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Aphthous ulcers often begin with a tingling or burning sensation at the site of the future mouth ulcer. In a few days, they often progress to form a red spot or bump, followed by an open ulcer.
Aphthous ulcers often begin with a tingling or burning sensation at the site of the future mouth ulcer. In a few days, they often progress to form a red spot or bump, followed by an open ulcer.


The aphthous ulcer appears as a white or yellow oval with an inflamed red border. Sometimes a white circle or halo around the lesion can be observed. The grey-, white-, or yellow-colored area within the red boundary is due to the formation of layers of [[fibrin]], a [[protein]] involved in the [[clot]]ting of blood. The ulcer, which itself is often extremely painful, especially when agitated, may be accompanied by a painful swelling of the [[lymph node]]s below the jaw, which can be mistaken for [[toothache]]. Unfortunately, those affecting Nicole Kang may coalesce into three amigos.
The aphthous ulcer appears as a white or yellow oval with an inflamed red border. Sometimes a white circle or halo around the lesion can be observed. The grey-, white-, or yellow-colored area within the red boundary is due to the formation of layers of [[fibrin]], a [[protein]] involved in the [[clot]]ting of blood. The ulcer, which itself is often extremely painful, especially when agitated, may be accompanied by a painful swelling of the [[lymph node]]s below the jaw, which can be mistaken for [[toothache]].


== Causes ==
== Causes ==

Revision as of 05:15, 5 June 2008

Aphthous stomatitis
SpecialtyOral medicine, dermatology Edit this on Wikidata

An aphthous ulcer (aka canker sore) is a type of oral ulcer which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth or upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous membrane. The condition is also known as aphthous stomatitis, and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term aphtha means ulcer; it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral lesions, such as certain viral exanthems or Herpes simplex, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[1]

Presentation

Large aphthous ulcer on the lower lip
File:Canker sore tongue.JPG
Ulcer on tongue
Major aphthous ulcer in the back of the mouth

Aphthous ulcers are classified according to the diameter of the lesion.

Recurrence

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis is a T-cell mediated localized destruction of oral mucosa associated with an increased relative ratio of CD8+ T-cells to CD4+ T-cells.

Minor ulcerations

This is the most common and least severe form of the disease. Aphthous ulcers develop in childhood and adolescence, and continue sporadically throughout life. Aphthous ulcers occur exclusively on non-keratinized, movable mucosa, such as buccal (cheeks) and lingual mucosa, the floor of the mouth, and the soft palate. It is characterized as a yellow-gray ulcer surrounded by an erythematous halo less than 10 mm in diameter. They tend to heal without scarring in 7–10 days. Typical treatment is with topical steroids, although treatment is not necessary for healing to occur.

Major ulcerations

Major aphthous ulcers have the same appearance as minor ulcerations, but are greater than 10 mm in diameter and are extremely painful. They usually take more than a month to heal, and frequently leave a scar. These typically develop after puberty with frequent recurrences. They occur on moveable non-keratinizing oral surfaces, but the ulcer borders may extend onto keratinized surfaces. The lesions heal with scarring and cause severe pain and discomfort.

Herpetiform ulcerations

This is the most severe form. It occurs more frequently in females, and onset is often in adulthood. It is characterized by small, numerous, 1–3 mm lesions that form clusters. They typically heal in less than a month without scarring. Palliative treatment is almost always necessary.[2]

Symptoms

Aphthous ulcers often begin with a tingling or burning sensation at the site of the future mouth ulcer. In a few days, they often progress to form a red spot or bump, followed by an open ulcer.

The aphthous ulcer appears as a white or yellow oval with an inflamed red border. Sometimes a white circle or halo around the lesion can be observed. The grey-, white-, or yellow-colored area within the red boundary is due to the formation of layers of fibrin, a protein involved in the clotting of blood. The ulcer, which itself is often extremely painful, especially when agitated, may be accompanied by a painful swelling of the lymph nodes below the jaw, which can be mistaken for toothache.

Causes

The exact cause of many aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include stress, fatigue, illness, injury from accidental biting, hormonal changes, menstruation, sudden weight loss, food allergies, the foaming agent in toothpaste (SLS), and deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, and folic acid.[3] Some drugs, such as nicorandil, also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own immune system. The ones for which a cause is known are normally caused by viruses infecting the mouth, such as Herpes simplex.

Trauma to the mouth is the most common trigger of aphthous ulcers.[1][2][3] Physical trauma, such as that caused by toothbrush abrasions, laceration with sharp foods or objects, accidental biting (particularly common with sharp canine teeth), or dental braces can cause mouth ulcers by breaking the mucous membrane. Other factors, such as chemical irritants or thermal injury, may also lead to the development of ulcers. The large majority of toothpastes sold in the U.S. contain Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), which is known to cause aphthous ulcers in certain individuals. Using a toothpaste without SLS will reduce the frequency of aphthous ulcers in persons who experience aphthous ulcers caused by SLS.[4][5][6] However, some studies find no connection between SLS in toothpaste and mouth ulcers.[7]

A possible cause of aphthous ulcers in a susceptible population is gluten intolerance (Celiac disease), whereby consumption of wheat, rye, barley and sometimes oats, results in chronic mouth ulcers. However, two small studies of patients with Celiac disease did not demonstrate a link between the disease and aphthous ulcers. [8][9] On the other hand, one of the same studies concluded that one-third of its test group found relief from canker sores after eliminating gluten from the diet [8] This means observing a strict diet, eliminating breads, pastas, cakes, pies, scones, biscuits, beers and so on from the diet and substituting gluten-free varieties where available. The opportunity to go into such a drastic measure is to be balanced with its potential benefits.

Although the exact cause is not known, aphthous ulcers are thought to form when the body becomes aware of and attacks molecules which it does not recognize.[10] The presence of the unrecognized molecules garners a reaction by the T-cells, which trigger a reaction that causes the damage of a mouth ulcer. People who get these ulcers have lower numbers of regulatory T-cells.[10]

Repeat episodes of aphthous ulcers can be indicative of an immunodeficiency, signalling low levels of immunoglobulin in the mucous membrane of the mouth.[citation needed] Certain types of chemotherapy cause mouth ulcers as a side effect.[11] Mouth ulcers may also be symptoms or complications of several diseases listed in the following section. The treatment depends on the believed cause.

Treatment

Non-prescription treatments

In most cases treatment is not required and the ulcers will disappear on their own. Suggestions to reduce the pain caused by an ulcer include avoiding spicy food, rinsing with salt water or over-the-counter mouthwashes, proper oral hygiene and non-prescription local anesthetics.[12] Active ingredients in the latter generally include benzocaine,[13] benzydamine or choline salicylate.[14] Anaesthetic mouthwashes containing benzydamine hydrochloride have not been shown to reduce the number of new ulcers or significantly reduce pain,[15] and evidence supporting the use of other topical anaesthetics is very limited though some individuals may find them effective.[16] In general their role is limited; their duration of effectiveness is generally short and does not provide pain control throughout the day; the medications may cause complications in children.[17] Evidence is limited for the use of antimicrobial mouthwashes but suggests that they may reduce the painfulness and duration of ulcers and increase the number of days between ulcerations, without reducing the number of new ulcers.[18] Liquorice root extract may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on and is available in over-the-counter patches.[19] A mixture of equal parts water and hydrogen peroxide applied to the ulcer may speed healing, and applying Milk of Magnesia after this treatment can relieve discomfort.[12]

Prescription treatments

Corticosteroid preparations containing hydrocortisone hemisuccinate or triamcinolone acetonide to control symptoms are effective in treating severe aphthous ulcers.[16][20][21]

Multiple ulcers may be treated with an antiviral medication. The application of silver nitrate will cauterize the sore; a single treatment reduces pain but does not affect healing time.[22]

Ulcers larger than 1 cm or lasting longer than two weeks may require treatment with tetracycline[23] though in children it can cause tooth discoloration if teeth still developing.[12] The use of tetracyclin is controversial, as is treatment with levamisole, colchicine, gamma-globulin, dapsone, estrogen replacement and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.[13]

Prevention

Oral and dental measures

  • Regular use of mouthwash may help prevent or reduce the frequency of sores.[24]
  • In some cases, switching toothpastes can prevent mouth ulcers from occurring with research looking at the role of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sometimes called sodium lauryl sulfate, or with the acronymes SDS or SLS), a detergent found in most toothpastes. Using toothpaste free of this compound has been found in several studies to help reduce the amount, size and recurrence of ulcers.[25][26][27]
  • Dental braces are a common physical trauma that can lead to mouth ulcers and the dental bracket can be covered with wax to reduce abrasion of the mucosa. Avoidance of other types of physical and chemical trauma will prevent some ulcers, but since such trauma is usually accidental, this type of prevention is not usually practical.

Nutritional therapy

  • Zinc deficiency has been reported in people with recurrent mouth ulcers.[28] The few small studies looking into the role of zinc supplementation have mostly reported positive results particularly for those people with deficiency,[29] although some research has found no therapeutic effect.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jurge S, Kuffer R, Scully C, Porter SR (2006). "Mucosal disease series. Number VI. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Oral Dis. 12 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01143.x. PMID 16390463.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Bruce AJ, Rogers RS (2003). "Acute oral ulcers". Dermatol Clin. 21 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/S0733-8635(02)00064-5. PMID 12622264.
  3. ^ Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J (1978). "Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae". J Oral Pathol. 7 (6): 418–23. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1978.tb01612.x. PMID 105102.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Herlofson B, Barkvoll P (1994). "Sodium lauryl sulfate and recurrent aphthous ulcers. A preliminary study" (PDF). Acta Odontol Scand. 52 (5): 257–9. doi:10.3109/00016359409029036. PMID 7825393.
  5. ^ Herlofson B, Barkvoll P (1996). "The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers". Acta Odontol Scand. 54 (3): 150–3. doi:10.3109/00016359609003515. PMID 8811135.
  6. ^ Chahine L, Sempson N, Wagoner C (1997). "The effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous ulcers: a clinical study". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 18 (12): 1238–40. PMID 9656847.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Healy C, Paterson M, Joyston-Bechal S, Williams D, Thornhill M (1999). "The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate-free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration". Oral Dis. 5 (1): 39–43. PMID 10218040.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Bucci P, Carile F, Sangianantoni A, D'Angio F, Santarelli A, Lo Muzio L. (2006). "Oral aphthous ulcers and dental enamel defects in children with celiac disease". Acta Paediatrica. 95 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1080/08035250500355022. PMID 16449028.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR. (2002). "Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature". Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontics. 94 (4): 474–8. doi:10.1067/moe.2002.127581. PMID 12374923.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Lewkowicz N, Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, Kurnatowska A, Tchorzewski H. (2005). "Predominance of Type 1 cytokines and decreased number of CD4(+)CD25(+high) T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations". Immunol Lett. 99 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2005.01.002. PMID 15894112.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cyberfamily — Side effects". NHL Cyberfamily. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
  12. ^ a b c Rauch, D. "Canker sores: Treatment". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  13. ^ a b ped/2672 at eMedicine
  14. ^ "Aphthous Mouth Ulcers". Patient UK. February 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  15. ^ "Aphthous ulcer - Evidence: Evidence on topical analgesics". Clinical Knowledge Summaries (Prodigy). National Library for Health. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  16. ^ a b "Aphthous ulcer - Management". Clinical Knowledge Summaries (Prodigy). National Library for Health. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  17. ^ "12.3.1 Drugs for oral ulceration and inflammation". British National Formulary for Children. British Medical Association, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain , Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, and the Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group. 2006. pp. 601–4.
  18. ^ "Aphthous ulcer - Evidence: Evidence on antimicrobial mouthwash". Clinical Knowledge Summaries (Prodigy). National Library for Health. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  19. ^ Chang, L (2002-03-22). "Patch May Help Heal Canker Sores". WebMD. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  20. ^ Scully C (2006). "Clinical practice. Aphthous ulceration". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp054630. PMID 16837680. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Commented in:
    "Clinical review - aphthous ulceration". Medicines Information Web Site. Trent and West Midlands regional Medicines Information services. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  21. ^ Scully C, Shotts R (2000). "ABC of oral health. Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain". BMJ. 321 (7254): 162–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.162. PMID 10894697. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Alidaee MR, Taheri A, Mansoori P, Ghodsi SZ (2005). "Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial". Br. J. Dermatol. 153 (3): 521–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x. PMID 16120136. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK. "Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils". Dermatology Online Journal. 8 (2).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Studies mostly agree that antiseptic mouthwashes can help prevent recurrences:
    * Meiller TF, Kutcher MJ, Overholser CD, Niehaus C, DePaola LG, Siegel MA (1991). "Effect of an antimicrobial mouthrinse on recurrent aphthous ulcerations". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 72 (4): 425–9. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(91)90553-O. PMID 1923440.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    * Skaare AB, Herlofson BB, Barkvoll P (1996). "Mouthrinses containing triclosan reduce the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU)". J. Clin. Periodontol. 23 (8): 778–81. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00609.x. PMID 8877665.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    But this is not accepted by all reports:
    * Barrons RW (2001). "Treatment strategies for recurrent oral aphthous ulcers". Am J Health Syst Pharm. 58 (1): 41–50, quiz 51–3. PMID 11194135.
  25. ^ Herlofson BB, Barkvoll P (1996). "The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers". Acta Odontol. Scand. 54 (3): 150–3. doi:10.3109/00016359609003515. PMID 8811135.
  26. ^ Chahine L, Sempson N, Wagoner C (1997). "The effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous ulcers: a clinical study". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 18 (12): 1238–40. PMID 9656847.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Healy CM, Paterson M, Joyston-Bechal S, Williams DM, Thornhill MH (1999). "The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate-free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration". Oral Dis. 5 (1): 39–43. PMID 10218040.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Wang SW, Li HK, He JS, Yin TA (1986). "[The trace element zinc and aphthosis. The determination of plasma zinc and the treatment of aphthosis with zinc]". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac (in French). 87 (5): 339–43. PMID 3467416.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Orbak R, Cicek Y, Tezel A, Dogru Y (2003). "Effects of zinc treatment in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Dent Mater J. 22 (1): 21–9. PMID 12790293.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Wray D (1982). "A double-blind trial of systemic zinc sulfate in recurrent aphthous stomatitis". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 53 (5): 469–72. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(82)90459-5. PMID 7048184.

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