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Battle of Shusha (2020)

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Battle of Shusha
Part of 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

Map of the battle as of 8 November 2020:
  Controlled by Artsakh
  Controlled by Azerbaijan
  Disputed
(For a more detailed map, see military situation in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war)
Date4 November 2020 (2020-11-04) – 7 November 2020 (2020-11-07) (3 days)
Location
Shusha, Azerbaijan
Result

Azerbaijani victory

Belligerents
 Azerbaijan
Commanders and leaders
Strength

Per Azerbaijan:

Per Armenia:

  • 6,000 soldiers[5]
 Unknown regular military
Casualties and losses

Per Azerbaijan:

Per Armenia:[7]

  • 200+ servicemen killed
  • Dozens injured

Per Armenia:

  • Unspecified

Per Azerbaijan:

The Battle of Shusha (Azerbaijani: Şuşa döyüşü; Şuşa uğrunda döyüş, Armenian: Շուշիի ճակատամարտ, romanized: Shushii chakatamart), referred to by Azerbaijanis as the Liberation of Shusha (Azerbaijani: Şuşanın azad edilməsi; Şuşanın qurtuluşu), was a battle fought between the armed forces of Azerbaijan and the self proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, militarily supported by Armenia, over the control of the city of Shusha, during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.

Shusha, and the surrounding mountainous terrain, is one of the most strategically important locations in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region.[9] Until the middle of the 19th century, the city was considered the cultural and political center of the regional Azerbaijani population,[10] while for Armenians, it served as a defensive backbone within Artsakh, connecting the capital, Stepanakert, to the town of Goris in Armenia via the Lachin corridor.[11] The city was captured by Armenia in 1992, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and its predominantly Azerbaijani population was expelled.[12]

Advancing from the city of Jabrayil, the Azerbaijani military captured the town of Hadrut in mid-October. Azerbaijani forces then advanced further north, entering Shusha District. Although Shusha had been under bombardment since the beginning of the conflict, local warfare erupted near the city on 29 October. Azerbaijan seized control of the village of Çanaqçı, followed by part of the strategic Shusha–Lachin road on 4 November, with Armenian forces subsequently closing the road to civilians. Le Monde reported that the battle had turned in favour of Azerbaijan on 6 November, despite Artsakh's denial.[13] On 8 November, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, stated that Azerbaijani forces had taken control of the city; Armenia issued a denial.[14] The next day, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence released a video from the city, confirming full Azerbaijani control.[15] On the same day, the Artsakh president's spokesperson, Vahram Poghosyan, confirmed that it had lost control of Shusha,[16][17] although this was later contradicted by statements from the Armenian prime minister, Nikol Pashinyan,[18] and the Armenian Ministry of Defence.[19] On 10 November, following the signing of the ceasefire agreement, in a live Facebook broadcast session by Arayik Harutyunyan, it emerged that Artsakh had lost control of the city on 7 November.[20]

Background

Further information: First Nagorno-Karabakh War and Battle of Shusha (1992)
Shusha city square in 2014.

Shusha, referred to by Armenians as Shushi, is the second-largest city in Nagorno-Karabakh, South Caucasus. It is de jure part of the Shusha District of Azerbaijan, although it had been controlled by the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh since the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, as part of its Shushi Province. The city is located at an altitude of 1,300–1,600 meters above sea level,[21] about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the regional capital Stepanakert (Azerbaijani: Xankəndi).[22] The two settlements are separated by a valley,[23] and Shusha, situated in mountainous terrain overlooking the region, has been described as a "strategic height from where one could keep all Nagorno-Karabakh under control".[24][25][26] The strategic town is popularly referred to as an "unassailable" mountain fortress by both Armenians and Azerbaijanis.[27] A key road connecting Goris in Syunik Province, southern Armenia, to Stepanakert passes through the Lachin corridor via Shusha;[28] the only other major road connecting Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh passes through the Murovdağ mountains in the northern Kalbajar District.[29]

In 1923, during Soviet rule, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was created, with Shusha, a predominantly Azerbaijani-populated city,[30] chosen as its administrative centre.[31] In February 1988, the government of the Armenian-majority NKAO voted in favour of seceding from Azerbaijan and unifying with Armenia,[32] leading to a wider ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis living in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the Armenians and Azerbaijanis vied to take control of Karabakh and the fighting had escalated into full-scale warfare by early 1992. By then, the enclave had declared its independence and set up an unrecognised government.[33] On 8 May 1992, Armenian forces captured Shusha, and its Azerbaijani population, which made up 85.5% of the city's population in 1979,[34][35] was forced to flee.[12]

The city has political and cultural importance for both Armenians and Azerbaijanis.[36][37] Shusha holds particular cultural significance to Azerbaijanis, who consider the city to be their historical capital in the region.[38] The President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, had frequently described retaking the city as one of the war's key objectives. In an October 16 interview with Turkish television, Aliyev said that "without Shusha our cause will be unfinished",[39] while the Armenian President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, called Shusha "one of our greatest legacies we have inherited from our ancestors".[40] Despite the symbolic importance of the town, the International Crisis Group's Azerbaijani analyst Zaur Shiriyev stated that it remained unclear whether the capture of Shusha was a military or political target.[39]

Prelude

Main articles: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Aras Valley campaign, and Battle of Hadrut

On 27 September 2020, clashes broke out in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is de facto controlled by the self-proclaimed and unrecognized Republic of Artsakh, but de jure part of Azerbaijan.[41] Azerbaijani forces first advanced in Fuzuli and Jabrayil districts, taking their respective administrative centres.[42] From there, they proceeded towards Hadrut.[43] After capturing Hadrut around 15 October, Azerbaijani forces pushed into Shusha District.

Shusha had been under sporadic artillery fire from the beginning of the war. On 8 October, Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha reportedly came under bombardment and was seriously damaged.[44] On 17 October, it was reported that Shusha had been rocketed and shelled at dawn.[45] On 25 October, Artsakh authorities stated that Azerbaijani forces were shelling several villages in Askeran Province, close to Shusha.[46] On 28 October, Artsakh stated that Azerbaijani forces were shelling Shusha and the situation in Çanaqçı was "tense";[47] Azerbaijan denied shelling Shusha.[48] On 29 October, the Armenian Ministry of Defence stated that clashes were taking place in Çanaqçı, several kilometres south-east of Shusha,[49] and the self proclaimed President of Nogorno-Karabagh, Arayik Harutyunyan, stated that Azerbaijani forces were already 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Shusha.[50] On 30 October, clashes were reported to have erupted near Shusha.[51] On 30 October, an Abkhazian Network News Agency correspondent reported that large explosions were heard near Shusha and Stepanakert.[52] On 31 October, Artsakh authorities stated that Shusha had again come under bombardment.[53] On 2 November, the Armenian MoD reported that fierce clashes were taking place near Shusha.[54]

Battle

On 4 November, Armenian authorities reported that clashes continued near Shusha.[55] Subsequently, Armenian forces closed the Shusha–Lachin road to civilians,[56] trapping 80 journalists within the enclave, according to Reporters Without Borders.[57] Armenian authorities stated that Shusha was heavily shelled on the morning of 5 November,[58] and that clashes continued the following day.[59] On 6 November, Le Monde reported that the battle had turned in favour of Azerbaijan, despite a denial by Artsakh.[13] The next day, thousands of Armenians fled Shusha and neighbouring Xankendi.[9][11] Armenian authorities stated that fierce combat took place overnight near Shusha, and also claimed that several Azerbaijani attacks had been thwarted; Azerbaijan denied this.[60] On 8 November, Ilham Aliyev announced that the Azerbaijani forces had taken control of the city.[14][61] Armenian authorities denied this on November 8 and 9, stating that the fighting continued in and out of the city.[62][63] On 9 November, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence released a video from the city, confirming full Azerbaijani control.[15] Subsequently, Artsakh authorities acknowledged that they had lost control of Shusha.[16][17] However, the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan appeared to contradict this, stating that the battle was continuing;[18] this claim was later reiterated by the Armenian Ministry of Defence.[19] However, on 10 November, following the signing of the peace treaty, it emerged that Artsakh had lost control of the city on 7 November.[20]

According to Arayik Harutyunyan only a group of 30-40 odd Azerbaijan SOF soldiers armed with knives and light guns managed to take Shusha from a battle hardened, terrain knowledgeable and heavilyily armed Armenian force equipped with armour and tanks.

Casualties

Armenian

Armenia has not commented on its military casualties from the battle before the tri-lateral agreement. Post the tri-latera agreements videos and reports have shown a huge number of dead Armenian soldiers in the vicinity of Shusha and according to one report the hospitals in Stepanakert did not have space to accommodate any more injured during the battle for Shusha. The Azeri Daily, a Baku-based and Azerbaijani government-affiliated website, citing military sources, claimed that more than 800 corpses of Armenian soldiers have not been released into the Armenian possessions. Armenian Ministry of Defence has asked Azeris to transfer these corpses to the Armenian side.[8]

However on 16th November Arayik Harutyunyan admitted that 150 bodies have been recovered from Shusha and hundreds are still missing.[64]

Azerbaijani

Azerbaijan has not disclosed its military casualties since the beginning of the war.[6] However, Armenian authorities claimed that at least 200 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed during the battle.[7]

Aftermath

Further information: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement
File:People in Baku celebrate on the streets after Azerbaijan's President Aliyev said the country's forces had liberated Shusha during the fighting over the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh.png
Celebrations in Baku, Azerbaijan on 8 November.

The battle was a key point in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, and was seen as a significant blow by both the Armenian military and wider Armenian society.[65] Two days after the battle, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, announced the signing of a peace treaty with Azerbaijan.[66] According to Armenian political scientist Suren Sargsyan, the ramifications of Shusha's loss was difficult for Armenians to grasp. Sargsyan added that it would lead to demands from the Armenian opposition for a change of government.[67] Arayik Harutyunyan, president of Artsakh, pushed back against allegations of treason, stating that the ethnic Armenian forces lacked the manpower to defends Shusha.[68] In contrast, the announcement of the city's capture by the Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev led to celebration among Azerbaijanis, with flag waving, singing and the sounding of car horns in Baku, the country's capital.[69][70][71] A wreath laying ceremony took place at the Alley of Honor in Baku with the participation of Aliyev and Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva.[72] Ships moored in the Bay of Baku honked their horns,[73] and Azerbaijanis in Moscow celebrated with a firework display.[74][75] In Azerbaijan, some political figures labelled the battle the Divorce in the Mountains (Azerbaijani: Dağlarda boşanma), in reference to the Armenian name Operation Wedding in the Mountains (Armenian: «Հարսանիք լեռներում» ռազմագործողություն) for the 1992 capture of the city.[76]

International reactions

On 8 November, following Aliyev's announcement, the Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, congratulated Azerbaijan while addressing to the crowd in Kocaeli, stating that he believed it to be a "sign that the rest of the occupied lands will be liberated soon too."[77] Selçuk Bayraktar, a Turkish engineer and creator of the Bayraktar TB2 drone, which was widely deployed by Azerbaijan during the conflict, also sent a message of congratulations.[78] On 9 November, Iranian MP Ahmad Alirezabeigi stated that the "liberation of Shusha city from the occupation proved that justice has been restored", adding that he was "proud and happy" for the occasion.[79] The Pakistani ambassador to Azerbaijan also congratulated Azerbaijanis.[80] Former Latvian President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga[81] and former Kyrgyz Prime Minister Djoomart Otorbaev both congratulated Aliyev in their positions as members of the Baku-based Nizami Ganjavi International Center.[82]

On 9 November, France expressed its "very strong concern over the military advance toward the town of Shushi".[83]

Notes

  1. ^ Not directly stated; claimed via a government-affiliated website.

References

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