen,[32] killing about 350 militants. The exact figures varied across media-houses.[33]

Pakistani officials conceded the intrusion of Indian aircraft into its airspace but rejected the claimed results. It asserted that the Indian fleet was intercepted and that the payloads were dropped in unpopulated areas and resulted in no casualties or infrastructural damage.[24] Pervez Khattak, Pakistani Defence Minister, stated that the Pakistani Air Force did not retaliate at that time because "they could not gauge the extent of the damage".[34]

This airstrike was the first time since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 that aerial attacks had crossed the Line of Control.[35]

Villagers from the area claimed that four bombs struck a nearby forest and a field resulting in damage to a building and injuring a local man around 3:00 AM.[36][37] A team from Al Jazeera visited the site two days after the strikes and noted "splintered pine trees and rocks" which were strewn across the four blast craters. The local hospital officials and residents asserted that they did not come across any casualty or wounded people. The reporters located the facility[33], a school run by Jaish-e-Mohammed, at around a kilometre to the east of one of the bomb craters, atop a steep ridge but were unable to access it.[38] Reporters from Reuters were denied access to the madrassa by the military but they noted the structure and its vicinity to be intact from the rear.[37]

Some diplomats and analysts have raised doubts about the efficacy of the strike, claiming that the terrorist groups along the border would have vacated the area, after the Indian Prime Minister vowed to retaliate against the Pulwama attack.[39] The local people varied as to the purpose of the facility.[38] Whilst some claimed its being an active Jaish training camp, others asserted it to have been a mere school for the local kids and that such militant camps had used to exist far earlier.[37][38] Satellite-data analysis by Nathan Ruser, from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute noted the absence of any apparent evidence to verify Indian claims.[33][40][41]

Vice-Marshal RGK Kapoor of Indian Air Force said on 28 February 2019 that though it was "premature" to provide details about the casualties, they had "fairly credible evidence" of the damage inflicted on the camp by the air strikes.[37]

Border skirmishes

Heavy skirmishes between Pakistani and Indian forces occurred along the Line of Control on 26 February, with small arms and mortar fire being exchanged.[42] Pakistani officials reported that at least four civilians were killed, and eleven were wounded.[43][44] A 55-year-old woman and her two children were killed in the Nakyal sector. In the Khuiratta sector, a 40-year-old woman was killed.[43]

Throughout 27 February, heavy exchanges of fire between Indian and Pakistani forces continued along the Line of Control.[45] Ten Indian soldiers were injured along with two residential houses being destroyed in the skirmishes.[5]

The Pakistani Army stated that on March 1, two of its soldiers were killed by firing from the Indian Army at the Line of Control.[46]

The Pakistani Army's shelling across the Line of Control killed a Kashmiri mother and her two sons after a shell landed on their home, with another civilian being critically wounded.[47]

Retaliatory airstrikes, capture and release

On 27 February, Pakistani military officials announced that Pakistan had carried out an airstrike against multiple targets in Jammu and Kashmir. A military spokesman claimed that the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) was able to lock onto Indian military installations, but opted to drop weapons into open areas instead, "to avoid human loss and collateral damage."[48][49] Pakistan's Prime Minister Imran Khan said that the airstrikes only aimed to "send a message" and appealed for negotiations to avoid a full-blown war..[50]The spokesman further claimed that the Pakistan Air Force had shot down two Indian aircraft after they encroached on Pakistan's airspace, one of which fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other fell in Indian administered Kashmir.[51][52] It was also claimed that Pakistan Army had captured two Indian pilots but a subsequent statement revised the count to one[48]-- Abhinandan Varthaman, a Wing Commander.[8][53]

India rejected this version of events and asserted to have "successfully foiled" Pakistan's attempt to "target military installations".[54] The Indian military claimed that three Pakistan Air Force jets had crossed the Line of Control (LoC) from Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir and had dropped bombs over Nadian, Laam Jhangar, Kerri in Rajouri District and Hamirpur area of Bhimber Galli in Poonch, before being pushed back by six Indian airforce jets.[55][56][57] There were no damage or casualties.[26] Raveesh Kumar from the Indian Ministry of External Affairs also stated that a Pakistani aircraft of the sortie was shot down by the Indian Air Force in the process.[16][35] India initially contradicted Pakistan's claim of capturing a pilot[58] but subsequently the Indian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed[16] that an Indian pilot was missing in action after a MiG-21 Bison fighter plane was lost while engaging with Pakistani jets.[59]

ANI also reported that an F-16 was shot down in the process.[60] On 28 February, a picture of aircraft wreckage in Pakistan administered Kashmir was claimed by IAF sources as the wreckage of the PAF F-16 shot down by the IAF MiG-21.[61] The picture of the aircraft wreckage was confirmed as the wreckage of a MiG-21 by Bellingcat, a renowned open source investigative journalism network.[62] Indian Air Force later presented wreckage of AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile; an air-to-air missile that is capable to be launched only from a F-16s.[63]

These claims were rejected by Pakistan's ISPR branch,[35] who claimed that neither any Pakistan Air Force jet was damaged in the attack nor any F-16 was used.[64] The U.S. Embassy in Islamabad has since been looking into a potential violation of end-user-agreement that governed the sale of F16s.[65][66][67]

The retaliatory air strikes coupled with the capture of the Indian pilot led to a heightened state of military alert. Tanks were deployed to the border in the Pakistani side whilst several Kashmiri residents reportedly fled their homes and painted their homes with red-cross signs to avert air-strikes.[68]

Pakistan released the captured pilot on 1 March, describing the move as a gesture of peace.[6][69][70] The Indian Air Force though asserted the pilot's release as a mandatory obligation under the Geneva Conventions.[71] The Indian media also criticized Pakistan's release of his photographs and interrogation videos to be against the protocols of the convention.[72][73] A video published by the state just prior to his release that showed him praising Pakistani Army and condemning Indian media was criticized for being heavily edited.[74][75]

Other incidents

Closure of Pakistani airspace

On 27 February, Pakistan cancelled all commercial flights and closed its airspace until the midnight of 28 February.[76][77] A NOTAM was issued by the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority to close the airspace.[78] Airlines were forced to reroute or cancel their flights with routes planned over Pakistan, leaving passengers stranded.[79] On 01 March, at 11:40 AM (UTC), the NOTAM closing the airspace was extended until 8:00 AM (UTC) on 04 March with 23 exceptions listed.[80] On 4 March, the CAA issued a new NOTAM further extending the closure of the airspace to 05 March, 08:00 UTC.[81]

Suspension of Samjhauta Express

On 28 February, Samjhauta Express, a train that runs twice weekly between India and Pakistan, was suspended by the government of Pakistan.[82] It was scheduled to depart from Lahore with 16 passengers who are now[needs update] stuck at Lahore.[83] On 4 March, Pakistan resumed the operations of Samjhauta Express.[84]

International reaction

A number of nations, including Australia,[85] Canada,[86] China,[87] Indonesia,[88] Malaysia,[89] Sri Lanka,[90] the United Arab Emirates,[91] and the United States,[92] expressed their concern, with some calling for restraint. Iran[93] and Turkey[94] have each offered to mediate the crisis.

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