List of Russian monarchs: Difference between revisions

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Moscow was founded only in 1147 - so Kyivan princes were not an Russian (Moscowian) monarchs. Buy the way Grand Duchy of Moscow also stole name "Kyivan Rus" in the 15th century to hide Mongolian (Asian) roots.
Tag: Reverted
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This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the [[history of Russia]]. It includes the princes of medieval Rus′, tsars, and [[Emperor of all the Russias|emperors]] of Russia. The list begins with the semi-legendary prince [[Rurik]] of Novgorod, sometime in the mid 9th century ({{circa}} 862) and ends with [[Nicholas II of Russia|emperor Nicholas II]] who abdicated in 1917, and was [[Execution of the Romanov family|executed with his family]] in 1918.
This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the [[history of Russia]]. It includes tsars, and [[Emperor of all the Russias|emperors]] of Russia. The list ends with [[Nicholas II of Russia|emperor Nicholas II]] who abdicated in 1917, and was [[Execution of the Romanov family|executed with his family]] in 1918.


The vast territory known today as Russia covers an area that has been ruled by various polities, including Kievan Rus',<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html |title=Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods |author=Glenn E. Curtis |date=1996 |work=Russia: A Country Study |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230631/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Russian Empire]], and the sovereigns of these many nations and throughout their histories have used likewise as wide a range of titles in their positions as chief magistrates of a country. Some of the earliest titles include ''[[Knyaz|kniaz]]'' and ''[[Grand prince|velikiy kniaz]]'', which mean "prince" and "grand prince" respectively but are often rendered as "duke" and "grand duke" in Western literature; then the title of [[tsar]], meaning "caesar", which was disputed to be the equal of either a king or emperor; finally culminating in the title of emperor. According to Article 59 of the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|1906 Russian Constitution]], the Russian emperor held several dozen titles, each one representing a region which the monarch governed.
The vast territory known today as Russia covers an area that has been ruled by various polities, including the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Russian Empire]], and the sovereigns of these many nations and throughout their histories have used likewise as wide a range of titles in their positions as chief magistrates of a country. Some of the earliest titles include ''[[Knyaz|kniaz]]'' and ''[[Grand prince|velikiy kniaz]]'', which mean "prince" and "grand prince" respectively but are often rendered as "duke" and "grand duke" in Western literature; then the title of [[tsar]], meaning "caesar", which was disputed to be the equal of either a king or emperor; finally culminating in the title of emperor. According to Article 59 of the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|1906 Russian Constitution]], the Russian emperor held several dozen titles, each one representing a region which the monarch governed.

== Rurikids, 862–1598 ==
{{see also|List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine}}
Parts of the land that is today known as Russia was populated by various [[East Slavs|East Slavic peoples]] from before the 9th century. The first states to exert hegemony over the region were those of the [[Rus' people]], a branch of Nordic [[Varangians]] who entered the region occupied by modern Russia sometime in the ninth century, and set up a series of states starting with the [[Rus' Khaganate]] circa 830. Little is known of the Rus' Khaganate beyond its existence, including the extent of its territory or any reliable list of its [[khagan]]s (rulers).

=== Princes of Novgorod===
{{Main|Prince of Novgorod}}
Traditionally, Rus' statehood is traced to [[Rurik]], Rus' leader of Novgorod (modern [[Veliky Novgorod]]), a different Rus' state.

{{Succession table monarch
|name1 = '''[[Rurik]]'''
|native1 = Рюрик
|life1 = 830 – 879
|reignstart1 = 862
|reignend1 = 879
|notes1 = Founder of [[Rurik Dynasty]]
|family1 = [[Rurikids]]
|image1 = Rurik_titularnik.jpg
|alt1 =
|name2 = '''[[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]]'''
|nickname2 = the Seer
|native2 = Олег Вещий
|life2 = 855 – 912
|reignstart2 = 879
|reignend2 = 882
|notes2 = Relative of Rurik and [[regent]] of his son, Prince [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]]
|family2 = [[Rurikids]]
|image2 = Oleg_of_Novgorod.jpg
|alt2 =
}}

=== Grand princes of Kiev===
{{Main|Grand Prince of Kiev}}
Rurik's successor [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]] moved his capital to [[Kiev]] (now [[Ukraine]]), founding the state of [[Kievan Rus']]. Over the next several centuries, the most important titles were [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] and [[Grand Prince of Novgorod]] whose holder (often the same person) could claim hegemony.

{{Succession table monarch
|name1 = '''[[Askold and Dir]]'''
|nickname1 =
|native1 = Haskuldr and Dýri<br>Аскольд и Дир
|life1 = 9th century
|reignstart1 = 842<ref>Suszko, Henryk (2003). ''Latopis hustyński. Opracowanie, przekład i komentarze''. Slavica Wratislaviensia CXXIV. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. {{ISBN|83-229-2412-7}}.</ref><ref>Tolochko, Oleksiy (2010). ''[[The Hustyn' Chronicle]]''. (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature: Texts) {{ISBN|978-1-932650-03-7}}.</ref>{{NoteTag|According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the date is not clearly identified.}}
|reignend1 = 882
|notes1 = [[Rus' people|Rus']] chieftains and members of Rurik's army
|family1 = {{small|Askold:}} Kyi
|image1 = Аскольд та Дір.png
|alt1 =
|name2 = '''[[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]]'''
|nickname2 =the Seer
|native2 = Олег Вещий
|life2 = 855 – 912
|reignstart2 = 882
|reignend2 = Autumn 912
|notes2 = Successor of Askold and Dir as a regent of Rurik's son
|family2 = [[Rurikids]]
|image2 = Oleg_of_Novgorod.jpg
|alt2 =
|name3 = '''[[Igor of Kiev|Igor I]]'''
|nickname3 =
|native3 = Игорь Рюрикович
|life3 = 878 – 945
|reignstart3 = 913
|reignend3 = Autumn 945
|notes3 = Son of Rurik
|family3 = [[Rurikids]]
|image3 = Igor the Old.jpg
|alt3 =
|name4 = [[Olga of Kiev|Saint '''Olga''']]
|nickname4 =
|native4 = Святая Ольга
|life4 = 890 – 969
|reignstart4 = 945
|reignend4 = 964
|notes4 = Wife of Igor I and regent of Sviatoslav I
|family4 = [[Rurikids]]<br>(by marriage)
|image4 = Святая великая княгиня Ольга.jpg
|alt4 =
|name5 = '''[[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav I]]'''
|nickname5 =
|native5 = Святослав Игоревич
|life5 = 942 – 972
|reignstart5 = 964
|reignend5 = March 972
|notes5 = Son of Igor I and Olga
|family5 = [[Rurikids]]
|image5 = Svatoslav_titularnik.png
|alt5 =
|name6 = '''[[Yaropolk I of Kiev|Yaropolk I]]'''
|nickname6 =
|native6 = Ярополк Святославич
|life6 = 950 – 980
|reignstart6 = March 972
|reignend6 = 11 June 980
|notes6 = Son of Sviatoslav I and Predslava
|family6 = [[Rurikids]]
|image6 = Yaropolk I of Kiev.jpg
|alt6 =
|name7 = [[Vladimir I of Kiev|Saint '''Vladimir I''']]
|nickname7 = the Great, the Baptist
|native7 = Владимир Святославич (Великий)
|life7 = 958 – 1015
|reignstart7 = 11 June 980
|reignend7 = 15 July 1015
|notes7 = Son of Sviatoslav I and [[Malusha]]<br>Younger brother of Yaropolk I
|family7 = [[Rurikids]]
|image7 = Vladimir_I_of_Kiev.PNG
|alt7 =
|name8 = '''[[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]]'''
|nickname8 = the Cursed
|native8 =Святополк Владимирович (Окаянный)
|life8 = 980 – 1019
|reignstart8 = 15 July 1015
|reignend8 = Autumn 1016
|notes8 = Son of Vladimir I<br>Overthrown by Yaroslav of Novgorod
|family8 = [[Rurikids]]
|image8 = Sviatopolk_I_of_Kiev.jpg
|alt8 =
|name9 = '''[[Yaroslav the Wise|Yaroslav I]]'''
|nickname9 = the Wise
|native9 = Ярослав Владимирович (Мудрый)
|life9 = 978 – 1054
|reignstart9 = Autumn 1016
|reignend9 = 22 July 1018
|notes9 = Son of Vladimir I and [[Rogneda of Polotsk]]<hr><small>[[Prince of Novgorod]] since 1010</small>
|family9 = [[Rurikids]]
|image9 = Yaroslav_the_Wise.jpg
|alt9 =
|name10 = '''[[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk I]]'''
|nickname10 = the Cursed
|native10 =Святополк Владимирович (Окаянный)
|life10 = 980 – 1019
|reignstart10= 14 August 1018
|reignend10 = 27 July 1019
|notes10 = Restored. Fled from Kiev after defeat from Yaroslav on Alta River
|family10 = [[Rurikids]]
|image10 = Sviatopolk_I_of_Kiev.jpg
|alt10 =
|name11 = '''[[Yaroslav the Wise|Yaroslav I]]'''
|nickname11 = the Wise
|native11 = Ярослав Владимирович (Мудрый)
|life11 = 978 – 1054
|reignstart11= 27 July 1019
|reignend11 = 20 February 1054
|notes11 = Restored<hr>Co-ruler: [[Mstislav of Chernigov]] (1024–1036)
|family11 = [[Rurikids]]
|image11 = Yaroslav_the_Wise.jpg
|alt11 =
}}

==== Feudal period ====
The gradual disintegration of Rus' began in the 11th century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The position of the Grand Prince was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans. In 1097, the [[Council of Liubech]] formalized the feudal nature of the Rus' lands.
{{Succession table monarch
|name1 = '''[[Iziaslav I of Kiev|Iziaslav I]]'''
|nickname1 =
|native1 = Изяслав Ярославич
|life1 = 1024 – 1078
|reignstart1= 20 February 1054
|reignend1 = 15 September 1068
|notes1 = First son of Yaroslav I and [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter]]. [[Kiev uprising of 1068|Overthrown]]
|family1 = [[Rurikids]]
|image1 = Minskizjaslav.jpg
|alt1 =
|name2 = '''[[Vseslav of Polotsk|Vseslav]]'''
|nickname2 = the Sorcerer
|native2 = Всеслав Брячиславич (Чародей)
|life2 = 1039 – 1101
|reignstart2= 15 September 1068
|reignend2 = 29 April 1069
|notes2 = Great-grandson of Vladimir I<br>Usurped the Kievan throne<hr><small>[[Prince of Polotsk]] (1044–67, 1071–1101)</small>
|family2 = [[Rurikids]]
|image2 = Jazep Drazdovič. Usiaslaŭ.jpg
|alt2 =
|name3 = '''[[Iziaslav I of Kiev|Iziaslav I]]'''
|nickname3 =
|native3 = Изяслав Ярославич
|life3 = 1024 – 1078
|reignstart3= 2 May 1069
|reignend3 = 22 March 1073
|notes3 = Restored
|family3 = [[Rurikids]]
|image3 = Minskizjaslav.jpg
|alt3 =
|name4 = '''[[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav II]]'''
|nickname4 =
|native4 = Святослав Ярославич
|life4 = 1027 – 1076
|reignstart4= 22 March 1073
|reignend4 = 27 December 1076
|notes4 = Third son of Yaroslav I and [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter]]<hr><small>Prince of Chernigov (1054–73)</small>
|family4 = [[Rurikids]]
|image4 = Izbornik.jpg
|alt4 =
|name5 = '''[[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod I]]'''
|nickname5 =
|native5 = Всеволод Ярославич
|life5 = 1030 – 1093
|reignstart5= 1 January 1077
|reignend5 = 15 July 1077
|notes5 = Fourth son of Yaroslav I and [[Ingegerd Olofsdotter]]<br>Handed over the throne to Iziaslav I<hr><small>Prince of [[Principality of Pereyaslavl|Pereyaslavl]] (1054–73), Chernigov (1073–78). The first known of the Kiev princes to bear the title of "Prince of all Rus′"</small>
|family5 = [[Rurikids]]
|image5 = Vsevolod_yaroslavich.jpg
|alt5 =
|name17 = '''[[Iziaslav I of Kiev|Iziaslav I]]'''
|nickname17 =
|native17 = Изяслав Ярославич
|life17 = 1024 – 1078
|reignstart17= 15 July 1077
|reignend17 = 3 October 1078
|notes17 = Restored
|family17 = [[Rurikids]]
|image17 = Minskizjaslav.jpg
|alt17 =
|name18 = '''[[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod I]]'''
|nickname18 =
|native18 = Всеволод Ярославич
|life18 = 1030 – 1093
|reignstart18= 3 October 1078
|reignend18 = 13 April 1093
|notes18 = Retook the throne after Iziaslav's death
|family18 = [[Rurikids]]
|image18 = Vsevolod_yaroslavich.jpg
|alt18 =
|name19 = '''[[Sviatopolk II of Kiev|Sviatopolk II]]'''
|nickname19 =
|native19 = Святополк Изяславич
|life19 = 1050 – 1113
|reignstart19= 24 April 1093
|reignend19 = 16 April 1113
|notes19 = Son of Iziaslav I<hr><small>[[Prince of Novgorod]] (1078–88), Turov (1088–93)</small>
|family19 = [[Rurikids]]
|image19 = Sviatopolk II.jpg
|alt19 =
|name20 = [[Vladimir II Monomakh|'''Vladimir II''']]
|nickname20 = Monomakh ("He who fights alone")
|native20 = Владимир Всеволодович (Мономах)
|life20 = 1053 – 1125
|reignstart20= 20 April 1113
|reignend20 = 19 May 1125
|notes20 = Son of Vsevolod I and Anastasia of Byzantium<hr><small>[[Prince of Smolensk]] (1073–78), Chernigov (1078–94), Pereyaslavl (1094–1113)</small>
|family20 = [[Rurikids]]
|image20 = Vladimir_monomakh.jpg
|alt20 =
|name21 = [[Mstislav I of Kiev|'''Mstislav I''']]
|nickname21 = the Great
|native21 = Мстислав Владимирович (Великий)
|life21 = 1076 – 1132
|reignstart21= 20 May 1125
|reignend21 = 15 April 1132
|notes21 = Son of Vladimir II and [[Gytha of Wessex]]<hr><small>[[Prince of Novgorod]] (1088–1117), [[Bilhorod Kyivskyi|Belgorod]] (1117–25)</small>
|family21 = [[Rurikids]]
|image21 = Mstislav_I_of_Kiev_(Tsarskiy_titulyarnik).jpg
|alt21 =
}}
After Mstislav's death in 1132, the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline. The throne of Kiev became an object of struggle between various territorial associations of Rurikid princes.
{{Succession table monarch
|name22 = '''[[Yaropolk II of Kiev|Yaropolk II]]'''
|nickname22 =
|native22 = Ярополк Владимирович
|life22 = 1082 – 1139
|reignstart22= 17 April 1132
|reignend22 = 18 February 1139
|notes22 = Son of Vladimir II and [[Gytha of Wessex]]<br>Younger brother of Mstislav I<hr><small>[[Prince of Pereyaslavl]] (1114–32)</small>
|family22 = [[Rurikids]]
|image22 = Yaropolk_II_of_Kiev.jpg
|alt22 =
|name23 = '''[[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav]]'''
|nickname23 =
|native23 = Вячеслав Владимирович
|life23 = 1083<br>–<br>2 February 1154
|reignstart23= 22 February 1139
|reignend23 = 4 March 1139
|notes23 = Son of Vladimir II and [[Gytha of Wessex]]<hr><small>Prince of Smolensk (1113–27), Turov, Pereyaslavl</small>
|family23 = [[Rurikids]]
|image23 = 18 History Of Russia by William Tooke.jpg
|alt23 =
|name24 = '''[[Vsevolod II of Kiev|Vsevolod II]]'''
|nickname24 =
|native24 = Всеволод Ольгович
|life24 = 1084 – 1146
|reignstart24= 5 March 1139
|reignend24 = 30 July 1146
|notes24 = Grandson of Sviatoslav II via [[Oleg I of Chernigov|Oleg of Chernigov]]<hr><small>[[Prince of Chernigov]] (1127–39)</small>
|family24 = [[Rurikids]]
|image24 = Vsevolod_Ol'govich.jpg
|alt24 =
|name25 = Saint '''[[Igor II of Kiev|Igor II]]'''
|nickname25 =
|native25 = Игорь Ольгович
|life25 = 1096<br>–<br>19 September 1146
|reignstart25= 1 August 1146
|reignend25 = 13 August 1146
|notes25 = Younger brother of Vsevolod II. Overthrown
|family25 = [[Rurikids]]
|image25 = CvKnyazIgor.jpg
|alt25 =
|name26 = '''[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]'''
|nickname26 =
|native26 = Изяслав Мстиславич
|life26 = 1097 – 1154
|reignstart26= 13 August 1146
|reignend26 = 23 August 1149
|notes26 = Son of Mstislav I and [[Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden]]
|family26 = [[Rurikids]]
|image26 = Ізяслав_II_Пантелеймон.jpg
|alt26 =
|name27 = [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|'''Yuri I''']]
|nickname27 = the Long Hands
|native27 = Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
|life27 = 1099 – 1157
|reignstart27= 28 August 1149
|reignend27 = Summer 1150
|notes27 = Son of Vladimir II and [[Gytha of Wessex]]<br>Fled from Kiev when Iziaslav's troops were approaching the city<hr><small>Prince of Rostov and Suzdal (1113–49, 1151–57)</small>
|family27 = [[Rurikids]]
|image27 = Dolgorukiy.jpg
|alt27 =
|name28 = '''[[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav]]'''
|nickname28 =
|native28 =<small>of Smolensk</small><br>Вячеслав Владимирович
|life28 = 1083<br>–<br>2 February 1154
|reignstart28= Summer 1150
|reignend28 = Summer 1150
|notes28 = Restored. Agreed to cede the throne seeing the support of Iziaslav by the townspeople
|family28 = [[Rurikids]]
|image28 = Изяслав_мстиславович.jpg
|alt28 =
|name29 = '''[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]'''
|nickname29 =
|native29 = Изяслав Мстиславич
|life29 = 1097 – 1154
|reignstart29= Summer 1150
|reignend29 = Summer 1150
|notes29 = Restored. Fled to [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|Vladimir-Volynsky]] under the threat of Yuri's attack
|family29 = [[Rurikids]]
|image29 = Ізяслав_II_Пантелеймон.jpg
|alt29 =
|name30 = [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|'''Yuri I''']]
|nickname30 = the Long Hands
|native30 = Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
|life30 = 1099 – 1157
|reignstart30= August 1150
|reignend30 = Winter 1151
|notes30 = Restored
|family30 = [[Rurikids]]
|image30 = Dolgorukiy.jpg
|alt30 =
|name31 = '''[[Iziaslav II of Kiev|Iziaslav II]]'''
|nickname31 =
|native31 = Изяслав Мстиславич
|life31 = 1097 – 1154
|reignstart31= Winter 1151
|reignend31 = 13 November 1154
|notes31 = Restored<hr/>Co-ruler: [[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav]]
|family31 = [[Rurikids]]
|image31 = Ізяслав_II_Пантелеймон.jpg
|alt31 =
|name32 = '''[[Viacheslav I of Kiev|Viacheslav]]'''
|nickname32 =
|native32 = Вячеслав Владимирович
|life32 = 1083<br>–<br>December 1154
|reignstart32= Spring 1151
|reignend32 = December 1154
|notes32 = Restored as Iziaslav's senior co-ruler. After Iziaslav's death Rostislav of Smolensk was proclaimed Viacheslav's new co-prince
|family32 = [[Rurikids]]
|image32 = Изяслав_мстиславович.jpg
|alt32 =
|name33 = '''[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav]]'''
|nickname33 =
|native33 = Ростислав Мстиславич
|life33 = 1110 – 1167
|reignstart33= 1154
|reignend33 = January 1155
|notes33 = Son of Mstislav I and [[Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden]], younger brother of Iziaslav II<br>Left Kiev after defeat from Iziaslav of Chernigov
|family33 = [[Rurikids]]
|image33 = Rostislav_Mstislavich.jpg
|alt33 =
|name34 = '''[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III]]'''
|nickname34 =
|native34 = Изяслав Давыдович
|life34 = 12th century
|reignstart34= January 1155
|reignend34 = 1155
|notes34 = Grandson of Sviatoslav II via [[Davyd Sviatoslavich|Davyd of Chernigov]]. Ceded the Kiev throne to Yuri the Long Hands<hr><small>Prince of Chernigov (1151–57)</small>
|family34 = [[Rurikids]]
|image34 = Izyaslav_III.jpg
|alt34 =
|name35 = [[Yuri Dolgorukiy|'''Yuri I''']]
|nickname35 = the Long Hands
|native35 = Юрий Владимирович (Юрий Долгорукий)
|life35 = 1099 – 1157
|reignstart35= 20 March 1155
|reignend35 = 15 May 1157
|notes35 = Restored
|family35 = [[Rurikids]]
|image35 = Dolgorukiy.jpg
|alt35 =
|name36 = '''[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III]]'''
|nickname36 =
|native36 = Изяслав Давыдович
|life36 = 12th century
|reignstart36= 19 May 1157
|reignend36 = December 1158
|notes36 = Restored. Defeated by Mstislav of Volhynia
|family36 = [[Rurikids]]
|image36 = Izyaslav_III.jpg
|alt36 =
|name37 = '''[[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav II]]'''
|nickname37 =
|native37 = Мстислав Изяславич
|life37 = 1125 – 1170
|reignstart37= 22 December 1158
|reignend37 = Spring 1159
|notes37 = Son of Iziaslav II. Сeded the throne to Rostislav
|family37 = [[Rurikids]]
|image37 = Mstislav_Izjaslavich.jpg
|alt37 =
|name38 = '''[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav]]'''
|nickname38 =
|native38 = Ростислав Мстиславич
|life38 = 1110 – 1167
|reignstart38= 12 April 1159
|reignend38 = 8 February 1161
|notes38 = Restored. Overthrown by Iziaslav and fled to [[Bilhorod Kyivskyi|Belgorod]]
|family38 = [[Rurikids]]
|image38 = Rostislav_Mstislavich.jpg
|alt38 =
|name39 = '''[[Iziaslav III of Kiev|Iziaslav III]]'''
|nickname39 =
|native39 = Изяслав Давыдович
|life39 = 12th century
|reignstart39= 12 February 1161
|reignend39 = 6 March 1161
|notes39 = Restored. Mortally wounded after failed siege of Belgorod
|family39 = [[Rurikids]]
|image39 = Izyaslav_III.jpg
|alt39 =
|name40 = '''[[Rostislav I of Kiev|Rostislav]]'''
|nickname40 =
|native40 = Ростислав Мстиславич
|life40 = 1110 – 1167
|reignstart40= March 1161
|reignend40 = 14 March 1167
|notes40 = Restored
|family40 = [[Rurikids]]
|image40 = Rostislav_Mstislavich.jpg
|alt40 =
|name41 = '''[[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav II]]'''
|nickname41 =
|native41 = Мстислав Изяславич
|life41 = 1125 – 1170
|reignstart41= 19 May 1167
|reignend41 = 12 March 1169
|notes41 = Restored
|family41 = [[Rurikids]]
|image41 = Mstislav_Izjaslavich.jpg
|alt41 =
}}
In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by the Grand Prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] — [[Andrey Bogolyubsky|Andrei of Vladimir]] — sacked Kiev and forced the ruling prince — [[Mstislav II of Kiev]] — to flee to Volhynia. Andrei appointed his brother — [[Gleb of Kiev]] — as Prince of Kiev while Andrei himself continued to rule his realm from [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir on Klyazma]]. From that time onwards, north-eastern Rus', which was centered on the city of Vladimir, became one of the most influential Rus' lands. In the south-west, the Principality (later the kingdom) of Galicia-Volhynia began to emerge as the local successor to Kiev. Following the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasions]], three powerful states remained as the successors of Kievan Rus': the Principality of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the north east — which would evolve into the [[Principality of Muscovy]]; the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] in the south-west; and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] to the north.


=== Grand Princes of Vladimir===
=== Grand Princes of Vladimir===
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Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated under the pressure of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion of 1237–1242]]. Its successor principalities started paying tribute to the [[Golden Horde]] (the so-called [[Tatar Yoke]]). From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, princes of northeastern Rus' received a ''[[Jarliq|yarlyk]]'' (a special edict of Golden Horde khan).{{cn|date=February 2023}}


{{Succession table monarch
{{Succession table monarch

Revision as of 09:17, 9 May 2023

"List of Tsars" redirects here. For other uses, see Tsar and Tsar (disambiguation). For the monarchy, see House of Romanov.

Monarchy of Russia
Imperial Coat of arms
Tree of Russian rulers
Details
StyleHis/Her Imperial Majesty
First monarchRurik (as Prince)
Last monarchNicholas II (as Emperor)
Formation862
Abolition15 March 1917
ResidenceWinter Palace, Moscow Kremlin
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)
Disputed

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia. It includes tsars, and emperors of Russia. The list ends with emperor Nicholas II who abdicated in 1917, and was executed with his family in 1918.

The vast territory known today as Russia covers an area that has been ruled by various polities, including the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, and the sovereigns of these many nations and throughout their histories have used likewise as wide a range of titles in their positions as chief magistrates of a country. Some of the earliest titles include kniaz and velikiy kniaz, which mean "prince" and "grand prince" respectively but are often rendered as "duke" and "grand duke" in Western literature; then the title of tsar, meaning "caesar", which was disputed to be the equal of either a king or emperor; finally culminating in the title of emperor. According to Article 59 of the 1906 Russian Constitution, the Russian emperor held several dozen titles, each one representing a region which the monarch governed.

Grand Princes of Vladimir

Main article: Grand Prince of Vladimir

By the 12th century, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir became the dominant principality in Northwest Rus, adding its name to those of Novgorod and Kiev, culminating with the rule of Alexander Nevsky. In 1169 Prince Andrey I of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the grand prince to claim primacy in Rus'.[citation needed]

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Saint Andrey I
  • the Pious
  • Андрей Юрьевич (Боголюбский)
c.1111 – 117415 May 115729 June 1174Son of Yuri I
Assassinated by local nobility		Rurikids
Mikhalko
  • Михалко Юрьевич
12th century1174September 1174Son of Yuri I
Younger brother of Andrey I		Rurikids
Yaropolk III
  • Ярополк Ростиславич
12th century117415 June 1175Grandson of Yuri IRurikids
Mikhalko
  • Михалко Юрьевич
12th century15 June 117520 June 1176RestoredRurikids
Vsevolod III
  • the Big Nest
  • Всеволод Юрьевич (Большое Гнездо)
1154 – 1212June 117615 April 1212Son of Yuri I and Helene
Younger brother of Andrey I and Mikhalko		Rurikids
Yuri II
  • Юрий Всеволодович
1189 – 1238121227 April 1216Son of Vselovod III and Maria ShvarnovnaRurikids
Konstantin
  • of Rostov
    Константин Всеволодович
1186 – 1218Spring 12162 February 1218Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Elder brother of Yuri II		Rurikids
Yuri II
  • Юрий Всеволодович
1189 – 1238February 12184 March 1238RestoredRurikids
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Yaroslav II
  • Ярослав Всеволодович
1191 – 1246123830 September 1246Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Younger brother of Yuri II and Konstantin of Rostov
Also Grand Prince of Kiev in 1236–38 and since 1243		Rurikids
Sviatoslav III
  • Святослав Всеволодович
1196
–
3 February 1252		12461248Son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna
Younger brother of Yuri II, Konstantin of Rostov and Yaroslav II		Rurikids
Mikhail
  • Khorobrit (the Brave)
  • Михаил Ярославич (Хоробрит)
1229
–
15 January 1248		124815 January 1248Son of Yaroslav IIRurikids
Sviatoslav III
  • Святослав Всеволодович
1196
–
3 February 1252		12481249RestoredRurikids
Andrey II
  • Андрей Ярославич
1222 – 1264December 124924 July 1252Son of Yaroslav II
Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit		Rurikids
Saint Alexander
  • Nevsky
  • Александр Ярославич (Невский)
1221 – 1263125214 November 1263Son of Yaroslav II and Rostislava Mstislavna, daughter of Kievan Rus' Prince Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold
Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit and Andrey II
Prince of Novgorod three times, Grand Prince of Kiev since 1249		Rurikids

Alexander Nevsky was the last prince to reign directly from Vladimir. After his death, Northeastern Rus′ fell apart into a dozen principalities. The territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir proper was received by the Horde to one of the appanage princes, who performed the enthronement ceremony in Vladimir, but remained to live and reign in his own principality. By the end of the century, only three cities – Moscow, Tver, and Nizhny Novgorod – still contended for the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Yaroslav III
  • of Tver
    Ярослав Ярославич
1230 – 127212641271Son of Yaroslav II and Fedosia Igorevna
Younger brother of Alexander Nevsky, Andrey II and Mikhail Khorobrit		Rurikids
Vasily
  • of Kostroma
    Василий Ярославич
1241 – 12761272January 1277Son of Yaroslav IIRurikids
Dmitry
  • of Pereslavl
    Дмитрий Александрович
1250 – 129412771281Son of Alexander NevskyRurikids
Andrey III
  • of Gorodets
    Андрей Александрович
1255 – 13041281December 1283Son of Alexander Nevsky
Younger brother of Dmitry of Pereslavl		Rurikids
Dmitry
  • of Pereslavl
    Дмитрий Александрович
1250 – 1294December 12831293RestoredRurikids
Andrey III
  • of Gorodets
    Андрей Александрович
1255 – 1304129327 July 1304RestoredRurikids
Saint Mikhail
  • of Tver
    Михаил Ярославич (Михаил Тверской)
1271 – 1318Autumn 130422 November 1318Son of Yaroslav III and Xenia of Tarusa
Murdered		Rurikids
Yuri III
  • of Moscow
    Юрий Данилович
1281 – 132513182 November 1322Grandson of Alexander NevskyRurikids
Dmitry
  • the Fearsome Eyes
  • of Tver
    Дмитрий Михайлович (Грозные Очи)
1299 – 1326132215 September 1326Son of Michael of Tver and Anna of Kashin
Murdered		Rurikids
Alexander
  • of Tver
    Александр Михайлович
1301 – 133913261327Son of Michael of Tver and Anna of Kashin
Younger brother of Dmitry		Rurikids
Alexander [ru]
  • of Suzdal
    Александр Васильевич
14th century13281331Grandson of Andrey II
Co-ruler: Ivan I of Moscow		Rurikids
Ivan I
  • Kalita (the Moneybag)
  • of Moscow
    Иван Данилович (Иван Калита)
1288 – 1340132831 March 1340Grandson of Alexander Nevsky
Son of Daniel of Moscow
Younger brother of Yuri III
Co-ruler: Alexander of Suzdal (until 1331)		Rurikids
Simeon
  • the Proud
  • of Moscow
    Симеон Иванович (Симеон Гордый)
7 September 1317
–
27 April 1353		1 October 134027 April 1353Son of Ivan I and HelenaRurikids
Ivan II
  • the Fair
  • of Moscow
    Иван Иванович (Иван Красный)
30 March 1326
–
13 November 1359		25 March 135413 November 1359Son of Ivan I and Helena
Younger brother of Simeon		Rurikids
Dmitry
  • of Suzdal
    Дмитрий Константинович
1322
–
5 July 1383		22 June 1360December 1362Son of Konstantin Vasilyevich of SuzdalRurikids
Saint Dmitry
  • Donskoy
  • of Moscow
    Дмитрий Иванович (Дмитрий Донской)
12 October 1350
–
19 May 1389		January 136319 May 1389Son of Ivan II and Alexandra Velyaminova
Prince of Moscow since 1359		Rurikids

After Dmitry the throne of Vladimir was succeeded only by princes of Moscow.[citation needed]

Grand Princes of Moscow

The Grand Duchy of Moscow, founded by Alexander Nevsky's youngest son Daniel, began to consolidate control over the entire Rus' territory in the 14th century. The Russians began to exert independence from the Mongols, culminating with Ivan III ceasing tribute to the Horde, effectively declaring his independence. His son Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent states in the 1520s.[1]

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Vasily I
  • Василий Дмитриевич
30 December 1371
–
27 February 1425		19 May 138927 February 1425Son of Dmitry I and Eudoxia DmitriyevnaRurikids
Vasily II
  • Василий Васильевич (Василий Тёмный)
10 March 1415
–
27 March 1462		27 February 142530 March 1434Son of Vasily I and Sophia of Lithuania. Deposed
Regent: Sophia of Lithuania (1425–1432)		Rurikids
Yuri (IV)
  • of Zvenigorod
    Юрий Дмитриевич
26 November 1374
–
5 June 1434		31 March 14345 June 1434Son of Dmitry I and Eudoxia Dmitriyevna
Younger brother of Vasily I		Rurikids
Vasily
  • the Squint
  • of Zvenigorod
    Василий Юрьевич (Василий Косой)
1421 – 14485 June 14341435Son of Yury of Zvenigorod and Anastasia of SmolenskRurikids
Vasily II
  • the Dark
  • Василий Васильевич (Василий Тёмный)
10 March 1415
–
27 March 1462		14351446RestoredRurikids
Dmitry
  • Shemyaka
  • Дмитрий Юрьевич (Дмитрий Шемяка)
1400s
–
17 July 1453		144626 March 1447Son of Yury of Zvenigorod and Anastasia of Smolensk, brother of Vasily the Squint
First to use the title of Sovereign of all the Rus[sia]		Rurikids
Vasily II
  • the Dark
  • Василий Васильевич (Василий Тёмный)
10 March 1415
–
27 March 1462		27 February 144727 March 1462Restored
Co-ruler: Ivan (since 1449)		Rurikids
Ivan III
  • the Great
  • Иван Васильевич (Иван Великий)
22 January 1440
–
6 November 1505		5 April 14626 November 1505Son of Vasily II and Maria of Borovsk
Co-rulers: Ivan the Young (1471–1490), Dmitry the Grandson (1498–1502), Vasily (since 1502)		Rurikids
Vasily III
  • Василий Иванович
25 March 1479
–
13 December 1533		6 November 150513 December 1533Son of Ivan III and Sophia PaleologueRurikids
Ivan IV
  • the Terrible
  • Иван Васильевич
25 August 1530
–
28 March 1584		13 December 153326 January 1547Son of Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya
Regent: Elena Glinskaya (1533–1538)		Rurikids

Tsars of Russia

Ivan the Terrible assumed the title Tsar of all Rus' in 1547, whereby the Tsardom of Russia (apart from its constituent principalities) was established.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Ivan IV
  • the Terrible
  • Иван Васильевич (Иван Грозный)
25 August 1530
–
28 March 1584		26 January 154728 March 1584Son of Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya
"Grand Prince": Simeon Bekbulatovich (1575–1576)		Rurikids
Feodor I
  • the Blessed
  • Фёдор Иванович (Фёдор Блаженный)
31 May 1557
–
17 January 1598		28 March 158417 January 1598Son of Ivan IV and Anastasia Zakharyina-YuryevaRurikids

Time of Troubles, 1598—1613

Following the death of the Feodor I, the son of Ivan the Terrible and the last of the Rurik dynasty, Russia fell into a succession crisis. As Feodor left no male heirs, the Russian Zemsky Sobor (feudal parliament) elected his brother-in-law Boris Godunov to be Tsar.

Tsars of Russia

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Boris
  • Борис Фёдорович Годунов
1551
–
13 April 1605		21 February 159813 April 1605Brother-in-law of Feodor I
Elected by Zemsky Sobor		Godunov
Feodor II
  • Фёдор Борисович Годунов
1589
–
20 June 1605		13 April 160510 June 1605Son of Boris Godunov and Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya
Murdered		Godunov

Devastated by famine, rule under Boris descended into anarchy. A series of impostors, known as the False Dmitrys, each claimed to be Feodor I's long deceased younger brother; however, only the first impostor ever took the capital and sat on the throne. A distant Rurikid cousin, Vasily Shuysky, also took power for a time. During this period, foreign powers deeply involved themselves in Russian politics, under the leadership of the Vasa monarchs of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania, including Sigismund III Vasa and his son Władysław. As a child, Władysław was even chosen as Tsar by the council of aristocracy, though he was prevented by his father from formally taking the throne. The Time of Troubles is considered to have ended with the election of Michael Romanov to the throne in February 1613.

Tsars of Russia

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
False Dmitry I
  • Лжедмитрий I
1581
–
17 May 1606		20 June 160517 May 1606Claiming to be son of Ivan IV, he was the only impostor to actually sit on the throne of a major power. Backed by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Murdered.Rurikids
(claimed)
Vasily IV
  • Василий Иванович Шуйский
22 September 1552
–
12 September 1612		19 May 160617 July 1610Orchestrated a conspiracy against False Dmitry, proclaimed Tsar by the nobles. Deposed and sent to Poland
Pretender: False Dmitry II (since June 1607)		Shuysky
Vladislav
  • Владислав Жигимонтович
9 June 1595
–
20 May 1648		6 September 1610November 1612
(resigned his claim in 1634)		King of Poland since 1632
Son of Sigismund III Vasa and Anne of Austria
Elected by the Seven Boyars, never assumed the throne
Pretenders: False Dmitry II (until 21 December 1610), False Dmitry III (July 1611 – May 1612)		Vasa

Romanovs, 1613–1917

Tsars of Russia

The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as Tsar in 1613 to the Tsardom of Russia. Michael officially reigned as Tsar, though his father, the Patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held the real power. However, Michael's descendants would rule Russia, first as Tsars and later as Emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725), a grandson of Michael Romanov, reorganized the Russian state along more Western lines, establishing the Russian Empire in 1721.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Michael
  • Михаил Фёдорович
12 July 1596
–
12 July 1645		26 July 161312 July 1645Founder of Romanov Dynasty
First cousin once removed of Feodor I
Co-ruler: Patriarch Filaret (1619–1633)		Romanov
Alexis
  • the Quietes
  • Алексей Михайлович (Алексей Тишайший)
9 May 1629
–
29 January 1676		12 July 164529 January 1676Son of Michael and Eudoxia StreshnevaRomanov
Feodor III
  • Фёдор III Алексеевич
9 June 1661
–
7 May 1682		29 January 16767 May 1682Son of Alexis and Maria MiloslavskayaRomanov
Ivan V
  • Иван V Алексеевич
6 September 1666
–
8 February 1696		7 May 16828 February 1696Son of Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya
Younger brother of Feodor III and Sophia
Elder half-brother of Peter I
Co-ruler: Peter I
Regent: princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689)		Romanov
Peter I
  • Пётр I Алексеевич
9 June 1672
–
8 February 1725		7 May 16822 November 1721Son of Alexis and Natalya Naryshkina
Younger half-brother of Feodor III
Co-ruler: Ivan V (7 May 1682 – 8 February 1696)
Regent: tsaritsa dowager Natalia (7 May – 2 June 1682), princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689)		Romanov

Emperors of Russia

(Also Grand Princes of Finland from 1809 until 1917; and Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1917)

Main article: Emperor of all the Russias

The Empire of Russia was declared by Peter the Great in 1721. Officially, Russia would be ruled by the Romanov dynasty until the Russian Revolution of 1917. However, direct male descendants of Michael Romanov came to an end in 1730 with the death of Peter II of Russia, grandson of Peter the Great. The throne passed to Anna, a niece of Peter the Great, and after the brief rule of her niece's infant son Ivan VI, the throne was seized by Elizabeth, a daughter of Peter the Great. Elizabeth would be the last of the direct Romanovs to rule Russia. Elizabeth declared her nephew, Peter, to be her heir. Peter (who would rule as Peter III) spoke little Russian, having been a German prince of the House of Holstein-Gottorp before arriving in Russia to assume the Imperial title. He and his German wife Sophia changed their name to Romanov upon inheriting the throne. Peter was ill-liked, and he was assassinated within six months of assuming the throne, in a coup orchestrated by his wife, who became Empress in her own right and ruled as Catherine the Great (both Peter and Catherine were descended from the House of Rurik). Following the confused successions of the descendants of Peter the Great, Catherine's son Paul I established clear succession laws which governed the rules of primogeniture over the Imperial throne until the fall of the Empire in 1917.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Peter I
  • the Great
  • Пётр I Алексеевич (Пётр Великий)
9 June 1672
–
8 February 1725		2 November 17218 February 1725Son of Alexis and Natalya Naryshkina
Younger half-brother of Feodor III, Sophia and Ivan V
Regarded as one of the greatest Russian monarchs		Romanov
Catherine I
  • Екатерина I Алексеевна
15 April 1684
–
17 May 1727		8 February 172517 May 1727Second wife of Peter ISkowroński;
Romanov (by marriage)
Peter II
  • Пётр II Алексеевич
23 October 1715
–
30 January 1730		18 May 172730 January 1730Grandson of Peter I via the murdered Tsesarevich Alexei
Last male of the direct Romanov line		Romanov
Anna
  • Анна Иоанновна
7 February 1693
–
28 October 1740		13 February 173028 October 1740Daughter of Ivan V and Praskovia SaltykovaRomanov
Ivan VI
  • Иван VI Антонович
23 August 1740
–
16 July 1764		28 October 17406 December 1741Great-grandson of Ivan V
Deposed as a baby, imprisoned and later murdered
Regents: E. J. von Biron (until 20 November 1740), Anna Leopoldovna (since 20 November 1740)		Brunswick-Bevern
Elizabeth
  • Елизавета Петровна
29 December 1709
–
5 January 1762		6 December 17415 January 1762Daughter of Peter I and Catherine IRomanov
Peter III
  • Пётр III Фёдорович
21 February 1728
–
17 July 1762		9 January 17629 July 1762Grandson of Peter I
Nephew of Elizabeth
Deposed and later murdered		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Catherine II
  • the Great
  • Екатерина II Алексеевна (Екатерина Великая)
2 May 1729
–
17 November 1796		9 July 176217 November 1796Wife of Peter III, Niece In-law of Elizabeth of Russia, Died of a strokeAscania; Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (by marriage)
Paul I
  • Павел I Петрович
1 October 1754
–
23 March 1801		17 November 179623 March 1801Son of Peter III and Catherine II
Assassinated		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Alexander I
  • the Blessed
  • Александр I Павлович (Александр Благословенный)
23 December 1777
–
1 December 1825		23 March 18011 December 1825Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
First Romanov King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Constantine (disputed)
  • Константин Павлович
27 April 1779
–
27 June 1831		1 December 182526 December 1825Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
Younger brother and heir presumptive of Alexander I
Secretly abdicated in 1823, proclaimed emperor in capital, abdicated again)		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Nicholas I
  • Николай I Павлович
6 July 1796
–
2 March 1855		26 December 18252 March 1855Son of Paul I and Maria Feodorovna
Younger brother of Alexander I and Constantine		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Alexander II
  • the Liberator
  • Александр II Николаевич (Александр Освободитель)
29 April 1818
–
13 March 1881		2 March 185513 March 1881Son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodrovna
Nephew of Alexander I
Assassinated		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Alexander III
  • the Peacemaker
  • Александр III Александрович (Александр Миротворец)
10 March 1845
–
1 November 1894		13 March 18811 November 1894Son of Alexander II and Maria AlexandrovnaHolstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Saint Nicholas II
  • Николай II Александрович
18 May 1868
–
17 July 1918		1 November 189415 March 1917Son of Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna
Abdicated the throne during the February Revolution
Murdered by the Bolsheviks		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

Pretenders after Nicholas II

Further information: Restoration of the Russian monarchy
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Michael Aleksandrovich
  • Михаил Александрович
4 December 1878
–
13 June 1918		15 March 191716 March 1917Younger brother of Nicholas II
Abdicated after a nominal reign of only 18 hours,
ending dynastic rule in Russia[2]
He is not usually recognised as an emperor, as Russian law did not allow Nicholas II to disinherit his son[3]		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Nikolai Nikolaevich
  • Николай Николаевич
6 November 1856
–
5 January 1929		8 August 192225 October 1922Grandson of Nicholas I
Proclaimed Emperor of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of the Provisional Priamurye Government while being in exile
His nominal rule came to an end when the areas controlled by the Provisional Priamurye Government were overrun by the communists		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Kirill Vladimirovich
"Cyril I"
  • Кирилл Владимирович
30 September 1876
–
12 October 1938		31 August 192412 October 1938Grandson of Alexander II
Claimed the title Emperor of All the Russias while in exile[4]
Recognised by a congress of legitimists delegates in Paris in 1926[5]		Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

The rights of Kirill Vladimirovich and his heirs to the imperial throne of Russia have been repeatedly questioned following his marriage with Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The principles laid down by Paul I in the Act of Succession 1797 turned out to be not completely flawlessly formulated, and, as a result, the interpretation of these is not always obvious, and Russia now has no indisputable contender for the throne. Moreover, for more than a hundred years the throne itself has ceased to exist. Nevertheless, when in 1915 Nicholas II, before the lack of successible Grand-Dukes, allowed them to retain their personal rights, as it had happened in practice with Alexander II after his second and morganatic marriage, Kirill Vladimirovich's issue was never deemed to be considered morganatic, nor were they demoted from Grand-Dukes to mere Princes.

Timeline of monarchs

Feodor IIvan the TerribleVasili IIIIvan III the GreatDmitry ShemyakaVasily the SquintYury of ZvenigorodVasily II the DarkVasily IDmitry DonskoyDmitry of SuzdalIvan II of MoscowSimeon the ProudIvan KalitaAlexander of TverDmitry of TverYury of MoscowMichael of TverAndrey of GorodetsDmitry of PereslavlVasily of KostromaYaroslav IIIAlexander NevskyAndrey IIMikhail KhorobritSviatoslav III of VladimirYaroslav II of VladimirKonstantin of RostovYuri IIVsevolod the Big NestYaropolk IIIMikhail of VladimirAndrey BogolyubskyIziaslav IIIRostislav IYuri DolgorukiyIziaslav IIIgor IIVsevolod IIViacheslav I of KievYaropolk IIMstislav IVladimir MonomakhSviatopolk IIVsevolod ISviatoslav IIVseslav of PolotskIziaslav IYaroslav the WiseSviatopolk I of KievVladimir the GreatYaropolk ISviatoslav IOlga of KievIgor IOleg of NovgorodRurik
Nicholas II of RussiaAlexander III of RussiaAlexander II of RussiaNicholas I of RussiaAlexander I of RussiaPaul I of RussiaCatherine II the GreatPeter III of RussiaElizabeth PetrovnaIvan VI of RussiaAnna IoanovnaPeter II of RussiaCatherine I of RussiaPeter I of RussiaIvan V of RussiaFeodor III of RussiaAlexis of RussiaMichael RomanovWładysław IV VasaFalse Dmitry IIVasily ShuyskyFalse Dmitry IFeodor IIBoris Godunov

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Anderson, M.S. (2014). The Origins of the Modern European State System, 1494-1618. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317892755.
  2. ^ Montefiore, Simon S. (2016) The Romanovs, 1613–1918 London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 619–621
  3. ^ "The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later". The Russian Legitimist. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  4. ^ Almanach de Gotha (182nd ed.). Almanach de Gotha. 1998. p. 214.
  5. ^ Shain, Yossi The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State University of Michigan Press (2005) p.69.

Further reading

External links

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