Automated Transfer Vehicle

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Automated Transfer Vehicle
An Automated Transfer Vehicle arrives at the International Space Station
An Automated Transfer Vehicle arrives at the International Space Station
Description
Role: Supply the International Space Station with propellant, water, air, payload and experiments.
Crew: Unmanned, but human-rated.[1]
Dimensions
Height: 10.3 m (34 ft)
Diameter: 4.5 m (15 ft)
Launch Payload: 7,667 kg (16,903 lb)[2]
Return Payload: None
Mass at launch: 20,750 kg
Pressurized Volume: 48 m3 [3]
Electrical Energy
Source: 4 solar panel wings of 4 panels each and 40Ah rechargeable batteries
Size: total span 22,3 m
Generated Power: 3,800 W
On-board engines
Main engine: 4 x 490N
thrusters : 28 x 220N for Altitude control & braking
Performance
Endurance: Docked with the ISS for six months
Apogee: 400 km
Perigee: 300 km
Inclination: 51.6 degrees
Launch
Location: ESA's Guiana Space Centre,
Kourou in French Guiana
Site: ELA-3
Booster: Ariane 5

The Automated Transfer Vehicle or ATV is an expendable, unmanned resupply spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).[4] ATVs are designed to supply the International Space Station (ISS) with propellant, water, air, payload and experiments. In addition, ATVs can reboost the station into a higher orbit.

The first ATV, Jules Verne, was launched in March 2008 and ESA has already contracted suppliers to produce four more to be flown until 2015.[5] A total of seven ATVs could eventually be launched to the International Space Station, mission managers said.[6] The development cost of the ATV was approximately € 1.35 billion,[7] and each ATV spacecraft costs about $300 million, not including launch costs.[8]

Design

The ATV is designed to complement the Progress spacecraft, having three times its capacity. Like the Progress, it carries both bulk liquids and relatively fragile freight which is stored in a cargo hold kept in a pressurized shirt sleeve environment so that astronauts can have access to it without putting on a spacesuit. The ATV pressurized cargo section is based on the Italian-built Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), which is already in service as a Shuttle-carried ‘space barge’ transporting equipment to and from the Station.

The ATV docking system consists of two videometers and two telegoniometers built by Sodern, a subsidiary of EADS.[9] Additional monitoring data is supplied by a redundant Russian-made antenna built for the Ukrainian-built Kurs,[10][11] an automatic docking system similar to those used on Soyuz manned ferries and on the Progress re-supply ship. Visual imagery is provided by a camera on the Zvezda module.

Also like the Progress, the ATV will additionally serve as a container for the station's waste.

Each ATV weighs 20.7 tonnes at launch and has a cargo capacity of 8 tonnes:[2]

  • 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) to 5,500 kilograms (12,100 lb) of dry cargo (re-supply goods, scientific payload, etc.),
  • Up to 840 kilograms (1,850 lb) of water,
  • Up to 100 kilograms (220 lb) of gas (nitrogen, oxygen, air), with up to two gases per flight,
  • Up to 4,700 kilograms (10,400 lb) of propellant for the re-boost maneuver and refueling the station. The ATV propellant used for re-boost (monomethylhydrazine fuel and N2O4 oxidizer) is of a different type from the payload Russian refueling propellant (UDMH fuel and N2O4 oxidizer).

Development

The prime contractor for the ATV is EADS Astrium Space Transportation, leading a consortium of many sub-contractors. Development was started in Les Mureaux, France and moved to Bremen, Germany, as the project moved from its development to production stage of the four initial units starts. In order to facilitate the relationship between the contractor and ESA, an integrated ESA team at the Les Mureaux site has been established for the duration of the development.

The first ATV arrived at the ESA spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana on 31 July 2007 after a nearly two week journey from Rotterdam harbour and was launched on 9 March 2008.[12] The Jules Verne was the first ATV to be launched.[13] EADS Astrium Space Transportation builds the ATVs in its facility in Bremen. Contracts and accords were signed in 2004 for four more ATVs, which should be launched about once every two years, bringing the total order, including Jules-Verne, to five.

To this end, RSC Energia has signed a 40 million euro contract with one of the main subcontractors of EADS Astrium Space Transportation, the Italian company Alenia Spazio (now Thales Alenia Space), to supply the Russian Docking System, refuelling system, and Russian Equipment Control System.[14] Within the EADS Astrium Space Transportation led project, Thales Alenia Space is in charge of the pressurized cargo carrier of the ATV. These pressurized cargo carriers are produced in Turin, Italy.

In addition to its use by ESA and Russia, the ATV was in the running to service NASA under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program. Under the proposal, a joint venture between EADS and Boeing, an ATV would be launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, using a Delta IV rocket. Ultimately, it was not awarded a contract.

Use

Jules Verne seen at the bottom of the ISS making the relative size clearly visible
ATV Jules Verne as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere in a controlled burn-up after undocking from ISS.

ATVs are intended to be launched every 17 months in order to resupply the International Space Station.[15] They use GPS and a star tracker to automatically rendezvous with the Space Station. At a distance of 249 m, the ATV computers use videometer and telegoniometer data for final approach and docking manoeuvres. The actual docking to Zvezda is fully automatic. If there are any last-minute problems, a pre-programmed sequence of anti-collision manoeuvres, fully independent of the main navigation system, can be activated by the flight engineers aboard the station.

With the ATV docked, the station crew enters the cargo section and removes the payload. The ATV's liquid tanks are connected to the station's plumbing and discharge their contents. The station crew manually releases air components directly into the ISS’s atmosphere. For up to six months, the ATV, mostly in dormant mode, remains attached to the ISS with the hatch remaining open. The crew then steadily fills the cargo section with the station's waste. At intervals of 10 to 45 days, the ATV’s thrusters are used to boost the station's altitude.

Once its mission is accomplished, the ATV, filled with up to 6.5 tonnes of waste, separates. Its thrusters move the spacecraft out of orbit (de-orbit) and place it on a steep flight path to perform a controlled destructive re-entry high above the Pacific Ocean.

Scheduled missions

Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle approaches the International Space Station on Monday, 31 March 2008
Designation Name Launch date Result Re-entry
ATV-001 Jules Verne 9 March 2008 Docked 3 April 2008 29 September 2008
ATV-002 Johannes Kepler November 2010 Planned Planned
ATV-003 Edoardo Amaldi 2011 Planned Planned
ATV-004 unnamed 2012 Planned Planned
ATV-005 unnamed 2013 Planned Planned

[6][6][16][17]

Jules Verne

Main article: Jules Verne ATV

The first flight of the ATV was delayed many times before its launch on 9 March 2008. It was named Jules Verne, in memory of the first science fiction writer of modern times. The Jules Verne carried two of the author's original handwritten manuscripts, to be received by the ISS crew as symbolic tokens of the success of the first flight.[18]

The craft was launched into a 300-kilometre (190 mi) orbit atop an Ariane 5 from the equatorial ELA-3 launch site at the Guiana Space Centre. The ATV separated from the Ariane rocket and after weeks of tests and orbit adjustments successfully docked in the International Space Station at 14:45 UTC on 3 April 2008.

In the early morning hours of 29 September 2008, the Jules Verne burnt up on entering the atmosphere above an uninhabited section of the Pacific Ocean, southwest of Tahiti.

ATV Control Centre

ATV missions are monitored and controlled from the ATV Control Centre (ATV-CC) located at the Toulouse Space Centre (CST) in Toulouse, France. The centre is responsible for all planning and executing of every orbital maneuver and mission task of the ATV, from the moment of separation from its launch vehicle, until it burns up in the Earth's atmosphere. The centre has a direct communication line with the Columbus Control Center (Col-CC) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Col-CC provides ATV-CC with access to both the American TDRSS and the European Artemis communication networks in order to communicate with ATV and the space station. ATV-CC will coordinate its actions with NASA's Mission Control Center (MCC-H) in Houston and the Russian FKA Mission Control Center (TsUP or MCC-M) in Moscow, Russia as well as the ATV launch site at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.[19]

ATV Evolution proposals

File:ATV MSS.JPG
An MSS could be used as a small orbital lab

Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle around 2010, the European Space Agency launched a series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. Following these studies the cargo return version (CARV) became a candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a man-carrying spacecraft which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5.

Mini Space Station
The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time.
PARES capsules would be able to hold a few kg of cargo
Payload Retrieval System
The PARES would have included a small ballistic capsule similar to VBK-Raduga embedded into the ATV docking interface, which would have brought back a few tens of kilograms of payload. PARES could have featured a deployable heat shield system. The European Space Agency was also proposing the system for use with the Progress spacecraft and the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV).
CARV would be used to transport a large amount of cargo to Earth.
Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle
The CARV study investigated a larger lifting capsule, capable of bringing back a few tonnes of payload, which could have been installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, a goal was to allow CARV to dock at the US side of the station. Given the larger docking ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is not currently possible.
Crew Transport Vehicle
This was another option under consideration. Similar to the CARV variant, this would replace the current Integrated Cargo Carrier with a pressurized re-entry capsule. A significant difference with the cargo-only variant would be the presence of a Crew Escape System, consisting of a number of booster rockets able to pull the crew capsule away from the launcher (Ariane 5) and/or Service Module in the event of an emergency. The CTV variant of the ATV would be able to seat 4 or 5 crew.[20]

Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, but NASA has meanwhile chosen a US-only solution.

Proposed crewed version

File:ATV capsule1.jpg
A 3D rendering of the proposed ATV derived manned transportation system.

The aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Space Agency (the DLR), announced on 14 May 2008 that they would pursue a project to adapt the ATV into a crew transportation system.[21] The craft would be able to launch a 3 man crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock-up of the proposed craft was shown at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin.[22] If the project is given ESA approval development will proceed in two stages:[23]

  • The first stage would see the development of an Advanced Return Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015.[24] This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million.[25][26][27]
  • The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion (€)" according to a senior Astrium representative.[28][29][30]

Subsequent activity

In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re-entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a manned version of the ATV.[31] ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium on 7 July 2009[32][33].

See also

References

  1. ^ Final preparations for first human-rated spacecraft to be launched from Europe's Spaceport - ESA
  2. ^ a b "Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Utilisation Relevant Data Rev. 1.2" (PDF). ESA ERASMUS User Centre.
  3. ^ ESA - ATV Integrated Cargo Carrier
  4. ^ "Automated Transfer Vehicle, ESA document EUC-ESA-FSH-003 Rev 1.2 (specification)" (PDF). ESA. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  5. ^ Europe launches its first re-supply ship – Jules Verne ATV – to the ISS
  6. ^ a b c "European Cargo Ship Begins Maiden Space Voyage". Space.com. 9 March 2008.
  7. ^ Europe sets a course for the ISS
  8. ^ Stephen Clark (1 December 2009). "Space station partners assess logistics needs beyond 2015". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  9. ^ "Rendezvouz and Docking Technology" (PDF). ESA. 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Power system and avionics, ESA, 3 March 2008, "The ATV Service Module also accommodates several rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries and some redundant items like a Sun sensor and a Russian-made KURS antenna."
  11. ^ Bryan Burrough, Dragonfly, ISBN 0-06-093269-4, page 66, "made by a government-owned company called Radiopribor, located in Kiev"
  12. ^ "ATV arrives at Europe's Spaceport". European Space Agency. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  13. ^ "Worldwide Testing And ISS Traffic Push ATV Launch To Autumn 2007". SpaceDaily. 23 March 2007.
  14. ^ "Alenia Spazio signs contract with RSC-Energia for the production phase of the ATV space vehicle" (Press release). Alenia Spazio. 22 March 2005. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  15. ^ "Mission concept and the role of ATV". ESA. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  16. ^ "Multi-Program Integrated Milestones" (PDF). NASA. 25 January 2008.
  17. ^ "Third ATV named after Edoardo Amaldi". 17 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  18. ^ "Europe's 'Jules Verne' spacecraft carries namesake's notes on maiden voyage". collectSPACE.com. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  19. ^ "ATV Control Centre". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  20. ^ "ATV Evolution — Executive Summary" (PDF). EADS. Retrieved 2008-03-15.[dead link]
  21. ^ "Europe could get manned spaceship". BBC News. 13 May 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  22. ^ "Berlin unveils 'crewed spaceship'". BBC News. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Celebrating the Accomplishment, Preparing the Future — New Challenges in Human Spaceflight and Exploration '" (PDF). ESA.
  24. ^ ""Jules Verne" Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Information Kit" (PDF). ESA.
  25. ^ "Europe Plans to Build Manned Spaceship". Der Spiegel.
  26. ^ "European manned spaceship design unveiled in Berlin". The Register.
  27. ^ "ESA aims for manned capsule by 2020". Flightglobal.
  28. ^ "Berlin unveils 'crewed spaceship'". BBC News. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  29. ^ "Europe Plans Manned Spaceship". businessweek.
  30. ^ "Europe Aims For Re-entry Spacecraft". Space.com.
  31. ^ "Europe's 10bn-euro space vision". BBC News. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  32. ^ http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/press-releases-launch-kits/atv-johannes-kepler-put-through-its-paces.html
  33. ^ http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMJQF6CTWF_index_0.html

External links

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