Dune (1984 film)
| Dune | |
|---|---|
| File:Dune Cover front.jpg DVD cover for Dune | |
| Directed by | David Lynch |
| Written by | Frank Herbert (novel) David Lynch |
| Produced by | Dino De Laurentiis |
| Starring | Kyle MacLachlan Francesca Annis |
| Cinematography | Freddie Francis |
| Edited by | Antony Gibbs |
| Music by | Toto |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
Release dates | December 14, 1984 (premiere) |
Running time | 137 min. (180 min extended ver.) |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $45,000,000 (estimated) |
Dune is a 1984 science fiction film directed by David Lynch and based on the 1965 Frank Herbert novel of the same name and containing elements from the later parts. The central plot concerned a young man foretold in prophecy as the Kwisatz Haderach who will protect a desert planet from the evil House Harkonnen and save the universe from evil. The film starred Kyle MacLachlan as the main character, Paul Atreides, and included an ensemble of well-known American, Latin American, and European actors in the supporting roles, including Sting, Jose Ferrer, Virginia Madsen, Linda Hunt, Patrick Stewart, Max von Sydow, and Jürgen Prochnow, among others. It was filmed at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico and included a soundtrack by the band Toto.
After the success of the novel, Dune's filming projects began as early as 1971, a lengthy process of development hell followed throughout the 70s, in which famous directors such as David Lean, Alejandro Jodorowsky, and Ridley Scott were attached, until 1981, when David Lynch was placed in control of it by producer Dino De Laurentiis.
The film disappointed film critics, and performed poorly in North American theaters. Upon its release, director David Lynch distanced himself from the project, stating that pressure from both producers and financiers restrained artistic control and he was denied final cut.
Fans of the Dune series are polarized by the movie[1]; while some praise the film for its epic scope, as well for its interpretation of Frank Herbert's universe, others are critical of the creative liberties taken, particularly Dune purists. Over the years, and partly because of its controversial nature, the film became a cult favorite of which at least three different versions have been released worldwide.
Synopsis
- Note: The following synopsis refers to the "Theatrical cut" version of the film, which features departures from the original novel.
Far in the future, in the year 10,191, the known universe, a sprawling feudal intergalactic empire, is ruled by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam Corrino IV. In this time the most precious substance in the universe is the spice melange, which extends life, expands consciousness and is vital to space travel. The powerful Spacing Guild and its Navigators use the orange spice gas to travel to any part of the universe without moving.
Four planets draw the attention of the Spacing Guild: Arrakis, a desert planet and only source in the universe of the spice; Caladan, home of House Atreides; Giedi Prime, home of House Harkonnen; and Kaitain, Home of the Emperor Shaddam IV. A third stage Navigator is sent to Kaitain demanding explanations from the Emperor, who confidentially lets the Guild know of his plans to destroy House Atreides. The popularity of Duke Leto Atreides has grown within the Landsraad, and he is suspected to be creating a secret army with a technique involving sound; he is now a threat to the Emperor. Shaddam's plan is to give the Atreides control of Arrakis, replacing the Harkonnens, who at an appointed time would launch a sneak attack on the Atreides. Upon being informed of the plot, the Navigator commands the Emperor to kill the Duke's son, Paul Atreides, a young man who dreams prophetic visions of his purpose. The cryptic assassination order draws the attention of the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, as Paul Atreides is part of a centuries long breeding program in the search of the Kwisatz Haderach.
Before departure, Paul is tested by Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam with a deadly Gom Jabbar at his throat. Paul is forced to place his hand in a box, which subjects him to excruciating and increasing pain; he passes to Mohiam's satisfaction, withstanding more pain than anyone has before him. Meanwhile, in the industrial world of Giedi Prime, the sadistic Baron Vladimir Harkonnen tells his nephews Glossu Rabban and Feyd-Rautha about his plan to eliminate House Atreides by manipulating someone very close to the Duke into betraying him.
The Atreides leave Caladan to Arrakis, a mysterious world of vast deserts, filled with gigantic sandworms and populated by the Fremen, mysterious men who have long held a prophecy that a messiah would come to lead them to true freedom. Upon arrival to Arrakis, Duke Leto is informed by one of his right-hand men, Duncan Idaho, that the Fremen have been largely underestimated, as they exist in vast numbers in Arrakis and could prove to be powerful allies. Duke Leto gains the trust of the people of Arrakis, proving to be a charismatic and just leader. But before the Duke can establish an alliance with the Fremen, the Harkonnen launch their attack more quickly than the Atreides expect.
While the Atreides anticipated a trap, they are unable to withstand a devastating Harkonnen sneak attack, supported by the Emperor's elite troops, the Sardaukar, and aided by a traitor within House Atreides itself, Doctor Wellington Yueh. Captured, Duke Leto dies in an failed attempt to assassinate the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen using a poison gas capsule planted in his tooth by Dr. Yueh, but his son Paul and his concubine Jessica escape into the deep desert. With Jessica's Bene Gesserit abilities and Paul's developing skills, they manage to join a band of native Fremen. Paul emerges as Muad'Dib, the religious and political leader the Fremen have been waiting for. Paul teaches the Fremen to use the weirding modules and begins targeting mining production of spice. The Emperor is warned by the Spacing Guild of the situation on Arrakis, as the Guild fears that Paul would eventually take the Water of Life, the fears of the Spacing Guild are revealed to Paul in a prophetic dream. Aware his purpose, Paul drinks the Water of Life and enters a coma that disturbs all Bene Gesserits in the universe, the water of life prompts several visions to Paul, upon awaking Paul is transformed and gains control of the sandworms of Arrakis.
Upon the Emperor's arrival to Arrakis, Paul launches a final attack against both the Harkonnen and the Emperor. His Fremen warriors, armed with weirding modules and riding sandworms, defeat the Emperor's legions of Sardaukar while Paul's sister Alia kills the Baron Harkonnen, who floats through a wall breach to be eaten by a sandworm. Paul faces the defeated Emperor, and avenges his family in a duel to the death with Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen. After making Feyd's organs burst by screaming at his corpse without a weirding module, Paul commands rain to fall on Arrakis, Alia reveals everyone that he is the Kwisatz Haderach.
Cast
With the exception of Kyle MacLachlan, Dune featured a large international cast of well-known actors, including two Academy Award winners in secondary roles. Almost every major character from the book is present in the movie.
(in credited order)
- Francesca Annis as Lady Jessica. Prior to Dune, Annis was known in England both in Television as well as a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company.
- Leonardo Cimino as The Baron's Doctor.
- Brad Dourif as Piter De Vries. Dourif is notable for portraying deranged and unstable characters in most of his movies, doing so again in Dune.
- José Ferrer as Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV. The Puerto Rican actor had starred before as the Turkish Bey in the 1962 classic Lawrence of Arabia, a character that like the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV also represents the old Imperial order. The story of T. E. Lawrence shares similarities with the plot of Dune and has even been cited as one of the influences of the novel.
- Linda Hunt as the Shadout Mapes. Hunt was in fact the second cast member to have won an Academy Award prior to working on Dune (the first one being José Ferrer). A deleted scene featuring Mapes proving her loyalty to Lady Jessica is featured in the Allan Smithee cut.
- Freddie Jones as Thufir Hawat. Jones, having previously work with David Lynch in The Elephant Man, would continue his acting tradition of being a character actor with his portrayal of Thufir Hawat. While in the book Hawat chooses to sacrifice himself instead of betraying his Duke, this scene was cut from the film (but is featured as a deleted scene in the Extended Edition DVD; Thufir removes his heart plug and dies in Paul's arms).
- Richard Jordan as Duncan Idaho. Jordan was known for his career both in Broadway as well for a number of secondary roles in movies.
- Kyle MacLachlan as Paul Usul Muad'Dib Atreides. MacLachlan stated that Dune had been his bible ever since he was 14. After Dune, MacLachlan would continue to work extensively with David Lynch in Blue Velvet as well as in Twin Peaks. MacLachlan was 25 at the time, while in the novel Paul Atreides is just 15 years old.
- Virginia Madsen as Princess Irulan.
- Silvana Mangano as Reverend Mother Ramallo. Mangano was the wife of producer Dino De Laurentiis.
- Everett McGill as Stilgar. The muscular 6 ft 5 tall actor portrayed the Fremen leader Stilgar.
- Kenneth McMillan as Baron Vladimir Harkonnen. McMillan's portrayal as the evil Baron would arguably be his most famous role, as he passed away in 1989.
- Jack Nance as Captain Iakin Nefud. Nance starred in almost every project by David Lynch until his tragic death in 1996. Nefud disappears from the movie in its climax, and can be only glimpsed at the end with scars in his temples, suggesting he was victim of a lobotomy.
- Siân Phillips as Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam.
- Angélica Aragón as Bene Gesserit Sister.
- Jürgen Prochnow as Duke Leto Atreides. Before Dune, the German actor was already known for his portrayal as the submarine captain in Das Boot as well as his role in the 1983 Michael Mann feature The Keep, in which he co-stars with a dubbed Ian McKellen.
- Paul L. Smith as The Beast Rabban (credited as Paul Smith). Smith was almost universally panned by critics and fans alike for his portrayal of The Beast Rabban, a character with basically no lines of dialogue in the movie.
- Patrick Stewart as Gurney Halleck. At the time, the future Captain Jean-Luc Picard was a relatively unknown actor, known mostly for his part in the 1981 film Excalibur. Much of his part in Dune was left in the editing room, such as his scene of Gurney playing the baliset, which was later restored by the Allan Smithee cut.
- Sting as Feyd-Rautha. The rockstar Sting would star as the Machiavellian Feyd-Rautha, a character that was almost completely remade for the movie, being portrayed here as an Aryan cyber-punk.
- Dean Stockwell as Dr. Wellington Yueh.
- Max von Sydow as Dr. Kynes. The Swedish actor, better known for his his collaborations with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman, had previously worked with Dino De Laurentiis in Flash Gordon.
- Alicia Witt as Alia (credited as Alicia Roanne Witt). Dune would be Alicia Witt's debut on the big screen, being only 9 years old at the time.
- Sean Young as Chani. Young's previous film had been the sci-fi classic Blade Runner and stars in Dune as the daughter of Liet-Kynes and the love of Paul Atreides.
- Honorato Magaloni as Otheym (credited as Honorato Magalone)
- Judd Omen as Jamis. In the novel, Jamis challenges Paul to a fight to the death. The Jamis fight was not included in the theatrical cut, although it is included in the Alan Smithee version.
- Molly Wryn as Harah. Jamis's wife, also not included in the theatrical cut.
Production
Shot almost entirely in Mexico, the movie is an adaptation of the first part of a series of novels (see Dune, by Frank Herbert) and containing elements from the later parts.
The pre-production process was slow and problematic, and the project was handed from director to director.[2] In 1971 the production company Apjac International (APJ) (headed by Arthur P. Jacobs) optioned the rights to film Dune. As Jacobs was busy with other projects (such as the sequel of Planet of the Apes) the project was delayed for another year. Originally, it was to be directed by David Lean (with Robert Bolt writing the screenplay) and scheduled to begin shooting in 1974. In 1973, Arthur P. Jacobs passed away.
In December 1974, a French consortium led by Jean-Paul Gibon purchased the rights to the movie from APJ. The director this time would be Chilean born writer/director/mime/composer/psychotherapist/comic book writer Alejandro Jodorowsky.
In 1975, Alejandro Jodorowsky tried to film the story as a ten hour feature, in collaboration with Orson Welles, Dan O'Bannon, Salvador Dalí, Gloria Swanson and others (nicknamed by him as "his 7 samurais"). The music would have been done by Pink Floyd. Jodorowsky set up a pre-production unit in Paris that consisted of Chris Foss, a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals, Jean Giraud (Moebius), a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for Metal Hurlant magazine, and H. R. Giger. Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film, while Foss was brought in to design the film's space ships and hardware. Giger started designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius' storyboards and Dali was to play the role of the Emperor for a reported $100,000 an hour. Jodorowsky also hired Dan O'Bannon to head the special effects department. Dali and Jodorowsky began quarreling over money and just as the storyboards, designs, and the script were finished, the financial backing dried up. Frank Herbert travelled to Europe in 1976 to find that two million dollars were already spent in pre-production and that the Jodorowsky's script would result in a 14-hour movie ("It was the size of a phonebook" Herbert recalled). Although Jodorowsky took several creative liberties with his novel, Herbert stated that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship.
The rights for filming were yet again sold, this time to Dino de Laurentiis. Although embittered, Jodorowsky states that the Dune project changed his life. Dan O'Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the failure of the production and worked on 13 scripts afterwards; his 13th script was Alien.[3]
De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write the screenplay in 1978. However, considering that an average script is 110 pages long, Herbert's 175-page script was rejected.
With De Laurentiis holding the rights for filming, he hired director Ridley Scott in 1979 (with Rudolph Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H.R. Giger back from the Jodorowsky production). Scott worked on three scripts using The Battle of Algiers as a point of reference and intended to split the book into two movies before moving on to direct Blade Runner. As he recalls, the pre-production process was slow and to get the project done would have taken more time:
But after seven months I dropped out of Dune, by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first-draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert's. But I also realised Dune was going to take a lot more work — at least two and a half years' worth. And I didn't have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture. Frankly, that freaked me out. So I went to Dino and told him the Dune script was his. — From Ridley Scott: The Making of his Movies by Paul M. Sammon
By 1981, the nine year deal was expiring, De Laurentiis re-negotiated the rights again, and settled the rights for Dune sequels (written and unwritten). Raffaella De Laurentiis, after seeing The Elephant Man decided that David Lynch should direct the movie, around that time Lynch was receiving several other offers, including Return of the Jedi, and agreed to direct and write Dune.
David Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergen and Christopher De Vore, eventually adapting the movie into two scripts. The team split up after this first attempt because of creative differences. Lynch would continue to work on five more different scripts. Shooting of Dune finally started with the 135-page 6th draft of the script on March 30, 1983. With a budget of over 40 million dollars, Dune required 80 sets built upon 16 sound stages and a total crew of 1700. The rough cut of Dune under completion was over four hours in duration without post production effects [4], but Lynch's intended cut of the movie as reflected in the seventh and last draft of the script was three hours long.
However Universal Pictures and the film financiers expected a more profitable two hours cut of the film to be shown more frequently on a day to day basis (thus returning the investment quickly)[5], prompting producers Dino De Laurentiis, Raffaella De Laurentiis and director David Lynch to make Dune into a shorter film; thus for the sake of reducing its length numerous scenes were removed, new scenes that comprised simplified or concentrated elements of the plot were filmed and voice over narrations including a new introduction by Virginia Madsen were added into the final cut. Contrary to popular rumors, Lynch made no other version of the movie outside the Theatrical Cut, no longer 3-6 hour version ever existed in its complete form.[6]
In the Introduction for his 1985 short story collection Eye, Frank Herbert discussed the film's reception, his participation in the production and listed scenes that were shot but cut from the released version[7]. Frank Herbert stated he was satisfied with the end result of the movie, and expressed disappointment that some of the scenes he saw on the rough cuts of Dune were not included in the Theatrical Cut.[8]
Box office and reception
Dune's premiere was on December 3, 1984 at The Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. and was released worldwide on December 14. Dune's hype was huge before release, as it was not only based on the best selling book but also because David Lynch was directing it after the success of Eraserhead and The Elephant Man. Several magazines had been following the production for some time, with articles already praising the movie even before its release,[9] all part of the advertising and merchandising of Dune, which also included a documentary for television as well as items placed in toy stores.[10]
The movie wasn't the blockbuster science fiction film the filmmakers had hoped, grossing only $6,025,091 dollars in its opening weekend and being pulled from theaters shortly after only five weeks of screening, grossing a total of $27.4 million in its domestic run off an estimated $42 million budget, despite a decent grossing in both Japan and Europe, the movie was considered a financial failure. In his review[11], critic Roger Ebert wrote "This movie is a real mess, an incomprehensible, ugly, unstructured, pointless excursion into the murkier realms of one of the most confusing screenplays of all time." Ebert also called it "The worst movie of the year." Other negative reviews focused on the same issues as well as on the length of the movie.[12]
While most critics were negative towards Dune, critic and sci-fi writer Harlan Ellison was of a different opinion at the time[13], and considered that the $42 million production failed because critics were denied screenings at the last minute after several re-schedules, a decision by Universal that, according to Ellison, made the film community feel nervous and negative towards Dune before its release. Ellison later became one of the film's few positive reviewers at the time.
Kinder criticism praises Lynch's noir-baroque approach to the movie. Others compare it to other Lynch movies, such as Eraserhead and say that in order to watch it, the viewer must first be aware of the Dune universe. As over the years Dune has become a cult favorite, it has gained substantial praise among online reviewers and online critics in general [14] [15]
As a result of the box-office and critical failure, Dune's sequels were cancelled, it was reported that David Lynch was working on the script of Dune Messiah [16] and was signed for directing a second and a third movie about Dune.
In retrospect, Lynch regrets directing Dune [17], and prefers not to talk about Dune in interviews. Universal has approached David Lynch for a possible Director's Cut of the cult favorite, yet Lynch has turned down every offer.
"I started selling out on Dune. Looking back, it's no one's fault but my own. I probably shouldn't have done that picture, but I saw tons and tons of possibilities for things I loved, and this was the structure to do them in. There was so much room to create a world. But I got strong indications from Raffaella and Dino De Laurentiis of what kind of film they expected, and I knew I didn't have final cut." (David Lynch on Dune)[18]
Departures from the novel
Template:Spoiler The film makes departures from the novel, including the following:
- Several characters were erased when adapted to the big screen, such as Count Hasimir Fenring and other characters of small importance.
- Paul and Feyd-Rautha are older in the film than in the novel, and Feyd is portrayed as an Aryan cyber-punk. In the film there is no mention of the motives behind their mutual hatred, which are explained in the first novel in their climactic duel. In the film, the duel is reduced in both importance and length.
- The duke Leto Atredes owns a pug, which Gurney later saves from death.
- In the novel, the "Weirding Way," properly termed "prana-bindu training," is a super-martial art form that allows an adept like Paul Atreides to move with lightning speed. The Lynch movie replaces this with "Weirding Modules," sonic weapons that amplify the user's voice into a destructive force and destroy obelisks, and look like little video cameras. Reportedly the original technique was left out because it was thought that a pitched combat of Fremen fighting Sardaukar while using the Weirding Way would look like a campy kung-fu movie. Additionally, the Weirding Module provided the opportunity for the use of special effects. This change literalizes a moment in the novel in which Paul says his name has become a death-prayer because the Fremen shout "Muad'dib!" before killing an opponent. In the film, the Fremen actually destroy their enemies by shouting his name, leading Paul to make the remark "my own name is a killing word."
- The film focuses on mind reading abilities of the Bene Gesserit, while the novel focuses on their keen awareness.
- In the film, some of the Spacing Guild members are responsible for mopping up after the Guild Navigator, and they cannot speak normally, but instead channel their thoughts through what appears to be a vintage radio microphone.
- Iakin Nefud plays a musical instrument which makes horrible squeaking noises (possibly a reference to Nefud's semuta addiction), the Harkonnens drink the juices of crushed insects, have heart-plugs, and Rabban eats a chunk of a cow.
- The 'thopters (ornithopters) are depicted as wingless, jet or rocket-propelled aircraft.
- The color of the Arrakeen sky is changed from silver to orange, and the Feyd-Rautha character is blond rather than dark-haired.
- One of the Emperor's generals has a metal nose, and the Bene Gesserit witch has metal teeth.
- The mentats have enormous eyebrows, an aesthetic detail that is not explained.
- The Bene Gesserit women are all bald; there is nothing in the books to suggest that this is how they looked.
- The film ends with rain falling on Arrakis, apparently at Paul's command. In the novel, this is accomplished through years of terraforming, and it does not rain for decades after Paul ascends the throne.
- In the novel, the final line, spoken by Jessica to Chani, is "Those of us who bear the name of concubine, history will remember as wives" (in reference to Paul's marriage to and refusal of Irulan). In the movie, the final lines (spoken by Alia) are "And how can this be? For he is the Kwisatz Haderach!"
Versions
Despite initial failure, the movie has achieved a respectable cult status of which at least three other versions outside the original theatrical cut have been released. In grand total, 5 versions of Dune are known:
- The Theatrical Cut (1984): (137 minutes).
- The Allan Smithee Version (1988): (189 minutes). Prepared for television broadcast without either participation or authorization by David Lynch. This version was only released on laserdisc in Japan [19], though VHS copies of the original television airing are found in the bootleg market.
- The Channel 2 Version (1992): (180 minutes). Prepared for television broadcast in the San Francisco area, it featured the new scenes from the Allan Smithee Cut as well as scenes from the Theatrical Cut.
- The Extended Edition (2006): (177 minutes). A re-edited version of the Allan Smithee Cut, including deleted scenes.
- The Workprint version: (approximately four hours). An assembly of all footage (dailies, etc.) after principal photography was complete. Contrary to popular fan rumours, it was by no means the Director's Cut of the film.
Theatrical Cut
Released worldwide in 1984, it was edited by 37 seconds in the UK to pass PG rating. Though this 137-minute version was not David Lynch's intended cut, it is the only director-aproved version and the only version he ever made of the film. It is widely available on both VHS and DVD, and in 2006 it was remastered for a special DVD release.
Alan Smithee Version
The less-seen 189-minute "Alan Smithee" version is a cult favorite on its own. Prepared originally for syndicated television (and later seen on basic cable television networks) for a two-night broadcast. The missing footage includes a painted montage at the prologue, and several scenes reinserted, including the "little-maker" essence-of-spice scene. The television version was edited in a seemingly haphazard way (for example, certain shots were repeated throughout the film to create the impression that footage had been added). Lynch objected to these edits and had his name removed from the credits of this print (which were replaced by Alan Smithee and Judas Booth). Although originally only found on laserdisc in Japan, and as a poorly recorded VHS on the bootleg market[20], it is now available worldwide on DVD.
Channel 2 Version
KTVU, a San Francisco, CA Fox affiliate, pieced together a hybrid edit of the two previous versions for broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is essentially the television version with all the violence of the theatrical version reincorporated into the film.
An Extended Edition DVD version was released in Europe in November 2005. It includes, among its many extra features, an extended version of the film, credited to Alan Smithee, which is 177 minutes long. The booklet explains that this version was created for an American television channel, and is most likely the aforementioned Channel 2 Version. Neither the video nor the audio was remastered, exhibiting a poor television-like quality. Although the cover states that the soundtrack is in mono sound, it is, in fact, in stereo.[citation needed]
Extended Edition
An Extended Edition was released by Universal Home Entertainment in the US on DVD on January 31, 2006. The DVD contains both Lynch's 137-minute theatrical cut and a 177-minute edit of the Alan Smithee television version (the latter being presented for the first time in its original anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio). It also features a documentary on the production design and special effects, as well as a supplementary section of outtakes and scenes not included in any previous version of the film, including an alternate ending.
Influence
- The film inspired a series of video games, by Cryo Interactive and Westwood games, including the famous Dune II, its remake Dune 2000 and Emperor: Battle for Dune, which featured live actors (including John Rhys-Davies as the Atreides mentat, and in its sequel, Michael Dorn as Atreides Duke Achillus).
- The novel was also recently adapted as a three part miniseries for the Sci-Fi Channel and later released on video/DVD.
- The song "Weapon of Choice" references the movie Dune numerous times, referencing the Bene Gesserit voice ("Don't be shy by the tone of my voice. Check out my new weapon of choice") and the worms ("Walk without rhythm, and it won't attract the worm").
- The techno-music DJ group Dynamix II released an album called Machine Language; the song "Get Out of My Mind" samples a Mohiam/Alia scene from Dune: "Get out of my mind!" "Not until you tell them both who I really am."
See also
References
- ^ http://www.dunenovels.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=123
- ^ http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/timeline.asp
- ^ http://www.duneinfo.com/unseen/jodorowsky.asp
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBK7GoQIiLE
- ^ http://www.diuna.ats.pl/petition/en-home.htm
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087182/alternateversions
- ^ Herbert, F. Eye, 1985. ISBN 0-425-08398-5 (US 1st edition) / ISBN 0-7434-3479-X (2001 US reprint)
- ^ http://www.thecityofabsurdity.com/dune/duneabout.html
- ^ e.g.: http://www.thecityofabsurdity.com/dune/duneprevue.html
- ^ http://www.arrakis.co.uk/collectorsbook.html
- ^ http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19840101/REVIEWS/401010332/1023
- ^ http://www.extrovertmagazine.com/dune/dune6.html
- ^ http://www.erasingclouds.com/wk2905dune.html
- ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1006364-dune/
- ^ http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800060285/info
- ^ http://www.davidlynch.de/duneinttrans.html
- ^ http://www.extrovertmagazine.com/dune/dune7.html
- ^ http://www.spookybug.com/origins/dune.html
- ^ http://www.arrakis.co.uk/extended.html
- ^ http://www.arrakis.co.uk/extended.html
External links
