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! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" colspan="2"| regions · provinces · cities
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! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[File:Park Geun-hye.jpg|75x75px]]
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[File:Park Geun-hye.jpg|75x75px]]
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[File:Moon Jae-in cropped.jpg|75x75px]]
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Revision as of 13:44, 1 January 2013

South Korean presidential election, 2012
← 2007 19 December 2012 (2012-12-19) 2017 →
  File:문재인2.jpg
Nominee Park Geun-hye Moon Jae-in
Party Saenuri Democratic United
Popular vote 15,773,128 14,692,632
Percentage 51.6% 48.0%
provinces and cities won by

■ – Park Geun-hye

■ – Moon Jae-in
President before election

Lee Myung-bak
Saenuri

Elected President

Park Geun-hye
Saenuri

Politics of South Korea
Government
Legislature
Executive


Prime Minister of South Korea
Han Duck-soo (I)

Judiciary

Constitutional Court of Korea
President Lee Jong-seok
Elections
Political parties
Korean conflict
flag South Korea portal

The 18th South Korean presidential election was held in South Korea on 19 December 2012. It was the sixth presidential election since democratization and the establishment of the Sixth Republic, and was held under a first-past-the-post system, in which there was a single round of voting and the candidate receiving the highest number of votes was elected. Under the South Korean constitution, presidents are restricted to a single five-year term in office. The term of incumbent president Lee Myung-bak will end in 24 February 2013. According to the Korea Times, 30.7 million people voted with turnout at 75.8%. Park Geun-hye of the Saenuri party was elected the first female South Korean president with 51.6% of the vote opposed to 48.0% for her opponent Moon Jae-in.[1] Park's share of the vote was the highest won by any candidate since the beginning of free and fair direct elections in 1987.[2]

Background

Lee Myung-bak was elected President of South Korea in 2007 as the nominee of the conservative Grand National Party after a closely contested primary in which he narrowly defeated Park Geun-hye, and assumed office in February 2008.[3] His victory brought to a close ten years of liberal administration under Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun. The Lee Myung-bak government pursued the reduction of government bureaucracy and a laissez-faire economic policy,[4] and came under criticism from the left for political scandals and controversial policies such as the Jeju-do Naval Base and its support of the South Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, although both were initiated under the previous administration.[5][6] Despite the fact that he was elected in a landslide victory and received initial approval ratings of 70%,[7] Lee's ratings had declined to below 30% by 2012.[8]

At the end of 2011, Park Geun-hye assumed control of the Grand National Party, which was subsequently renamed the Saenuri or New Frontier Party in February 2012.[9] She distanced herself from Lee and led the party towards the center.[10][11] In legislative elections in April 2012, Park guided the party to an upset victory, returning its majority in the National Assembly.[12] This contributed to an increase in her poll ratings and consolidated her position as frontrunner for the Saenuri nomination.[13]

Opposition to Saenuri is divided primarily between the Democratic United Party and independent supporters of Ahn Cheol-soo, who has emerged as a leading potential candidate despite his ostensible silence on the race.[14] In the DUP, focus initially lay on Sohn Hak-kyu as a potential nominee, but by late 2011 Moon Jae-in, a confidant of former president Roh, had overtaken Sohn in polls.[15] Although the DUP invited Ahn to join the party,[16] only 2.3% of respondents to a poll on 21 April thought that Ahn was best suited to be DUP nominee.[17] The DUP itself has been troubled by the split between pro-Roh members such as Moon Jae-in and the "Honam wing" of former president Kim Dae-jung, represented by Chung Dong-young.[18]

Registered candidates

Ballot numbers for party candidates were given according to the candidate's party seat distribution in the National Assembly. Ballot numbers for independent candidates were determined through a random lottery by the National Election Commission.

1 2 4 5 6 7
Park
Geun-hye 		Moon
Jae-in 		Park
Jong-sun 		Kim
So-yeon 		Kang
Ji-won 		Kim
Soon-ja
  Saenuri   Democratic United   Independent   Independent   Independent   Independent

Nominations

Democratic United Party

Primary

The 2012 Democratic United Party presidential primary saw an open primary system implemented for the first time. This new open primary introduced "mobile voting"; it was hailed as a "revolution in voting" because people could participate in voting more conveniently. However, controversies persisted during the primary elections, as questions of the legitimacy and trustworthiness of the voting results were raised.[19] The official result was announced on 16 September 2012, at 15:32 KST, naming Moon Jae-in the presidential candidate from the Democratic United Party.[20] After nominated, Moon stated that he would like to join forces with Ahn Cheol-soo.[21]

Candidates

Member of National Assembly from Busan Sasang-gu
4th Chief Presidential Secretary of Roh Moo-hyun administration
Slogan: People come at first.
Member of National Assembly from Seoul Jongno-gu ('gu' means district)
Slogan: Waiting For Tomorrow
Former Governor of South Gyeongsang (although it was not mandatory, he resigned after announcing his primary candidacy.)
Slogan: Equal Nation
Former Governor of Gyeonggi
Slogan: Life With Dinner

Results

Candidate Place Votes Percentage
Moon Jae-in Nominated 347,183 56.5%
Sohn Hak-kyu 2nd 136,205 22.2%
Kim Doo-kwan 3rd 87,842 14.3%
Chung Sye-kyun 4th 43,027 7.0%
614,257 100%

Saenuri Party

Candidates

Member of National Assembly from Proportional Representation No. 11 of Saenuri Party
Acting First Lady of Park Jeong-hee
Slogan: A Country where my dreams can come true. / Prepared Female President
Former Chief of staff of Lee Myung-bak administration
Slogan: No worries with Yim Tae-hee.
Member of National Assembly from Gimhae Eul(Radical 5, 乙) (Gimhae's 2nd congressional district)
Previous Candidate for Prime Minister in 2010
Slogan: Change For Old Politics, Starting New Generation
Former Mayor of Incheon
Slogan: Country with no debts
Governor of Gyeonggi
Slogan: Freely! Korea.

Results

The official result was announced at Saenuri Convention, which took place on 20 August 2012 at 05:40 KST, nominating Park Geun-hye as the presidential candidate for the Saenuri Party.[22]

Candidate Place Votes Percentage
Park Geun-hye Nominated 86,589 83.97%
Kim Moon-soo 2nd 8,955 8.68%
Kim Tae-ho 3rd 3,298 3.20%
Yim Tae-hee 4th 2,676 2.69%
Ahn Sang-soo 5th 1,600 1.55%
103,118 100.0%

Campaign

The first member of the Saenuri Party to officially announce their candidacy was Kim Moon-soo on 22 April. Kim, a former labor activist, stated in his announcement that he would focus on combating regional and socioeconomic divides, emphasized his commitment to a policy of multiculturalism, and argued for a revision in Saenuri's primary system. He stated further that Park Geun-hye's leadership of the party represented only an "ambiguously prevailing trend", and could not be relied upon to reach victory in the elections.[14] Although Kim said that he was "convinced" he could "attract more support than [Park]", he is not widely expected to garner a high level of support. His early announcement was regarded as an attempt to preemptively form an anti-Park faction in the party.[23]

Chung Mong-joon, a billionaire and longstanding member of the National Assembly, followed on 29 April. In his announcement, Chung emphasized the need to confront regionalism and factional politics, and stated that he would "write a new history of the Republic of Korea by facilitating [his] experience of managing a business, engaging in diplomacy and creating unity in the nation". He stressed that his task was to "bring together the divided hearts of the people" and that he was concerned that the "country could collapse in its current situation".[24] Like Kim Moon-soo, Chung is expected to be at a disadvantage to Park.[24] Chung previously declared his candidacy in the 2002 presidential elections but later dropped out to endorse Roh Moo-hyun.[25]

The former Mayor of Incheon, Ahn Sang-soo, declared his candidacy on 6 May, emphasizing his economic credentials and stating that he would relieve the burden of debt.[26] Former presidential Chief of Staff Yim Tae-hee followed on 8 May, issuing a call for Park Geun-hye to act as a "kingmaker" that was interpreted as a request for her to step aside.[27] Yim, a moderate, proposed to join hands with independent Ahn Cheol-soo and DUP frontrunner Moon Jae-in in a bid to "demolish outdated politics".[28] On 10 May, five-term lawmaker and former Minister for Government Legislation and Special Affairs Lee Jae-oh announced his bid, promising to reform the constitution and cut his term as president to three years.[29]

The campaign for the Saenuri primaries has been characterized by a dispute between Park Geun-hye, as frontrunner and party leader, and her opponents in the party. She was cited in 2009 as the most influential politician in South Korea,[30] and has outranked other candidates in many polls throughout 2012,[31] though as of early May 2012 she is yet to officially declare her candidacy.[26] Park's opponents have called for Saenuri to adopt an open primary system rather than the present system based on an electoral college and opinion poll results.[32] At the end of April the Democratic United Party suggested a joint discussion on the issue of fully open primaries.[33] Park has been criticized for her taciturn and authoritarian style in leading the party, and Kim Moon-soo described her as overly "secretive".[32] Chung Mong-joon stated that under Park's leadership, "democracy in the party [had] gone missing".[34] Park strengthened her position when her ally Lee Hahn-koo was elected Saenuri's floor leader on 9 May.[35]

During a primary debate on 7 August 2012, primary candidate Kim Tae-ho asked if Park Geun-hye would agree that the May 16 coup by her father (Park Chung Hee) was both a coup and a “necessary decision,” regarding Park's previous stance that the overthrow was a “revolution to save the country”. Park confirmed her stance by answering, “I don’t think it’s the place of politicians to be fighting over whether [the May 16 incident] were a ‘coup d’etat’ or a ‘revolution’”. She furthermore commented that “no one can refute that the events themselves did happen, whether you call them a ‘coup’ or a ‘revolution.’” and that “we need to leave that issue” for history to decide.[36] In addition, during another debate on 8 August 2012, the moderator asked Park the minimum hourly rate for a part-time worker as of 2012. Park replied “I think it’s over 5,000 won, isn’t it?,” when the legal minimum wage was 4,580 won. In response, The South Korean Confederation of Trade Unions responded with a statement in which it said, “It is terribly discouraging when a person who wants to become president does not even know the country’s minimum wage, which is a minimal right for survival and the first step toward a welfare state.”[37]

Third parties and independent candidates

Announced

Park Jong-sun (Independent)
A former entrepreneur

Kim So-yeon (Independent)[38]
Elected to the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions

Kang Ji-won (Independent)[39]
Chairman of Korea Manifesto Center

Kim Soon-ja (Independent)[40]
A Cleaning worker, and former proportional representation candidate of New Progressive Party for South Korean legislative election, 2012

Withdrawn

Lee Jung-hee (UPP)
former leader of UPP and former assemblywoman[44]

Lee Gun-gae[45]
A former National Assembly Member

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the South Korean presidential election, 2012
Poll source Date Sample size File:문재인2.jpg Margin
bgcolor=Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color | bgcolor=Template:Democratic United Party/meta/color |
Park (%)
Saenuri 		Moon (%)
DUP
JoongAng Ilbo[46] 19–21 July 2012 2,000 56.6 35.0 11.6
OhMyNews/Research View[47] 16–17 July 2012 1,000 50.8 41.0 9.8
Realmeter[48] 29 May – 1 June 2012 3,000 52.5 38.6 13.9
Hankyoreh /Korea Society Opinion Institute[49] 26–27 May 2012 61.0 33.5 27.5
Realmeter[50] 21–25 May 2012 3,750 52.6 37.9 14.7
JoongAng Ilbo[51] 15 May 2012 910 57.6 33.3 24.3
Realmeter[52] 14–18 May 2012 3,750 52.0 37.5 14.5
Realmeter[53] 7–11 May 2012 3,750 51.9 38.2 13.7
Realmeter[54] 7–8 May 2012 1,500 55.7 36.3 19.4
Realmeter[55] 30 April – 4 May 2012 3,000 52.4 38.0 14.4
Realmeter[56] 23–27 April 2012 3,750 50.9 40.3 10.6
Realmeter[57] 6–10 February 2012 3,750 44.3 43.0 1.3
Realmeter[58] 30 January – 3 February 2012 3,750 44.4 44.9 0.5
Donga Ilbo[58] 24 January 2012 46.7 38.4 8.3

Election results

provinces and cities won by
■ – Park Geun-hye
■ – Moon Jae-in
districts won by
■ – Park Geun-hye
■ – Moon Jae-in

Template:South Korean presidential election, 2012

regions · provinces · cities File:문재인2.jpg
bgcolor=Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color colspan=2| bgcolor=Template:Democratic United Party/meta/color colspan=2|
Park Geun-hye
Saenuri 		Moon Jae-in
DUP
Votes % Votes %
Sudogwon Seoul 3,024,572 48.18% 3,227,639 51.42%
Incheon 852,600 51.58% 794,213 48.04%
Gyeonggi 3,528,915 50.43% 3,442,084 49.19%
Gangwon 562,876 61.97% 340,870 37.53%
Chungcheong Daejeon 450,576 49.95% 448,310 49.70%
North Chungcheong 518,442 56.22% 398,907 43.26%
South Chungcheong 658,928 56.66% 497,630 43.26%
Sejong 33,587 51.91% 30,787 47.58%
Honam
(Jeolla) 		Gwangju 69,574 7.76% 823,737 91.97%
North Jeolla 150,315 13.22% 980,322 86.25%
South Jeolla 116,290 10.00% 1,038,347 89.28%
Yeongnam
(Gyeongsang) 		Busan 1,324,572 59.82% 882,511 39.87%
Ulsan 413,977 59.78% 275,451 39.78%
Daegu 1,267,789 80.14% 309,034 19.53%
North Gyeongsang 1,375,164 80.82% 316,659 18.61%
South Gyeongsang 1,259,174 63.12% 724,896 36.33%
Jeju 166,184 50.46% 161,235 48.95%
Foreign national 67,319 42.55% 89,192 56.38%

See also

References

  1. ^ "Presidential Turnout at 75.8%". The Korea Times. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  2. ^ "ISR Foundation: Park Geun-hye Becomes South Korea's First Female President with 50.8% of Majority Popular Vote, the Largest Share Since 1971". CNBC. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  3. ^ Foster-Carter, Aiden (3 April 2012). "The South: Busy at the polls". Asia Times. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  4. ^ Lee, Seung-Ook; Kim, Sook-Jin; Wainwright, Joel (2010). "Mad cow militancy: Neoliberal hegemony and social resistance in South Korea". Political Geography. 30: 1–11.
  5. ^ "Koreans negative on opposition's KORUS FTA move". The Korea Times. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  6. ^ Jung Sung-ki (14 May 2007). "Jeju Agrees to Build Naval Base". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  7. ^ "South Korea Ruling Party Risks Parliament Election Loss". Bloomberg. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  8. ^ "The Asan Monthly Opinion Survey January 2012" (PDF). Asan Institute for Policy Studies. January 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  9. ^ "Rebranding GNP picks Saenuri as new name". Korea JoongAng Daily. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  10. ^ Fawcett, Harry (12 April 2012). "A tale of two Koreas". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  11. ^ Ramstad, Evan (2 May 2012). "As Prez Candidates Emerge, What's Election Really About?". The Wall Street Journal Asia. Retrieved 12 May 2012. [Park] re-crafted [the party] by creating a new name, image and more centrist platform...
  12. ^ Ramstad, Evan (12 April 2012). "Odds & Ends A Day After The Election". The Wall Street Journal Asia. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  13. ^ "대선 양자구도, 박근혜 처음으로 안철수 앞서" (in Korean). Realmeter. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "Let the presidential election games begin". The Dong-a Ilbo. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  15. ^ Jackson, Andy (8 August 2011). "SKorea: Moon Jae-in overtakes Sohn Hak-kyu in presidential poll". Asian Correspondent. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  16. ^ "[Editorial] Where is Ahn headed?". The Korea Herald. 29 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  17. ^ "Most would choose Park or Ahn for president". The Hankyoreh. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  18. ^ "DUP disputing new framework for election". The Hankyoreh. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  19. ^ "끝없는 논란 휩싸인 민주당 모바일투표 (Endless controversies surrounding DUP's mobile vote". Yeonhap News. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  20. ^ "Moon Jae-in Elected DUP's Presidential Candidate". KBS Global. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  21. ^ "DUP's Moon Confident about Merging with Ahn". KBS Global. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  22. ^ "Park Geun-hye Elected Saenuri Party's Presidential Candidate". KBS Global. 20 August 2012.
  23. ^ Former activist targets non-Park conservatives, The Korea Herald. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  24. ^ a b "Veteran lawmaker Chung announces bid for president". The Korea Times. 29 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  25. ^ "A top South Korean candidate drops out". The New York Times. 25 November 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  26. ^ a b "Ex-Incheon mayor joins Saenuri presidential race". The Korea Herald. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  27. ^ "Former key aide to S. Korean president announces presidential bid". China Daily. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  28. ^ "Former chief of staff declares presidential bid". The Korea Herald. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  29. ^ Lee Kyeong-tae (이경태) (10 May 2012). "이재오 "당선되면 6개월 내 개헌, 내 임기는 3년으로"" (in Korean). OhMyNews. Retrieved 10 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ 2009 survey by Herald Business
  31. ^ Poll: Park Geun-hye still leading race to presidency. The Hankyoreh, 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  32. ^ a b "Saenuri underdogs line up against Park". The Korea Herald. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  33. ^ "DUP offers talks with Saenuri over primary". The Korea Herald. 29 April 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  34. ^ "Governor Kim calls Park 'secretive'". The Korea Times. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  35. ^ "Park's economic advisor elected as floor leader". The Korea Times. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  36. ^ "Was it a 'coup' or a 'revolution'?". The Hankyoreh. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  37. ^ "Park Geun-hye doesn't know South Korea's minimum wage". The Hankyoreh. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  38. ^ "김소연·김순자 나란히 '노동자 대통령 후보' 등록 - 프레시안". Pressian.com. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  39. ^ Choi, He-suk (4 September 2012). "Ex-prosecutor and social activist joins Dec. race". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  40. ^ "진보신당, 김소연선본 참여 없이 지지 김순자, 9일 예비후보 등록 추진 « Redian". Redian.org. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  41. ^ Chung Sung-yeop (정성엽) (18 April 2012). "안철수 대안론 탄력…야권 '대선 시계' 빨라졌다". SBS (in Korean). Retrieved 19 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Ahn Chul-soo again hinting at ‘third way’ of doing politics. The Hankyoreh, 29 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  43. ^ Park Seong-wan (박성완) (13 October 2012). (in Korean). Newsis http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20121012_0011518718&cID=10301&pID=10300. Retrieved 13 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Left-leaning presidential candidate Lee Jung-hee quits race". Yonhap. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  45. ^ 김, 경진 (25 September 2012). "군소후보 대선 출마 선언 잇따라". Korea Broadcasting System. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  46. ^ "안철수 책 나온뒤 박근혜와 지지율 변화가…" (in Korean). JoongAng Ilbo. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Text "article" ignored (help); Text "default" ignored (help)
  47. ^ "대선 지지도, 박근혜-안철수-문재인-김두관 순 박근혜, 양자대결에서 처음으로 안철수 앞서" (in Korean). OhMyNews. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "대선 다자구도 박근혜 8주 연속 40%대 고공행진" (in Korean). Realmeter. 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ "Park still leading presidential polls". The Hankyoreh. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  50. ^ "대선후보 양자대결 박근혜 48.5%•안철수 44.7%" (in Korean). Realmeter. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "통합진보당 쇼크…박근혜 대선 지지율 수치가!" (in Korean). Realmeter. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Text "article" ignored (help); Text "default" ignored (help)
  52. ^ "통합진보당 '도로 민노당' 지지율로 하락" (in Korean). Realmeter. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "통합진보당 총선 이후 3주 연속 내리막" (in Korean). Realmeter. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Hwang Bi-woong (황비웅) (11 May 2012). "박근혜 51.3%•안철수 40.7%…朴, 양자대결서 첫 50% 돌파". Seoul Sinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 11 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "경선불참 소식으로 안철수 원장 지지율 하락" (in Korean). Realmeter. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "이명박 대통령 지지율 4주 연속 하락" (in Korean). Realmeter. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ "박근혜, 오차범위내서 문재인 다시 앞서" (in Korean). Realmeter. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ a b "Polls ahead of presidential election show a tight race". The Hankyoreh. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.

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