List of oldest extant buildings: Difference between revisions

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| A major public building but probably not the ruins of [[David|King David]]'s palace.<ref name=sandiego>Erlanger, Steven (24 August 2005) [http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050824/news_1c24david.html "King David's palace found? Scholars differ"]. [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</ref>
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Revision as of 00:17, 2 October 2013

This article attempts to list the oldest extant freestanding buildings constructed in the world, including on each of the continents and within each country. "Building" is defined as any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. In order to qualify for the list a structure must:

  • be a recognisable building;
  • incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height;
  • be largely complete or include building work to this height for most of its perimeter.

This consciously excludes ruins of limited height and statues. The list also excludes:

  • dolmens—a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone—unless they were originally covered over to form a barrow and used for collective burials. (Neolithic dolmens are extremely numerous, with over 1,000 reported from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany alone.)[1]
  • cairns which are simply large piles of loose stones (as opposed to chambered cairns.)

Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.

By continent

The following are amongst the oldest extant buildings on each of the major continents.

Building Image Country Continent First Built Use Notes
Barnenez France Europe 4850 BC Passage grave Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. The structure is 72 m long, 25 m wide and over 8 m high.[2][3]
Sechin Bajo Peru South America 3500 BC Plaza The oldest known building in the Americas.[4][5]
Mehrgarh Pakistan Asia 2600 BC Mud brick storage structures A complex of ruins with varying dates near Bolan Pass.[6][7]
Pyramid of Djoser Egypt Africa 2667–2648 BC Burial Earliest large-scale cut stone construction[8]
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid Mexico North America 800–600 BC Ceremonial center One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures.[9]
Weibbe Hayes Stone Fort Australia Australasia 1629 AD Defensive fort Oldest known building in Australia, a defensive fort used by the survivors of the Batavia shipwreck on West Wallabi Island.[10]
Cape Adare huts - Antarctica 1899 AD Explorers' huts Wooden buildings constructed by Carstens Borchgrevink in Victoria Land.[11]

By age

The following are amongst the oldest buildings in the world. Many of them are brick structures. There are numerous extant structures that survive in the Orkney islands of Scotland, some of the best known of which are part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site.[12] The list also contains many large buildings from the Egyptian Age of the Pyramids.

Building Image Country Continent First Built Use Notes
Barnenez France Europe 4850 BC Passage grave Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. According to André Malraux it would have been better named ‘The Prehistoric Parthenon’. The structure is 72 m long, 25 m wide and over 8 m high.[2][3]
Tumulus of Bougon Barnenez France Europe 4700 BC Tumulus A complex of tombs with varying dates near Poitiers, the oldest being F0.[2]
Tumulus Saint-Michel Barnenez France Europe 4500 BC Tumulus The tumulus forms what is almost an artificial hillock of more than 30,000m3 (125m long, 60m wide and 10m high).[13][14]
Knap of Howar Scotland Europe 3700 BC House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[15][16][17]
Ġgantija Malta Europe 3700 BC Temple Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[18][19]
West Kennet Long Barrow England Europe 3650 BC Tomb Located near near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[20]
Listoghil Ireland Europe 3550 BC Passage Tomb At the centre of the Carrowmore passage tomb cluster, a simple box-shaped chamber is surrounded by a kerb c.34m in diameter and partly covered by a cairn. It has been partly reconstructed.[21]
Sechin Bajo Peru South America 3500 BC Plaza The oldest known building in the Americas.[5]
La Hougue Bie Jersey Europe 3500 BC Passage grave An 18.6 metre long passage chamber. The chapel above is medieval.[22]
Midhowe Chambered Cairn Scotland Europe 3500 BC Tomb A well preserved example of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.[23]
Gavrinis passage tomb France Europe 3500 BC Tomb On a small island, situated in the Gulf of Morbihan.[24]
Wayland's Smithy England Europe 3460 BC Chamber tomb A barrow constructed on top of an older burial chamber.[25]
Unstan Chambered Cairn Scotland Europe 3450 BC Tomb Excavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.[26][27][28]
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn Scotland Europe 3350 BC Tomb One of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.[26][29][30]
Quanterness chambered cairn Scotland Europe 3250 BC Tomb The remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.[26][31]
Skara Brae Scotland Europe 3180 BC Settlement Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.[32]
Tomb of the Eagles Scotland Europe 3150 BC Tomb In use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly White-tailed Sea Eagle.[33][34]
Newgrange Ireland Europe 3100–2900 BC Burial Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[35]
Tarxien Temples Tarxien Temple Malta Europe 3100 BC Temples Described by Colin Renfrew as "the oldest free-standing monuments in the world".[36][37]
Dolmen de Bagneux France Europe 3000 BC Dolmen This is the largest dolmen in France, and perhaps the world, the overall length of the dolmen is 23 m (75 ft), with the internal chamber at over 18 m (60 ft) in length and at least 3m high.[38][39][40]
Grey Cairns of Camster Scotland Europe 3000 BC or older Tomb Located near Upper Camster in Caithness.[41][42]
Hulbjerg Jættestue Denmark Europe 3000 BC Passage grave The grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[43][44][45]
Maikop kurgans Russia Europe 3000 BC Tomb There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[46][47]
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn Scotland Europe 3000 BC Tomb Unusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.[48]
Holm of Papa chambered cairn Scotland Europe 3000 BC Tomb The central chamber is over 20 metres long.[49][50]
Barpa Langass Scotland Europe 3000 BC Tomb The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[51][52]
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn Scotland Europe 3000 BC Tomb Excavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.[53][54]
Quoyness cairn Scotland Europe 2900 BC Tomb An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn on the island of Sanday.[55]
Maeshowe Scotland Europe 2800 BC Tomb The entrance passage is 36 feet (11 m) long and leads to the central chamber measuring about 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side.[56][57]
Monte d'Accoddi Italy Europe 2700–2000 BC Possibly an open-air temple. "A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway."[58]
Pyramid of Djoser Egypt Africa 2667–2648 BC Burial Earliest large-scale cut stone construction.[8]
Dholavira India Asia 2650 BC-2100 BC Brick water reservoirs, with steps, circular graves & ruins of well planned town A complex of ruins with varying dates at Dholavira.[59][60][61]
Mehrgarh File:Neolithic mehrgarh.jpg Pakistan Asia 2600 BC Mud brick storage structures A complex of ruins with varying dates near Bolan Pass.[6][7]
Caral Peru South America 2600 BC Pyramid Once thought to be the oldest building in South America.[62]
Pyramid of Meidum Egypt Africa c. 2580 BC Tomb Fourth Dynasty structure completed by Sneferu.
Bent Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 2580 BC Tomb A second structure completed by Sneferu.
Red Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 2580 BC Tomb Third large pyramid completed by Sneferu.[63]
Great Pyramid of Giza Egypt Africa 2560 BC Tomb Mausoleum for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu.[64]
Knowth Ireland Europe Between 2500-2000 BC Passage grave [65]
Pyramid of Khafre Egypt Africa c. 2500 BC Tomb One of the Pyramids of Giza.[66]
Pyramid of Menkaure Egypt Africa c. 2500 BC Tomb Menkaure was probably Khafre's successor.
Dowth Ireland Europe 2500 BC Tomb The cairn is about 85 metres (280 ft) in diameter and 15 metres (50 ft) high.[65]
Pyramid of Userkaf Egypt Africa c. 2480 BC Tomb Located close to Pyramid of Djoser.[67]
Pyramid of Sahure Egypt Africa c. 2480 BC Tomb Built for Sahure.[68]
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai Egypt Africa c. 2460 BC Tomb Built for Neferirkare Kakai.[68]
Pyramid of Neferefre Egypt Africa c. 2455 BC Tomb Never completed but does contain a tomb.[68]
Pyramid of Niuserre Egypt Africa c. 2425 BC Tomb [69]
Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi Egypt Africa c. 2370 BC Tomb
Pyramid of Unas Egypt Africa c. 2340 BC Tomb [70]
Pyramid of Teti Egypt Africa c. 2330 BC Tomb
Labbacallee Ireland Europe c. 2300 BC Tomb The largest wedge tomb in Ireland.[71]
Pyramid of Merenre Egypt Africa c. 2275 BC Tomb Built for Merenre Nemtyemsaf I but not completed.
Pyramid of Pepi II Neferkare Egypt Africa c. 2180 BC Tomb
Crantit cairn Scotland Europe 2130 BC Tomb Discovered in 1998 near Kirkwall.[72][73]
Dolmen de Viera Spain Europe 2000 BC Tomb The Dolmen de Viera or Dolmen de los Hermanos Viera is a dolmen—a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb[74]
Rubha an Dùnain passage grave Scotland Europe 2000 BC or older Tomb [75][76][77]
Corrimony chambered cairn Scotland Europe 2000 BC or older Tomb A Clava-type passage grave surrounded by a circle of 11 standing stones.[78][79]
Knossos Greece Europe 2000–1300 BC Palace Minoan structure on a Neolithic site.[80]
Bryn Celli Ddu Wales Europe 2000 BC Tomb Located on the island of Anglesey.[81]
Balnuaran of Clava Scotland Europe 2000 BC Tomb The largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century. The central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.[77][82][83]
Vinquoy cairn, Eday Scotland Europe 2000 BC Tomb [84]
Pyramid of Amenemhat I Egypt Africa c. 1960 BC Tomb
Pyramid of Senusret I Egypt Africa c. 1920 BC Tomb
Pyramid of Senusret II Egypt Africa c. 1875 BC Tomb
Pyramid of Senusret III Egypt Africa c. 1835 BC Tomb Built for Senusret III
Black Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 1820 BC Tomb Built for Amenemhat III, it has multiple structural deficits.
Hawara Egypt Africa c. 1810 BC Tomb Also built for Amenemhat III.
Pyramid of Khendjer Egypt Africa c. 1760 BC Tomb Built for pharaoh Khendjer
Nuraghe Santu Antine Italy Europe 1600 BC Possibly a fort The tallest of these megalithic edifices found in Sardinia.[85]
Su Nuraxi di Barumini Italy Europe 1500 BC Possibly a fort or a palace The palace of Barumini is formed by a huge quatrefoiled nuraghe, whose central tower is its oldest construction. Originally it was almost 20 metres high and divided into three floors.[86][87]
Nuraghe La Prisciona Italy Europe 1400 BC Possibly a fort The monument has a central tower and 2 side towers, the former with an entrance defined by a massive lintel of 3.20 m. The central chamber has a false dome, which is more than 6 meters high.[88]
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq Asia 14th century BC Probably religious rituals Built for the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[89]
Treasury of Atreus Greece Europe 1250 BC Tomb The tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years.[90]
Chogha Zanbil Iran Asia 1250 BC Temple One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[91]
Naveta d'Es Tudons Spain Europe 1200-750 BC Ossuary The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Minorca.[92]
Dún Aonghasa Ireland Europe 1100 BC Fort Dún Aonghasa, also called Dun Aengus, has been described as one of the most spectacular prehistoric monuments in western Europe. The drystone walled hillfort is made up of 4 widely spaced concentric ramparts.[93][94]
The King's Grave Sweden Europe 1000 BC Tomb Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[95]
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid Mexico North America 800–600 BC Ceremonial center One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures. First steps in the creation of a sun based calendar.[9]
Van Fortress Turkey Asia 750 BC Fortress Massive Urartean stone fortification overlooking Tushpa.
Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Italy Europe 700 BC Tombs These Etruscan necropolises contain thousands of tombs, some organized in a city-like plan.[96]
Temple of Hera Italy Europe 550 BC Temple Part of a complex of three great temples in Doric style.[97]
Tomb of Cyrus Iran Asia 530 BC Tomb Tomb of Cyrus the Great, located in Pasargadae
Parthenon Greece Europe 432–447 BC Temple In the Acropolis of Athens
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Bulgaria Europe 300–400 BC Tomb Located near Seutopolis, the capital city of the Thracian king Seuthes III, and part of a large necropolis.[98]
Sanchi Stupa India Asia 300 BC Buddhist temple In the village of Sanchi
Dhamek Stupa India Asia 249 BC Buddhist Temple In Sarnath, Varanasi
Broch of Mousa Scotland Europe 100 BC Broch Located in Shetland it is amongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.[99][100]
Dun Carloway Scotland Europe 100 BC Broch Built in the first century BCE [101]
Colosseum Italy Europe 70–80 AD Amphitheatre

By country

The following are amongst the oldest buildings in their respective countries.

Building Image Country Continent First Built Use Notes
Weibbe Hayes Stone Fort Australia Australasia 1629 AD Stone Fort Old stone fort built by the survivors of the Batavia shipwreck.
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Bulgaria Europe 300–400 BC Tomb Located near Seutopolis, the capital city of the Thracian king Seuthes III, and part of a large necropolis.[98]
Hulbjerg Jættestue Denmark Europe 3000 BC Passage grave The Hulbjerg passage grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[43][43]
West Kennet Long Barrow England Europe 3650 BC Tomb Located near near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[20]
Tumulus of Bougon Barnenez France Europe 4700 BC Tumulus A complex of tombs with varying dates near Poitiers, the oldest being F0.[2]
Porta Nigra Germany Europe 180 AD Roman city gate It is today the largest Roman city gate north of the Alps.[102]
Chogha Zanbil Iran Asia 1250 BC Temple One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[91]
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq Asia 14th century BC Probably religious rituals Built by the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[89]
Newgrange Ireland Europe 3200–2900 BC Burial Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[35]
Monte d'Accoddi Italy Europe 2700–2000 BC Possibly an open-air temple. "A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway."[58]
Tarxien Temples Tarxien Temple Malta Europe 3100 BC Temples Described by Colin Renfrew as "the oldest free-standing monuments in the world".[36][37]
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid Mexico North America 800–600 BC Ceremonial center One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures.[9]
Mission House New Zealand Australasia 1822 Religious Built by Māori and missionary carpenters.[103]
Mehrgarh File:Neolithic mehrgarh.jpg Pakistan Asia c. 2600 BC Mud brick storage structures A complex of ruins with varying dates near Bolan Pass.[6][7]
Sechin Bajo Peru South America 3500 BC Plaza The oldest known building in the Americas.[5]
Knap of Howar Scotland Europe 3700 BC House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[15][16][17]
Naveta d'Es Tudons Spain Europe 1200-750 BC Ossuary The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Minorca.[92]
The King's Grave Sweden Europe 1000 BC Tomb Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[104]
Hattusa Turkey Asia c. 1600 BC Ramparts and ruined buildings Capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age located near modern Boğazkale.[105]
Ancestral Puebloan communities United States North America 750 AD Villages Pueblo construction began in 750 CE and continues to the present day. These buildings have been within the U.S. since 1848, when New Mexico was annexed.
Bryn Celli Ddu Wales Europe 2000 BC Tomb Located on the island of Anglesey.[81]

Miscellaneous

Oldest of their type

The following are probably the oldest buildings of their type.

Building Image Location First Built Use Notes
Pyramid of Djoser Saqqara, Egypt 2667–2648 BC Tomb Oldest large-scale cut stone construction[8]
Jokhang Lhasa, China c. 639 AD Buddhist temple Perhaps the world's oldest timber frame building.[106]
Nanchan Temple Wutai, China 782 AD Buddhist Temple Its Great Buddha Hall is currently China's oldest extant timber building.
Ditherington Flax Mill Shrewsbury, England 1797 AD Industrial The oldest iron framed building in the world.[107]
Maison Carrée France 16 BC Temple The only completely preserved temple of the ancient world.[108]
Pantheon, Rome Italy 125 AD Religious Oldest standing building still in regular use.[109]
Aula Palatina Germany 306 AD Palace basilica Contains the largest extant hall from antiquity.[102]
Greensted Church England c. 1053 AD Church May be the oldest, extant wooden church in the world and the oldest, extant wooden building in Europe.[110][111]

Other structures

The following are very old human constructions that do not fit the above criteria for a building, typically because they are ruins that no longer fit the height requirement specified above or for which the only significant above-ground elements are single large stones.

Building Image Location First Built Use Notes
Theopetra cave Greece 21000 BC Stone wall The oldest known human-made structure.

The structure is a stone wall that blocked two-thirds of the entrance to the Theopetra cave near Kalambaka on the north edge of the Thessalian plain. It was constructed 23,000 years ago, probably as a barrier to cold winds.[112][113]

Göbekli Tepe Turkey 9500-8400 BC Ceremonial The oldest known human-made religious structure.[114][115]
Zeolots of Jericho Palestine 8000 BC Defensive/agricultural See also Wall of Jericho.[116]
Çatalhöyük Turkey 7400-6200 BC Village ruins [117]
Khirokitia Cyprus 5800-3000 BC Houses Site has reconstructions of round houses.[118]
Tumulus de Dissignac France 4500-4000 BC[119] Tumulus Two Dolmenic chambers are covered by 15 metre diameter tumulus with corridors 11 metres in length. Substantially rebuilt.[120]
Table des Marchand France 4000 BC Dolmen A modern cairn has been rebuilt over the capstone and supporting pillars.[121]
Temple of Ba`alat Gebal Lebanon c. 2700 BC Temple Located in the Phoenician city of Byblos, the nearby Temple of the Obelisks dates to c.1900-1600 BCE.[122][123]
Pyramid of Sekhemkhet aka the Buried Pyramid Egypt c. 2630 BC Burial An unfinished Third Dynasty structure largely hidden under sand. Only the lowest step of the pyramid was constructed at the time of his death.[124]
Great Sphinx of Giza Egypt 2558–2532 BC Statue The largest monolith statue in the world, possibly completed during the reign of Khafra, although the subject is controversial.[125][126]
Large Stone Structure Israel/Palestine 1000 BC Palace? A major public building but probably not the ruins of King David's palace.[127]

Disputed origin

These are very old structures, the human origin of which is disputed.

Building Image Location First Built Use Notes
Yonaguni Monument Ryukyu Islands, Japan - Unknown There is a debate about whether the site is natural or is a man-made artifact.[128] It has been estimated that if of human construction the structures must be at least 9-10,000 years old, dating it to a time when they would have been above water.[129]
Gulf of Cambay India 4000 BC? Ruins The age and provenance of these underwater finds is disputed.[130][131]

See also

Lists

Sites

References

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