Hurricane Irma: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Impact: disabig
Line 170: Line 170:
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| scope="row" | [[Saint Thomas]]
| scope="row" | [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0

Revision as of 08:22, 8 September 2017

This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2017. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Irma.
Hurricane Irma
Current storm status
Category 5 hurricane (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:11:00 p.m. EDT September 7 (03:00 UTC September 8)
Location:21°18′N 72°24′W / 21.3°N 72.4°W / 21.3; -72.4 (Hurricane Irma) ± 10 nm
About 55 mi (85 km) ENE of Great Inagua Island
About 585 mi (940 km) ESE of Miami, FL
Sustained winds:145 kn (165 mph; 270 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 175 kn (200 mph; 325 km/h)
Pressure:920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg)
Movement:WNW at 14 kn (16 mph; 26 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Hurricane Irma is an extremely powerful tropical cyclone affecting the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico, and threatening Cuba and the Southeastern United States. It is the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Wilma of 2005 in terms of maximum sustained winds, the most intense in terms of pressure since Dean in 2007, and the first of such intensity to make landfall anywhere in the Atlantic since Felix in 2007. Irma is also the first Category 5 hurricane to affect the northern Leeward Islands on record. A typical Cape Verde hurricane,[1][2][3] Irma developed on August 30 near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave that had moved off the west African coast two days prior. It is the ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season.[4][5][6]

Under favorable conditions, Irma rapidly intensified shortly after formation, becoming a Category 2 hurricane within a mere 24 hours. It became a Category 3 hurricane (and therefore a major hurricane) shortly afterward; however, the intensity fluctuated for the next several days due to a series of eyewall replacement cycles. On September 5, Irma became a Category 5 hurricane, and by early the next day, Irma reached peak intensity with 185 mph (295 km/h) winds and a minimum pressure of 914 mbar (914 hPa; 27.0 inHg). This ties it as the second-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed, surpassed only by Allen of 1980 which reached wind speeds of 190 mph (310 km/h). However, Irma sustained these 185 mph winds for 36 hours, setting a record above Allen, which had sustained 180 mph (290 km/h) winds for 18 hours. In addition, Irma achieved one of the longest durations of Category 5 strength winds on record.[7] Irma is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin outside the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, and is tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin. In addition, Irma's low pressure makes it the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 so far.

It caused catastrophic damage in Barbuda, St. Barthelemy, St Martin, Anguilla and the Virgin Islands as a Category 5 with winds of 185 mph (295 km/h). Irma was the strongest hurricane to strike the northern Leeward Islands and one of the worst storms to hit the region, along with Hurricane Donna in 1960 and Hurricane Luis in 1995. The hurricane has caused at least 10 deaths by noon UTC on September 7.[8]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The US National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave over the western coast of Africa on August 26.[9] This wave moved off the coast of the continent late on August 27. Throughout the next two days, showers and thunderstorms associated with the wave became better organized and gradually coalesced into a low pressure area as it passed just south of and through the Cape Verde Islands on August 29,[10] with the NHC stating that any significant organization of the disturbance would result in the classification of a tropical depression.[11]

A VIIRS satellite image of Hurricane Irma on September 3

Further organization over the next 24 hours or so led to classification of the disturbance as Tropical Storm Irma at 15:00 UTC on August 30, based on scatterometer data and satellite estimates.[12] With warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear, strengthening was anticipated, with the only hindrance being slightly cooler waters and drier air. The nascent storm began developing upper-level poleward outflow as an anticyclone became established over the system, with banding features becoming increasingly evident in satellite images.[13] Early on August 31, shortly after the development of a central dense overcast (CDO) and an eye feature, Irma rapidly intensified beginning at 09:00 UTC on August 31, with winds increasing from 70 mph (110 km/h) to 115 mph (185 km/h) in only 12 hours.[14] On September 2, a ship passed 60 mi (90 km) to the west of the center of Irma, recording maximum winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), which indicated that the eye of Irma remained compact.[15][16] A strengthening subtropical ridge over the central North Atlantic pushed Irma from a western to southwestern direction on September 2 and 3.[17][18][19][20] The first aircraft reconnaissance mission departed from Barbados on the afternoon of September 3, discovering an eye 29 mi (47 km) in diameter and surface winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[19][21]

Infrared loop of Hurricane Irma approaching the northern Leeward Islands on September 5, around the time of its upgrade to a Category 5 hurricane

On September 4, Hurricane Irma strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane, with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) at 21:00 UTC.[22] Under favorable conditions, Irma continued deepening and became a Category 5 hurricane by 11:45 UTC on the following day, with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h),[23] making Irma the easternmost Atlantic hurricane of this strength on record, surpassing Hurricane David of 1979.[24] At 15:00 UTC, the National Hurricane Center announced that aircraft reconnaissance indicated that Hurricane Irma had maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (285 km/h).[25] By 00:15 UTC on September 6, Irma's maximum sustained winds and minimum pressure reached 185 mph (295 km/h) and 916 mbar (916 hPa; 27.0 inHg), respectively, making Irma the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005 in terms of sustained wind speed, and the most intense Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Dean of 2007 in terms of pressure. Only four other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds of 185 mph (295 km/h) or higher: Wilma, the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Hurricane Allen of 1980, and Hurricane Gilbert of 1988.[26] In addition, Irma is the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico in recorded history (although reliable records only date to the late 1960s with satellite observations),[27] and its intensity was such as to register on seismographs in Guadeloupe.[28] As of the 2:00 a.m. advisory on September 7, Irma had sustained 185 mph (295 km/h) winds for 36 hours, the only tropical cyclone worldwide to have had winds that speed for that long, breaking the previous record of 24 hours set by Typhoon Haiyan.[29]

At 06:00 UTC on September 6, the center of Irma made landfall along the northern coast of Barbuda at peak strength.[30][31][32] This made Irma tied for the third strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall globally – in terms of sustained winds – along with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Typhoon Joan of 1959, trailing only typhoons Haiyan of 2013 and Meranti of 2016, which bore winds of 190 mph (310 km/h) at landfall. Irma also tied the 1935 hurricane as the strongest at landfall in the Atlantic basin since records began in 1851.[33] While maintaining its intensity, Irma made successive landfalls at approximately 12:00 UTC on Sint Maarten and at 17:00 UTC on Ginger Island and Tortola in the British Virgin Islands.[32]

Current storm information

File:Hurricane Irma, with a remarkable category-5 intensity of 185 mph, moved dire....webm
This video is a storm-centered animation of GOES-16 super rapid scan showing how Irma continued to maintain the top intensity of 185 mph longer than any previous tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin as it moved through the northern Lesser Antilles. Video from NOAA NWS Weather Prediction Center. Published on September 7, 2017

As of 11:00 p.m. EDT September 7 (3:00 UTC September 8), Hurricane Irma is located within 10 nautical miles of 21°18′N 72°24′W / 21.3°N 72.4°W / 21.3; -72.4 (Irma), about 55 miles (85 km) east-northeast of Great Inagua Island, and about 585 miles (940 km) east-southeast of Grand Turk Island. Maximum sustained winds are 145 knots (165 mph; 270 km/h), with gusts to 175 knots (200 mph; 325 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 920 millibars (hPa; 27.17 inHg). The system is moving west-northwest at 14 knots (16 mph; 26 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend up to 75 miles (120 km) from the center of Irma, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 185 miles (295 km).

For latest official information, see:

Watches and warnings

Hurricane Warning
Hurricane conditions
expected within 36 hours.
Hurricane Watch
Hurricane conditions
possible within 48 hours.
Tropical Storm Warning
Tropical storm conditions expected within 36 hours.
  • Cuba
    • Provinces of Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas
  • Haiti
Storm Surge Warning
Life-threatening inundation from storm surge possible within 36 hours.
  • United States
    • Florida
      • Jupiter Inlet southward around the peninsula to Bonita Beach
      • Florida Keys
Storm Surge Watch
Life-threatening inundation from storm surge possible within 48 hours.
  • United States
    • Florida
      • North of Jupiter Inlet to Sebastian Inlet
      • North of Bonita Beach to Venice

Preparations

Caribbean

Along the northeast coast of Puerto Rico, USGS surveys reference elevation points to ensure the accuracy of water level data.

Given Irma's forecast track along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.[34] On September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency.[35] In Antigua and Barbuda, residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds. Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations.[36] Expecting a direct hit, more than half of residents on Barbuda took shelter,[37] and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized.[38] On Guadeloupe, low-lying and cliff-edge homes were evacuated at the threat of flooding and erosion. Schools and public businesses closed on September 5 and 6. Hospitals stocked up on three days' worth of supplies and checked the functionality of their generators.[39][40] Of the island's 32 municipalities, 22 activated their emergency plans; 1,500 people were urged to take shelter.[41]

Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island, a yellow alert was issued for Martinique due to the likelihood of rough seas.[42] The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy, who faced a greater risk of a direct impact.[43] The National Emergency Management Organization on Saint Lucia urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf.[44] Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for Dominica, where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves, landslides, and flooding.[45]

On September 6 the Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage.[46]

Mainland United States

Florida

On September 4, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Florida,[47] and placed 100 members of the Florida National Guard on duty to assist in preparations. All 7,000 troops are to be on duty by September 8.[48] Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits.[49] Governor Scott suspended tolls on all toll roads in Florida, including Florida's Turnpike, starting at 5:00 p.m. on September 5.[50] All state offices in Florida are to be closed on Friday.[51] All schools in the Florida Keys are closed from September 6 until further notice. Mandatory evacuations for the islands are expected, with tourists to leave September 6 and residents the following day.[52] Schools are also closed in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Collier, Martin, Okeechobee, St. Lucie, Lee, Brevard, Pinellas, and Indian River counties on September 7 and 8.[53] On September 6, the mayor of Fort Lauderdale ordered mandatory evacuations for all residents east of US 1. The city of Tampa, on the west coast of Florida, declared a local state of emergency. [54] The University of Central Florida announced that classes would be canceled from September 7 to 11, and their Orlando campuses closed from September 8 to 11.[55] Shelters will be opening in the following counties: Broward, Flagler, Hardee, Hendry, Marion, Palm Beach, and Pasco.[56] At around 15:00 UTC on September 7, a hurricane watch was issued for parts of South Florida, from the Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, including the Florida Keys.[57] At 02:00 UTC, Friday September 8, a hurricane warning was issued for the Florida Keys, extending as far north as Miami.[58]

Georgia

Georgia Governor Nathan Deal declared a state of emergency for six coastal counties on September 6, 2017; however, the state of emergency was expanded to cover 30 counties in southeast and east central Georgia, and Governor Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of Interstate 95 on September 7, 2017. Contraflow lane reversal for Interstate 16 will take effect on September 9, 2017 at 8:00 a.m.[59]

North Carolina

Video by mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina Nat Robertson

North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency on September 6, 2017, to take effect for the entire state at 8:00 a.m. on September 7.[60]

South Carolina

South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster declared a state of emergency on September 6, 2017.[61]

Sports

The University of Central Florida Knights football team moved up a home game in Orlando, Florida against the University of Memphis Tigers football team from Saturday, September 9, 2017, at 8:00 p.m. local to Friday, September 8, 2017 at 6:30 p.m. local due to Irma.[62] The Miami Dolphins–Tampa Bay Buccaneers game scheduled for September 10 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami was postponed to November 19 due to the storm potentially hitting during the teams' Week 1 matchup.[63] The University of Miami–Arkansas State University game scheduled for September 9 at Centennial Bank Stadium in Arkansas was canceled due to travel concerns for the University of Miami.[64] The University of Florida Gators football team's Saturday, September 9 contest against the Northern Colorado Bears in Gainesville, originally scheduled for 7:30 p.m. local time, was moved up to 12:00 p.m. noon that same day.[65] The Florida State University Seminoles football team's Saturday, September 9 contest against Louisiana-Monroe in Tallahassee, originally scheduled for 7:00 p.m. local time, was moved up to 12:00 noon that same day. Florida International University's football game against Alcorn State, originally scheduled for Saturday, September 9 at 7:30 PM EDT, will be played one day earlier on Friday, September 8 at 6:00 PM CDT at Legion Field in Birmingham.[66] Minor League Baseball's Florida State League called off their championship game and as a result, will name their division series players co-champions.[67]

FEMA funding

As of September 5, 2017, FEMA funding was running dangerously low due to its recent response to Hurricane Harvey in Texas, prompting the Trump administration to request an immediate $8 billion in additional funding as Irma approaches Florida.[68] With the clip that current funds are being consumed at the United States Senate almost doubled the requested amount to $15.3 billion with the understanding that this would only be about 10% of what will be required for the response to Harvey.[69]

Impact

Deaths and damage by country [70]
Country Fatalities Missing Damage
2016 (USD)
Barbuda 1 2 $150 million
Saint Martin 5 0 —
Anguilla 1 0 —
Saint Thomas 3 0 —
Puerto Rico 3 0 —
Totals: 13 2 —
NOAA aircraft flying to the eye of Hurricane Irma on September 5, 2017

Antigua and Barbuda

The eyewall of the hurricane moved over Barbuda near its record peak intensity during the night of September 5–6;[71] a local anemometer reportedly measured an unofficial gust of 155 mph (250 km/h) before being blown away.[72] Though some reports of structural damage such as blown off roofs surfaced shortly after,[73] the exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma's passage, as downed phone lines ceased all communication with nearby islands.[37] Later that afternoon, Prime Minister Gaston Browne surveyed the territory by helicopter, revealing an effectively uninhabitable island. Irma damaged or destroyed 95% of the structures on Barbuda, including its hospital, schools and both of its hotels;[74] it completely flattened some residential blocks while submerging others.[75][76] The destruction rendered the island's sole airport and much of its infrastructure inoperative—including water and telecommunication services—which further hampered relief efforts. Preliminary assessments on Barbuda suggest property damage of at least $150 million. One infant drowned in the process of evacuating during the hurricane,[77] and a pregnant woman and her sister went missing.[78]

Remaining just outside of Irma's strongest windfield, Antigua sustained minimal damage in the form of leveled roofs and fences, downed power poles and lines, and uprooted trees. Some street flooding also took place in low-lying areas.[79] Three people were treated for minor storm-related injuries.[80]

Saint Martin and neighboring islands

On the morning of September 6, Irma's extreme core crossed the island of Saint Martin, sweeping entire structures, submerging roads and cars alike, and triggering an island-wide blackout.[81] Its catastrophic Category-5 winds elevated numerous trees, vehicles, and debris from damaged structures, scattering them across the territory.[82] On the French side of Saint-Martin, entire marinas around Marigot were left in ruins, littered with stranded crafts smashed into one another. Images showed devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows.[82] A hotel caught on fire, but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze. Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor. In the aftermath of the storm, looting incidents were reported at stores.[83] The hurricane destroyed an 11-bedroom mansion owned by U.S. President Trump.[84] Preliminary reports indicate that Irma killed four people on the French side of island and injured 50 others, one of whom was in critical condition. As many as 95% of the buildings there were damaged to some degree; 60% were totally uninhabitable.[85]

A similar situation unfolded in Sint Maarten, the Dutch half of the island, where the intense winds ripped through buildings and lifted vehicles aloft "as if they were matches".[86] The hurricane wreaked havoc on Princess Juliana International Airport, with "huge chunks of the building [strewn] across the runway and a jet bridge snapped in half."[87] One person was killed and several others were injured in the Dutch territory.[86] Irma was considered to be the worst disaster to hit Sint Maarten, with the extent of its damage far exceeding that of any previous hurricane.[86] The devastation of its airport and harbor left that part of Saint Martin unreachable. However, the small airport on the French side could be reopened for supply aid by helicopter and airplane.[88]

Irma left widespread destruction and disastrous flooding along its trek over Saint Barthélemy, southeast of Saint Martin. Describing the extent of the destruction, one local compared it to "a bomb that burned all vegetation," while another said that it were as if the hurricane had effectively "erased the island from the map".[89] Violent seas swept away entire coastal establishments, with one hotel being stripped of "all but its foundations".[90] Streets in the capital of Gustavia were turned into rushing rivers, carrying away vehicles and pieces of furniture. The island's fire station was inundated with up to 6.4 ft (2 meter) of flood waters.[90][77] With scores of homes and much of the infrastructure destroyed, the majority island's population was left stranded without water, electricity or phone service.[89]

Satellite image of Category 5 Hurricane Irma crossing the British Virgin Islands on September 6

Rest of the Leeward Islands

Large swells ahead of Irma washed ashore debris and sea life in Castries, Saint Lucia, blocking some roads.[91] One death occurred in Barbados after a surfer hit a reef and broke his neck.[92] The hurricane's effects, such as violent seas and rattling trees, were intense enough to be detected by seismographs in Guadeloupe.[93] Around 8,000 households and a water supply network on that island lost power during the storm, leaving several communes in the dark without running water. Overall damage was limited to trees that were blown onto roads and three unmanned ships wrecked by rough seas.[41] Saint Kitts and Nevis endured similar conditions; blustery rainstorms triggered scattered power outages and disabled the island's water system, but the islands were spared of significant damage.[94]

The British Overseas Territory of Anguilla had the eye of the storm pass over it on September 6. Many homes and schools were destroyed, and the island's only hospital was badly damaged.[95] The devastation was particularly severe in East End, where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses. In The Valley, the island's capital, the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings. Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors, and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated.[96] About 90% of roads were left impassable.[85] The island's air traffic control tower was damaged, exacerbating the already poor communication with the island.[97] One death was reported on the island. RFA Mounts Bay, is said to be near the island, providing support and relief work with its helicopters and 40 marines and army engineers.[95]

Virgin Islands

Damage in the British Virgin Islands was extensive. Numerous buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of Tortola, which bore the brunt of the hurricane's core.[98] Along Cane Garden Bay, the storm surge swallowed seaside bars and a gas station. Satellite images revealed many of the island's residential zones had been left in ruins.[96] The hurricane ravished Necker Island, destroying the private mansion of Richard Branson.[84] Irma's onslaught in the US Virgin Islands was mostly confined to Saint Thomas, where at least 12 inches (305 mm) of rain fell. The island suffered extensive and widespread structural damage, including to its police station and airport. Patients from the fourth and third floors of Charlotte Amalie's hospital had to be relocated to lower floors due to flooding from roof leaks. Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island. On nearby Saint Croix, there were communication issues and some damage to the infrastructure.[96]

Puerto Rico

Two people died in Puerto Rico due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane: one man died in Orocovis after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof; another man on the coast in Capitanejo died after being struck by lightning. Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike, but survived. Two other people died during the hurricane: a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheel chair and fell from the same hitting her head; another person died in a car accident in Canovanas.[99] More than a million residents lost power due to damages caused by the storm, according to former Puerto Rican Governor Alejandro García Padilla.[100]

Turks and Caicos Islands

File:TAC Islands Irma Windstream 2017.jpg.png
NOAA's windstream animation in the evening of September 7, 2017, when hurricane Irma crossed the Turks and Caicos Islands.

On the evening of September 7, at 7:30 PM AST (23:30 UTC), hurricane Irma reached the Turks and Caicos Islands. While the eye passed just South of the islands, the most powerful winds on the northern side of the eye swept the group of islands for more than two hours.

Environmental factors

Sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico on Sept. 5, 2017.

Climate change

Scientists point out that global warming contributes warmer ocean waters and more moist air for rain, and that the strongest hurricanes were recorded in recent years, including Irma. Additionally, sea level rise from melting ice sheets near the poles is cited to have contributed to higher storm surges.[101] Data collected by NASA shows ocean surface temperatures in the path of Irma are above 30 °C (86 °F), capable of sustaining a Category 5 hurricane.[102]

See also

  • List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
  • Hurricane Matthew (2016) – Caused damage and deaths in Haiti, before moving to The Bahamas and then skimming the coastline of Florida, before moving up the coast.
  • Hurricane Hugo (1989) – Only other known storm to reach Category 5 intensity east of the Leeward Islands.
  • Hurricane Earl (2010) – Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected the northern Leeward Islands as a strengthening hurricane
  • Hurricane Luis (1995) – very damaging and powerful hurricane that caused severe impacts in the northern Lesser Antilles
  • Hurricane Marilyn (1995) – caused destruction as a rapidly intensifying hurricane in the northern Leeward Islands, which had been affected by Luis shortly beforehand
  • Hurricane Donna (1960) – brushed the Lesser Antilles, before hitting the Florida Keys in early September at Category 4 intensity and travelling up the East Coast of the United States.

References

  1. ^ Angela Chen (September 1, 2017). "Harvey's not over, but Hurricane Irma is now headed toward the East Coast". The Verge. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  2. ^ Brandon Miller (September 2, 2017). "Powerful Hurricane Irma could be next weather disaster". CNN. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  3. ^ Rob Gutro (August 30, 2017). "GPM satellite sees Tropical Storm Irma forming near Cape Verde Islands". Phys.org. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  4. ^ Brian McNoldy, Brian (August 30, 2017). "Tropical Storm Irma forms in Atlantic, and we're still watching Gulf of Mexico early next week". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  5. ^ "Hurricane Irma intensifies over the Atlantic". CNBC. Reuters. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  6. ^ Marina Koren (August 31, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Just Hit Category 3". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  7. ^ "Hurricane Irma has just broken another terrifying record". The Independent. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ Hurricane Irma causes devastation in the Caribbean BBC News
  9. ^ Eric S. Blake (August 26, 2017). "Graphical· Tropical Weather Outlook". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  10. ^ Eric S. Blake (August 29, 2017). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  11. ^ Eric S. Blake (August 29, 2017). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  12. ^ Eric S. Blake (August 30, 2017). Tropical Storm Irma Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  13. ^ Christopher Landsea (August 30, 2017). Tropical Storm Irma Discussion Number 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  14. ^ Eric S. Blake (August 31, 2017). Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  15. ^ John P. Cangialosi (September 2, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 12". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  16. ^ "Ship Status Report: callsign BATFR17". sailwx.info. Mobile Geographics LLC. September 5, 2017. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 2, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 15". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  18. ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 3, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 16". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  19. ^ a b Daniel P. Brown (September 3, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 17". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  20. ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 4, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 20". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  21. ^ Richard J. Pasch (September 3, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 19". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  22. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 4, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 22". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  23. ^ Daniel Brown; Chris Landsea (September 5, 2017). Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  24. ^ Philip Klotzbach [@philklotzbach] (September 5, 2017). "#Irma is the furthest east in Atlantic that we've had a 175 mph hurricane on record (57.7°W). Previous record: David-1979 (66.2°W)" (Tweet). Retrieved September 5, 2017 – via Twitter.
  25. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 5, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 26". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  26. ^ Philip Klotzbach [@philklotzbach] (September 5, 2017). "#Irma now has winds of 185 mph - tied w/ FL Keys (1935), Gilbert & Wilma for 2nd strongest Atlantic winds on record. Allen is #1 at 190 mph" (Tweet). Retrieved September 5, 2017 – via Twitter.
  27. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 5, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 26". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  28. ^ Alexandra Wilts (September 5, 2017). "Hurricane Irma has become so strong it's showing up on seismometers used to measure earthquakes: Florida, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands have declared states of emergency". Independent. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  29. ^ "Hurricane Irma Meteorological Records/Notable Facts Recap (through September 7 at 11pm EDT)" (PDF). Colorado State University.
  30. ^ "Hurricane Irma: Category 5 Storm Leaves Damage in Barbuda". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  31. ^ "Monster Hurricane Irma Makes Landfall On Barbuda In Caribbean". NDTV. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  32. ^ a b "Irma Threatens the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico Wednesday into Early Thursday". The Weather Channel. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  33. ^ Bob Henson (September 6, 2017). "Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength". Weather Underground. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  34. ^ Richard Pasch (September 5, 2017). Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  35. ^ Rebecca Savaransky (September 4, 2017). "Florida governor declares state of emergency over Hurricane Irma". The Hill. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  36. ^ "Disaster Coordinator: Barbuda ready and prepared for the passage of Hurricane Irma". The Daily Observer. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  37. ^ a b "Hurricane Irma: Storm Leaves Major Damage on Some Islands". The New York Times. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  38. ^ "PM says relief efforts are already underway for A&B". The Daily Observer. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  39. ^ "Comment la Guadeloupe, Saint-Barth et Saint-Martin se préparent à l'ouragan Irma" (in French). 20 minutes. Agence France-Presse. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  40. ^ "Irma. Un ouragan aussi fort qu'Harvey attendu dans les Caraïbes". Ouest France (in French). Agence France-Presse. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  41. ^ a b Préfet de Guadeloupe [@Prefet971] (September 6, 2017). "Passage de l'ouragan IRMA en #Guadeloupe. Point de situation, ce mercredi 6 sept. à 5h" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  42. ^ "Le dangereux Ouragan Irma se rapproche des Antilles" (in French). franceinfo. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  43. ^ Peggy Pinel-Fereol (September 5, 2017). "La Martinique envoie des renforts en Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélemy et Saint-Martin" (in French). France Télévisions. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  44. ^ "Hurricane Irma approaches Northern Leeward Islands". St. Lucia Times. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  45. ^ "Tropical Storm Watch remains in effect for Dominica". Dominica News Online. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  46. ^ "Hurricane Irma in the Dominican Republic". International Charter Space & Major Disasters. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  47. ^ Giovanna Maselli (September 4, 2017). "Florida Gov. Declares State Of Emergency Over Hurricane Irma". CBS Miami. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  48. ^ "Gov. Scott activates 100 National Guard members, 7,000 to report for duty Friday morning". WFTS. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  49. ^ Lance Dixon; David J. Neal; Jane Woolridge (September 4, 2017). "How South Florida is gearing up for the storm". The Miami Herald. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  50. ^ Tavss, Jeff (September 5, 2017). "Florida tolls suspended on all roadways". Miami, FL: WPLG. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  51. ^ Fletcher Keel (September 5, 2017). "Gov. Scott closes state offices Friday in preparation for Irma". WCTV. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  52. ^ "Keys Evac Order Likely, Shelters In Broward & Dade To Open If Needed". CBS Miami. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  53. ^ "Schools closing because of Hurricane Irma". WPBF. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  54. ^ "Mayor of Tampa on Twitter".
  55. ^ "Hurricane Irma: UCF will cancel classes starting Thursday, close on Friday". UCF News - University of Central Florida Articles - Orlando, FL News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  56. ^ "Hurricane Irma Resources". Florida Department of Education. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  57. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 7, 2017). "Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 34". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  58. ^ http://forecast.weather.gov/shmrn.php?mz=amz117&syn=amz101
  59. ^ Foreman, Lauren; Eldridge, Ellen. "Hurricane Irma: 30 Georgia counties under state of emergency". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  60. ^ Josh Shaffer; Abbie Bennett (September 6, 2017). "NC governor declares state of emergency ahead of 'powerful' Hurricane Irma: 'Get ready'". The News & Observer. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  61. ^ Elizabeth Townsend (September 6, 2017). "Hurricane Irma: SC Governor McMaster declares state of emergency". The Sun News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  62. ^ "UCF vs. Memphis Moves to Friday at 6:30 pm". University of Central Florida Knights. September 5, 2017.
  63. ^ Kevin Patra (September 5, 2017). "Buccaneers-Dolphins game rescheduled for Week 11". National Football League. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  64. ^ Scott Gleeson (September 6, 2017). "Miami-Arkansas State college game canceled due to Hurricane Irma". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  65. ^ "Florida Vs. Northern Colorado Moved to Saturday at 12 P.M." University Athletic Assoc., Inc. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  66. ^ "Alcorn State at FIU football game moved to Birmingham's Legion Field". FBSchedules.com. September 6, 2017.
  67. ^ Marc Lancaster (September 5, 2017). "Florida State League cancels championship series as Hurricane Irma looms". Sporting News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  68. ^ Erik Wasson; Christopher Flavelle (September 5, 2017). "FEMA Is Almost Out of Money and Hurricane Irma Is Approaching". Bloomberg News. Retrieved September 5, 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  69. ^ Kaplan, Thomas (September 7, 2017). "Senate Votes to Raise Debt Limit and Approves $15 Billion in Hurricane Relief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  70. ^ https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-irma-caribbean-impacts-puerto-rico
  71. ^ Jack Beven (September 6, 2017). Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 28A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  72. ^ Dan Satterfield [@wildweatherdan] (September 6, 2017). "Just saw highest wind speed I've ever seen on a WX ob. Anemometer at #Barbuda blew away after recording gust to 155 mph. #Irma" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  73. ^ "PM says relief efforts are already underway for A&B". The Daily Observer. Hurricane Irma Updates. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  74. ^ Ann M. Simmons (September 7, 2017). "Once there was an island known as Barbuda. After Hurricane Irma, much of it is gone". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  75. ^ Kirk Semple; Carl Joseph (September 6, 2017). "Hurricane Irma: 'We Will Have Victims to Lament'". The New York Times. Barbuda is devastated, but Antigua is spared. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  76. ^ Blair Shiff (September 6, 2017). "Hurricane Irma destroys 90 percent of structures, vehicles on Barbuda". ABC News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  77. ^ a b Laura Smith-Spark; Marilia Brocchetto (September 6, 2017). "Deaths reported as Hurricane Irma batters northern Caribbean islands". CNN. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  78. ^ Ellie Cambridge; Paul Harper (September 7, 2017). "Hurricane Irma latest news - What is its latest path, where has it hit, where will it strike next and when will it reach Florida?". The Sun. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  79. ^ "Hurricane Irma – In Pictures [Antigua]". Antigua Observer. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  80. ^ "Antigua spared the worst during passage of Hurricane Irma". Dominica News Online. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  81. ^ Abigail O'Leary (September 6, 2017). "Trail of devastation as Hurricane Irma destroys whole Caribbean island of Saint Martin". Mirror. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  82. ^ a b Joe Barnes (September 7, 2017). "Hurricane Irma damage update: Shocking extent of St Martin damage". Daily Express. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  83. ^ ""C'est un cauchemar" raconte notre journaliste à Saint-Martin". France Télévisions (in French). September 6, 2017. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  84. ^ a b Ciara Linnane. "President Trump's and Richard Branson's Caribbean homes destroyed by Hurricane Irma". Marketwatch.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  85. ^ a b "Irma sème "l'apocalypse" à Saint-Barth et Saint-Martin, au moins 4 morts". La Croix (in French). Agence France-Presse. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  86. ^ a b c "Dode en plunderingen op Nederlandse deel Sint Maarten na orkaan Irma" (in Dutch). Nu. September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  87. ^ Rachel Bishop (September 6, 2017). "World famous Princess Juliana St Maarten Airport where planes fly just above tourists' heads devastated by Hurricane Irma". Mirror. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  88. ^ "Hurricane Irma leaves Dutch St. Martin 'unreachable'". Agence France-Presse. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  89. ^ a b "Ouragan Irma : « A Saint-Barthélemy, on a été rayés de la carte »". Le Monde (in French). September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  90. ^ a b "Irma : à Saint-Barthélémy, «l'île est vraiment anéantie», témoigne une habitante". Le Parisien. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  91. ^ "Sea swells dump debris at Castries Waterfront". St. Lucia Times. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  92. ^ "Young surfer's death comes as a shock". Barbados Today. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  93. ^ Alexandra Wilts (September 6, 2017). "Hurricane Irma has become so strong it's showing up on seismometers used to measure earthquakes". Independent. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  94. ^ Americas: Hurricane Irma (PDF) (Information Bulletin). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. September 6, 2017. pp. 2–3. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  95. ^ a b Proctor, Kate; Simpson, Fiona (September 7, 2017). "Hurricane Irma: Queen sends message of support to Caribbean as Navy rush to aid of those caught up in deadly storm". Evening Standard. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  96. ^ a b c Hurricane Irma: Situation Report 2 (PDF) (Report). Humanity Road. September 7, 2017. TC-2017-000125-DOM. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  97. ^ Eastern Caribbean: Humanitarian Situation Report #1 (PDF). ReliefWeb (Report). UNICEF. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  98. ^ "Scale of destruction on Tortola in British Virgin Islands revealed". Daily Mail. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  99. ^ Leysa Caro González. "Reportan cuatro muertes que podrían asociarse a Irma". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  100. ^ Berkeley Lovelace Jr. (September 7, 2017). "Former Puerto Rico Gov. Alejandro Garcia Padilla says more than 1 million without power". CNBC. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  101. ^ "Irma and Harvey should kill any doubt that climate change is real". The Washington Post. September 7, 2017.
  102. ^ "Hot water ahead for Hurricane Irma". NASA Global Climate Change. September 7, 2017.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Irma.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Irma&oldid=799531717"