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==Population==
==Population==
{{History of Nagorno-Karabakh}}
{{History of Nagorno-Karabakh}}
According to the historian [[Robert H. Hewsen]], ancient chronicles provide the names of some tribes that populated the regions of Artsakh and [[Utik]]. These were [[Udi people|Utians]], Mycians, [[Caspians]], Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. [[Robert H. Hewsen]] believes that these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".<ref name="Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H., Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, 27-40.</ref> However, [[Herodot]] made mention of only [[Alarodian]]s, Moshkens and Saspeyrs as the inhabitants of the 18th satrapy of Medes, which then included also Artsakh <ref>[[Herodot]], 3.94.</ref>
According to the historian [[Robert H. Hewsen]], ancient chronicles provide the names of some tribes that populated the regions of Artsakh and [[Utik]]. These were [[Udi people|Utians]], Mycians, [[Caspians]], Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. [[Robert H. Hewsen]] believes that these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".<ref name="Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H., Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, 27-40.</ref>


According to the Encyclopedia ''Iranica'', Armenians have lived in Artsakh and Utik already in the [[7th century BC]], although the same article also states that "the Armenians in the strict sense must then have lived in areas between [[Cappadocia]], the [[Tigris]], the [[Euphrates]], and the [[Lake Van|lake of Van]]".<ref>[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]. [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f4/v2f4a071a.html Armenia and Iran.]</ref>
According to the Encyclopedia ''Iranica'', Armenians have lived in Artsakh and Utik already in the [[7th century BC]], although the same article also states that "the Armenians in the strict sense must then have lived in areas between [[Cappadocia]], the [[Tigris]], the [[Euphrates]], and the [[Lake Van|lake of Van]]".<ref>[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]. [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f4/v2f4a071a.html Armenia and Iran.]</ref>

In the [[1st century BC]], [[Strabo]] described Armenia, which then included also Artsakh, as "monolinguial" <ref>[[Strabo]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.14.1 ''Geography'', 11.14.4-5]</ref>.


The Armenian population of Artsakh spoke a local dialect of the [[Armenian language]], today known as the ''Karabakh dialect'' <ref>H. Petrosian, S. Galstian, T. Karagulian, ''Linguistic dictionary''. Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences, Language Institute named after H. Acharian, Yerevan 1975, p. 204. </ref>. Although, it is not known when exactly this dialect arised, the medieval Armenian grammarian Stepanos Syunetsi made a record of the ''Artsakhian dialect'' in the [[7th century]] <ref>{{ru icon}} [[Nicholas Adontz|Адонц Н.]], «Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи», Спб., 1915, с. 187.</ref>.
The Armenian population of Artsakh spoke a local dialect of the [[Armenian language]], today known as the ''Karabakh dialect'' <ref>H. Petrosian, S. Galstian, T. Karagulian, ''Linguistic dictionary''. Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences, Language Institute named after H. Acharian, Yerevan 1975, p. 204. </ref>. Although, it is not known when exactly this dialect arised, the medieval Armenian grammarian Stepanos Syunetsi made a record of the ''Artsakhian dialect'' in the [[7th century]] <ref>{{ru icon}} [[Nicholas Adontz|Адонц Н.]], «Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи», Спб., 1915, с. 187.</ref>.
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According to "Geography" (''Ashkharatsuyts'') by 7th c. Armenian geographer [[Anania Shirakatsi]], Artsakh was the 10th among the 15 traditional provinces (''nahang''s) of Armenia, and consisted of 12 cantons (''gavar''s): Myus Haband, Vaykunik (Tsar), Berdadzor, Mets Arank, Mets Kvenk, Harjlank, Mukhank, Piank, Parsakank (Parzvank), Kusti, Parnes, and Kolt. But the same source also states that Albanians took from Armenia the cantons of Shakashen, Gardman, Kolt, Zave and another 20 cantons, lying before the confluence of Araks with Kura.<ref name="Shirakatsi">[[Anania Shirakatsi]]. [http://vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/geographiya/04.html Geography]</ref> (map see [http://www.bvahan.com/ArmenianWay/Great_Armenia/Provinces_Eng/Artsakh.htm here]).
According to "Geography" (''Ashkharatsuyts'') by 7th c. Armenian geographer [[Anania Shirakatsi]], Artsakh was the 10th among the 15 traditional provinces (''nahang''s) of Armenia, and consisted of 12 cantons (''gavar''s): Myus Haband, Vaykunik (Tsar), Berdadzor, Mets Arank, Mets Kvenk, Harjlank, Mukhank, Piank, Parsakank (Parzvank), Kusti, Parnes, and Kolt. But the same source also states that Albanians took from Armenia the cantons of Shakashen, Gardman, Kolt, Zave and another 20 cantons, lying before the confluence of Araks with Kura.<ref name="Shirakatsi">[[Anania Shirakatsi]]. [http://vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/geographiya/04.html Geography]</ref> (map see [http://www.bvahan.com/ArmenianWay/Great_Armenia/Provinces_Eng/Artsakh.htm here]).


===House of Artsakh===
===Legend of Aran===
According to medieval Armenian historian [[Movses Khorenatsi]] (5th c.), considered the father of Armenian historiography, and [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]] (7th c., author of ''History of Aghvank''), in the 2nd c. BC the Armenian king Vagharshak established Royal houses of the Armenian counties. After establishing the House of [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] (Sisakan), he founded "the viceroyalty of the great, glorious and populous north-east, along the big river called Kur", which included Artsakh and Utik. Vagharshak appointed as governor of this lands a Sisakan nobleman named Arran a descendant of the old mythical kings of Armenia, and of [[Hayk]], the mythical ancestor of tha Armenians<ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.15.</ref>. Because of his amiable disposition Arran was called “aghu” (meaning ''kind'', ''amiable'' and ''affable'' in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{hy icon}} Dictionary of Modern Armenian (Ժամանակակից հայոց լեզվի բացատրական բառարան), volume I. Yerevan 1969, p. 45.</ref>), hence the land that became inheritance of his offshoot, from the river [[Araks]] in the south up to the city [[Hnarakert]] in the north, was called “Aghuank”.<ref>Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.</ref><ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.</ref>.
According to medieval Armenian historian [[Movses Khorenatsi]] (5th c.), considered the father of Armenian historiography, and [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]] (7th c., author of ''History of Aghvank''), in the 2nd c. BC the Armenian king Vagharshak established Royal houses of the Armenian counties. After establishing the House of [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] (Sisakan), he founded "the viceroyalty of the great, glorious and populous north-east, along the big river called Kur", which included Artsakh and Utik. Vagharshak appointed as governor of this lands a nobleman named Arran, a descendant of Sisak, who was in turn a descendant of [[Hayk]], the mythical ancestor of the Armenians<ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.15.</ref>. Because of his amiable disposition Arran was called “aghu” (meaning ''kind'', ''amiable'' and ''affable'' in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{hy icon}} Dictionary of Modern Armenian (Ժամանակակից հայոց լեզվի բացատրական բառարան), volume I. Yerevan 1969, p. 45.</ref>), hence the land that became inheritance of his offshoot, from the river [[Araks]] in the south up to the city [[Hnarakert]] in the north, was called “Aghuank”.<ref>Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.</ref><ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.</ref>. However, Hayk and Sisak are thought to have been just [[eponym]]s and not real persons.<ref>Robert H. Hewsen. "The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition. History in Africa, Vol. 2. (1975), pp. 91-100</ref>


The tradition further states, that from this Arran descends the Royal Family, which ruled Artsakh, Utik and Gardman <ref>Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.</ref><ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.</ref>. This Family is called “Arranshahik” or “Erranshahik” in Armenian sources <ref>
The tradition further states, that from this Arran descended the tribes that populated the regions of Utik, Gardman, Tsavdek and Gargar.<ref>Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.</ref><ref>Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.</ref>. Till the begin of the 5th c. the princes of Artsakh supplied the Armenian army with 1.000 solders <ref name="Adontz"/>.
[[Arakel Babakhanian]] (Leo), Collected Works, volume II. ‘’History of Armenia. Middle Ages’’. Yerevan 1967, p. 145.</ref>. Till the begin of the 5th c. the princes of Artsakh supplied the Armenian army with 1.000 solders <ref name="Adontz"/>.


===Christianity===
===Christianity===
Line 48: Line 45:


===Armeno-Persian wars===
===Armeno-Persian wars===
The second half of the 4th c. saw a series of wars between Armenia and Persia. After it lasted 34 years, most of the Armenian counties, incl Artsakh, refused to support the Armenian king Arshak anymore in the war<ref name="Buzand">Pavstos Buzand, IV.50; V.12.</ref>. At this time, Albania had a close relationship with [[Sassanid]] Iran. In [[371]] AD, Roman and Sassanid armies clashed in the Dzirav field. In this battle, Albanians supported Sassanids, and Armenians supported [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. Following the defeat of the Sassanid and Albanian armies, the Armenian [[strategist]] (sparapet) [[Mushegh Mamikonyan]] punished severely the rebelled Armenian counties and subjected them to the king’s rule. Then in [[372]] he attacked Albanians and took back from them the neighboring province of [[Utik]] and made the Kura the border between Armenia and Albania, “as it has been earlier”. <ref name="Buzand"/>.
The second half of the 4th c. saw a series of wars between Armenia and Persia. After it lasted 34 years, most of the Armenian counties, incl Artsakh, refused to support the Armenian king Arshak anymore in the war<ref name="Buzand">Pavstos Buzand, IV.50; V.12.</ref>. At this time, Albania had a close relationship with [[Sassanid]] Iran. In [[371]] AD, Roman and Sassanid armies clashed in the Dzirav field. In this battle, Albanians supported Sassanids, and Armenians supported [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. Following the defeat of the Sassanid and Albanian armies, the Armenian [[strategist]] (sparapet) [[Mushegh Mamikonyan]] punished severely the revolted people of Artsakh and subjected them to the king’s rule. Then in [[372]] he attacked Albanians and took back from them the neighboring province of [[Utik]] and made the Kura the border between Armenia and Albania, “as it has been earlier”. <ref name="Buzand"/>.


However, war between the Sassanid Persians and Romans continued, and in [[387]] AD, according to the peace treaty between the two powers, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between them. Albania, as an ally of the Sassanids, gained all the right bank of the river Kura up to the Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.<ref name="Chaumont"/> Subsequently, Armenian medieval historians of 5th - 7th centuries (such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi) referred to the area between the Kura and Araxes rivers as the "Aghvank". The chronicler Matheos Urrhaetsi wrote: “Aghvank, which is called the Deep Armenian Land”<ref>Matheos Urrhaetsi, ''History of Armenia''. Yerevan 1973, p. 151.</ref>
However, war between the Sassanid Persians and Romans continued, and in [[387]] AD, according to the peace treaty between the two powers, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between them. Albania, as an ally of the Sassanids, gained all the right bank of the river Kura up to the Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.<ref name="Chaumont"/> Subsequently, Armenian medieval historians of 5th - 7th centuries (such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi) referred to the area between the Kura and Araxes rivers as the "Aghvank". The chronicler Matheos Urrhaetsi wrote: “Aghvank, which is called the Deep Armenian Land”<ref>Matheos Urrhaetsi, ''History of Armenia''. Yerevan 1973, p. 151.</ref>

Revision as of 06:27, 15 September 2008

For the republic, see Artsakh Republic

Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախ) was the tenth province of the Kingdom of Armenia,[1][2][3][4] and from 387 A.D., a part of Caucasian Albania. It covered what is now mostly the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.[5][6]. In medieval Armenian sources Artsakh is also called Lesser Syunik and Tsawdek[7].

Etymology

According to David M. Lang, the "ancient name of Artsakh probably recalls the name of King Artashes I (190-159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad dynasty."[8]. The name today is used mostly by Armenians to refer to Nagorno-Karabakh.

Population

Part of a series on the
History of
Artsakh
Antiquity
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Early Modern Age
Modern Age

According to the historian Robert H. Hewsen, ancient chronicles provide the names of some tribes that populated the regions of Artsakh and Utik. These were Utians, Mycians, Caspians, Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. Robert H. Hewsen believes that these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans".[9]

According to the Encyclopedia Iranica, Armenians have lived in Artsakh and Utik already in the 7th century BC, although the same article also states that "the Armenians in the strict sense must then have lived in areas between Cappadocia, the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the lake of Van".[10]

The Armenian population of Artsakh spoke a local dialect of the Armenian language, today known as the Karabakh dialect [11]. Although, it is not known when exactly this dialect arised, the medieval Armenian grammarian Stepanos Syunetsi made a record of the Artsakhian dialect in the 7th century [12].

Ancient Period

Little is known of the ancient history of the region, primarily because of the scarcity of historical sources. Today the historical ownership of Artsakh, present-day Nagorno-Karabakh, is hotly disputed between Azeris and Armenians, both of whom lay historical claims to this territory.

Artsakh first appeared under the name "Urtekhe" or "Urtehini" in Urartian cuneiform writings. Archaeological evidence reflects the competing influence from around 800 BC of the neighboring rival states Urartu, Assyria, and Mannai; and from 616 BC to the 4th century BC, the area, as well as most of the region south of the Kura, was ruled first by the Medes, then by Persian Achaemenids. Following Alexander's conquests, the Medes' former holdings in the area became known as the satrapy of Atropatene[need quotation to verify].

File:Tigran Tetra.jpg
A tetradrachm of Tigranes the Great King of Armenia (95 BC-55 BC), founded in Artsakh.

The Armenian kingdom conquered the region from Medes in the second century B.C.[9]

According to Greek historian Strabo (1 c. BC-1 c. AD) in Armenia, which in his time included Artsakh and other territories in Asia, everyone spoke the same language,[13] while the tribes of Caucasian Albania spoke "twenty-six languages."[14]. However this does not mean that the population of the Armenian kingdom consisted only of ethnic Armenians, as Strabo did not conduct any linguistic studies in Armenia and this could not be expected from an ancient author.[15]

Artsakh was taken by Armenia in the 1st cent. A.D.[16] Strabo mentions Orchistene as one of Armenian provinces in his "Geography" (along with other Armenian provinces such as Phavneni and Kombiseni.), which "furnishes the most cavalry".

Strabo, Clavdius Ptolemeus and Plinius Secundos all write that at this time, the border between Albania and Armenia was along the river Kir or Kura. At the same time Strabo also writes that the river of Kura flows through Albania.[17] However the frontier along the Kura was repeatedly overrun, to the advantage sometimes of the Albanians, sometimes of the Armenians.[18]

According to "Geography" (Ashkharatsuyts) by 7th c. Armenian geographer Anania Shirakatsi, Artsakh was the 10th among the 15 traditional provinces (nahangs) of Armenia, and consisted of 12 cantons (gavars): Myus Haband, Vaykunik (Tsar), Berdadzor, Mets Arank, Mets Kvenk, Harjlank, Mukhank, Piank, Parsakank (Parzvank), Kusti, Parnes, and Kolt. But the same source also states that Albanians took from Armenia the cantons of Shakashen, Gardman, Kolt, Zave and another 20 cantons, lying before the confluence of Araks with Kura.[19] (map see here).

Legend of Aran

According to medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi (5th c.), considered the father of Armenian historiography, and Movses Kaghankatvatsi (7th c., author of History of Aghvank), in the 2nd c. BC the Armenian king Vagharshak established Royal houses of the Armenian counties. After establishing the House of Syunik (Sisakan), he founded "the viceroyalty of the great, glorious and populous north-east, along the big river called Kur", which included Artsakh and Utik. Vagharshak appointed as governor of this lands a nobleman named Arran, a descendant of Sisak, who was in turn a descendant of Hayk, the mythical ancestor of the Armenians[20]. Because of his amiable disposition Arran was called “aghu” (meaning kind, amiable and affable in Armenian[21]), hence the land that became inheritance of his offshoot, from the river Araks in the south up to the city Hnarakert in the north, was called “Aghuank”.[22][23]. However, Hayk and Sisak are thought to have been just eponyms and not real persons.[24]

The tradition further states, that from this Arran descended the tribes that populated the regions of Utik, Gardman, Tsavdek and Gargar.[25][26]. Till the begin of the 5th c. the princes of Artsakh supplied the Armenian army with 1.000 solders [7].

Christianity

In 301 the Kingdom of Armenia was converted to Christianity. The princes of Artsakh and Utik were among the sixteen Armenian princes, who escorted Grigor the Illuminator to Cesaria, where he would be enthroned the High Priest of their land[27].

Artsakh became a major stronghold for Armenian missionaries to spread the Christianity in the neighboring lands. In 310 St Grigoris, the grandson of Grigor the Illuminator, was ordained bishop of Iberia and Albania in the monastery of Amaras, being just 15 years old [28]. After his martyrdom by the Mazkutian king on the field of Vatnean (near Derbent), his disciples conveyed his body back to Artsakh and buried him in Amaras, which has been built by Grigor the Illuminator and Grigoris himself. Hence St Grigoris became a patron saint of Artsakh. “And every year the people of that places and cantons gathers there [in Amaras] for the festive commemoration of his valour” [29].

Armeno-Persian wars

The second half of the 4th c. saw a series of wars between Armenia and Persia. After it lasted 34 years, most of the Armenian counties, incl Artsakh, refused to support the Armenian king Arshak anymore in the war[30]. At this time, Albania had a close relationship with Sassanid Iran. In 371 AD, Roman and Sassanid armies clashed in the Dzirav field. In this battle, Albanians supported Sassanids, and Armenians supported Romans. Following the defeat of the Sassanid and Albanian armies, the Armenian strategist (sparapet) Mushegh Mamikonyan punished severely the revolted people of Artsakh and subjected them to the king’s rule. Then in 372 he attacked Albanians and took back from them the neighboring province of Utik and made the Kura the border between Armenia and Albania, “as it has been earlier”. [30].

However, war between the Sassanid Persians and Romans continued, and in 387 AD, according to the peace treaty between the two powers, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between them. Albania, as an ally of the Sassanids, gained all the right bank of the river Kura up to the Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.[18] Subsequently, Armenian medieval historians of 5th - 7th centuries (such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi) referred to the area between the Kura and Araxes rivers as the "Aghvank". The chronicler Matheos Urrhaetsi wrote: “Aghvank, which is called the Deep Armenian Land”[31]

Medieval Period (5th - 14th cc.)

In the 5th century Christian culture flourished in Artsakh. In c. 410 Mesrop Mashtots opened in Amaras the first Armenian school [32]. Soon more schools were opened in Artsakh[33]

However in 450, a royal edict required the Christian Armenians, Iberians and Albanians to adopt Mazdaism. The Albanians sought help from the Armenians, who came in revolt under Vartan Mamikonian’s leadership. In a battle near the city Khaghkhagh in Utik the Persians were defeated by Vartan’s army and took flight[18]. Following the inconclusive Battle of Avarayr (451), where the Christian Armenian army clashed with the Sassanid army, many of the Armenian nobles retreated to impassable mountains and forests in several provinces, including Artsakh, which became a center for resistance against Sassanid Iran [34].

At the same time the the capital of the Albanian marzpanate moved from Kabala to the former Armenian city Partav in Utik[18]. The religious center of the Albanian state also moved here. However, although Artsakh and Utik were part of Albania in the 5th c., the culture of this area was essentially Armenian[35]. Furthermore, the Armenian rulers of Artsakh began to play a considerable role in the affairs of Albania [36] In 498 AD in the settlement named Aghuen (in present-day Mardakert region of Nagorno-Karabakh[37]), an Albanian church assembly was held, in the presence of Vachagan the Pious and the nobility and princes of Artsakh, to adopt Constitution of Aghven, which would arrange relations between the of nobility (landlords), clergy and village people [38].

In the 8th century, Albania, along with the whole of the Caucasus, was conquered by the Arabs. The Arabs put an end to Albania's sovereignty, and subordinated the Albanian church to the Armenian church. This historical event played a crucial role in the gradual dissolution of Albanians as a distinct ethnicity. Albanians living in the lowlands converted to Islam, and were eventually absorbed by Turkic tribes that invaded the area since 11th century.

The name for the area in later periods (10th century onward) was called Khachin or Khachen, named after the Khachin principality; the Byzantine emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos addressed letters "to prince of Hachen - to Armenia", being the residence of the Armenian prince Sahl Smbatyan.

The name Karabakh for the first time is mentioned since XIV century in the Georgian chronicle of XIV century "Kartlis Tshovreba" (ქართლის ცხოვრება, i.e "Life of Georgians").

Links

See also

References

  1. ^ According to Strabo, Albania was bounded on the east by the Caspian, and on the north by the Caucasus. On the west it joined Iberia, while on the south it was divided from the Greater Armenia by the river Cyrus. See Geography 11.5, and also Pliny the Elder. The Natural History 6.11
  2. ^ Template:Ru icon History of the Ancient World. vol. iii. Moscow, 1989, p. 286.
  3. ^ Template:Hy icon Ulubabyan, Bagrat. «Արցախ» (Artsakh). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. ii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, pp. 150-151.
  4. ^ Template:Ru icon Anania Shirakatsi. Geography Guide (VII c). СПб.,1877
  5. ^ Harvard international Review
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Columbia
  7. ^ a b Nicholas Adontz, Armenia in the time of Hustianos. Yerevan 1987, p. 253, 326; 282.
  8. ^ Lang, David M.The Armenians: a People in Exile. London: Unwin, 1988, p. x. ISBN 0-0440-0289-9.
  9. ^ a b Hewsen, Robert H., Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, 27-40.
  10. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. Armenia and Iran.
  11. ^ H. Petrosian, S. Galstian, T. Karagulian, Linguistic dictionary. Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences, Language Institute named after H. Acharian, Yerevan 1975, p. 204.
  12. ^ Template:Ru icon Адонц Н., «Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи», Спб., 1915, с. 187.
  13. ^ Strabo. Geography, 11.14.4-5
  14. ^ Strabo. Geography, 11.4.6.
  15. ^ V. A. Shnirelman. Memory wars. Myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia. Academkniga, Moscow, 2003 ISBN 5946281186
  16. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Nagorno-Karabakh
  17. ^ Strabo. Geography. 11.3.1
  18. ^ a b c d Encyclopedia Iranica. M. L. Chaumont. Albania.
  19. ^ Anania Shirakatsi. Geography
  20. ^ Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.15.
  21. ^ Template:Hy icon Dictionary of Modern Armenian (Ժամանակակից հայոց լեզվի բացատրական բառարան), volume I. Yerevan 1969, p. 45.
  22. ^ Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.
  23. ^ Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.
  24. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. "The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition. History in Africa, Vol. 2. (1975), pp. 91-100
  25. ^ Movses Khorenatsi, 1.13, 2.8.
  26. ^ Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.4.
  27. ^ Agathangelos, The Conversion of Armenia, 795-796.
  28. ^ Pavstos Buzand, History of Armenia. Translation and notes by St. Malkhasiants. Yerevan 1987, III.5.
  29. ^ Pavstos Buzand, III.6.
  30. ^ a b Pavstos Buzand, IV.50; V.12.
  31. ^ Matheos Urrhaetsi, History of Armenia. Yerevan 1973, p. 151.
  32. ^ Viviano, Frank. “The Rebirth of Armenia,” National Geographic Magazine. March 2004.
  33. ^ Movses Kaghankatsvatsi, 1.18.
  34. ^ Jeghishe, ‘’About Vartan and the Armenian War’’. Translation and notes by Ye. Ter-Minasian. Yerevan 1989, sec. 6, p. 252-258.
  35. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, 34.
  36. ^ V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries, Cambridge (Heffer and Sons), 1958
  37. ^ Arrakel Babakhanian, History of Armenia, volume II. Yerevan 1947, p. 156.
  38. ^ Movses Kghankatvatsi, 1.26

Historical sources

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