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|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|People's Republic of China]]<ref name="JOD">{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/china-totalitarianisms-long-shadow/ |last=Pei |first=Minxin |title=China: Totalitarianism's Long Shadow |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=32 |number=2 |date=2021 |pages=5–21|doi=10.1353/jod.2021.0015 |s2cid=234930289 }}</ref><ref name="JPOLRISK">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jpolrisk.com/totalitarian-china-outwardly-strong-inwardly-weak/ |first=Roger |last=Garside |title=Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak |journal=Journal of Political Risk |volume=9 |number=5 |date=May 2021}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|People's Republic of China]]<ref name="JOD">{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/china-totalitarianisms-long-shadow/ |last=Pei |first=Minxin |title=China: Totalitarianism's Long Shadow |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=32 |number=2 |date=2021 |pages=5–21|doi=10.1353/jod.2021.0015 |s2cid=234930289 }}</ref><ref name="JPOLRISK">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jpolrisk.com/totalitarian-china-outwardly-strong-inwardly-weak/ |first=Roger |last=Garside |title=Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak |journal=Journal of Political Risk |volume=9 |number=5 |date=May 2021}}</ref>
|[[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|1949]]
|[[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|1949]]
|Active
|[[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|1976]]
|[[Mao Zedong]]<ref name="britannica"/>
|[[Mao Zedong]]<ref name="britannica"/>
|[[Chinese Communist Party]]
|[[Chinese Communist Party]]

Revision as of 16:08, 11 September 2022

This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Table

Country Start of
totalitarianism 		End of
totalitarianism 		Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[2][3][4][5] 1924 1953 Joseph Stalin (de facto) (1924–1953)
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952) 		Communist Party of the Soviet Union (de facto)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 		Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Fascist Italy Kingdom of Italy[6][7][8][9][10][note 1] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[11][12][13][14] 1924 1953[11][15][16][17] Joseph Stalin Communist Party of the Soviet Union Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet socialist patriotism
Stalinism 		Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Manchukuo Empire of Manchuria[18] 1932 1945
Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945) 		Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[19]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism 		One-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Nazi Germany Greater German Reich[11] 1933[11] 1945[11] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Antisemitism
Fascism
Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Scientific racism 		Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[20] Europe
Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Slovak Republic 1939 1945 Jozef Tiso Slovak People’s Party Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism 		Unitary one-party fascist state Europe
Empire of Japan[21][22][23][24] 1940 1945 Hirohito
Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until June 1945) 		Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa Statism
Kokutai
Japanese nationalism
Japanese militarism
Hakkō ichiu
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
State Shinto 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Romania National Legionary State[25][26][27] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima 		Iron Guard Fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-Semitism 		Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy Europe
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia[28][29] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Fascism
Clerical Fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment 		Fascist one-party state Europe
Italian Social Republic[30][31] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party state Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[32][33][34] 1946 1990 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985)
Ramiz Alia
(1985–1990) 		Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[35][36][11] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (former)
Stalinism (former) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic[37] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[38][39][40][41] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
China People's Republic of China[42][43] 1949 Active Mao Zedong[11] Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[44] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea[45] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[46]
Anti-intellectualism
Socialism[47] 		Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Socialist Republic of Romania[48][49] 1947 1989 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(1947–1965)
Nicolae Ceaușescu
(1965–1989) 		Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism (after 1960) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[44][50] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarianism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Iraq Iraq Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[51][52][53][54] 1979 2003 Saddam Hussein Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Ba'athism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan[55][56][57][58] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov
(1991–2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
(2006–2022)
Serdar Berdimuhamedow
(2022–present) 		Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[59] 		Unitary presidential republic Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[60][61] 1996 2001 Mullah Omar[62][63] Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[64]
Islamism[64]
Pashtunwali[65]
Religious nationalism[65] 		Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate Asia
Eritrea State of Eritrea[66][67] 2001[68] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
Islamic State Islamic State[69][70][71][72] 2014 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State Islamic fundamentalism
Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism 		Unitary Wahhabist proto-state Asia

Notes

  1. ^ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.

References

  1. ^ Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868. S2CID 144333167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-10.
  2. ^ "Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  3. ^ Assignment - Secrets of the Steppe (22nd October 1991), retrieved 17 August 2021
  4. ^ "Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia". RTÉ.ie. 12 June 2003.
  5. ^ May, Timothy (May 2001), Review of Sandag, Shagdariin; Kendall, Harry H., Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921-1941, H-Russia, H-Review, retrieved 17 August 2021
  6. ^ Gentile, Emilio (2008). "Fascism and the Italian Road to Totalitarianism". Constellations. 15 (3): 291–302. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00492.x. ISSN 1467-8675.
  7. ^ Morgan, Philip (2004). "The Construction of the 'Totalitarian' State, 1925–29". In Morgan, Philip (ed.). Italian Fascism, 1915–1945. The Making of the 20th Century. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 96–124. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_4. ISBN 978-0-230-80267-4. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  8. ^ Roberts, David D. (2009). "'Political Religion' and the Totalitarian Departures of Inter-War Europe: On the Uses and Disadvantages of an Analytical Category". Contemporary European History. 18 (4): 381–414. doi:10.1017/S0960777309990051. ISSN 0960-7773. JSTOR 40542793. S2CID 146595089.
  9. ^ "Totalitarianism in Italy". www.123helpme.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  10. ^ "Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, 4th Edition | Wiley". Wiley.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
  12. ^ Riley, Alexander (1 October 2019). "Lenin and His Revolution: The First Totalitarian". Society. 56 (5): 503–511. doi:10.1007/s12115-019-00405-1. ISSN 1936-4725. S2CID 203447806.
  13. ^ "Leninism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  14. ^ Lugones, Elizabeth (29 September 2016). "LENIN PART 2: Totalitarianism". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  16. ^ Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  17. ^ von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
  18. ^ ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (2 May 2013). "Evolution of Manchukuo Concordia Association (1932-1945) as a Political Institution and Vanguard of Ideology". ANU College of Asia & the Pacific. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  19. ^ Duara, Prasenjit (2004). Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3091-1.
  20. ^ "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  21. ^ Stein, Guenther (January 1938). ""Totalitarian" Japan". Foreign Affairs. 16 (2): 294–308. doi:10.2307/20028849. JSTOR 20028849 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ Chatani, Sayaka (2018). Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies. Columbia University: Cornell University Press. pp. 10–366. ISBN 978-1-5017-3076-4.
  23. ^ Lucken, Michael; Grimwade, Karen (2013). The Japanese and the War: Expectation, Perception, and the Shaping of Memory. Columbia University: Columbia University Press. pp. 50–300. ISBN 978-0-231-54398-9.
  24. ^ Iguchi, Haruo (2003). Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S.-Japan Relations, 1937–1952. Harvard University: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. All. ISBN 978-1-68417-354-9.
  25. ^ Groza, Cristian Alexandru (2014). "The Fascist Phenomenon. National Legionary State between laws, journals, memoirs, and the Jewish repression between 20-23 January 1941". Journal of Education, Culture and Society. 61: 61–76 – via Academia.edu.
  26. ^ Haynes, Rebecca (December 2008). "Work Camps, Commerce, and the Education of the 'New Man' in the Romanian Legionary Movement". The Historical Journal. 51 (4): 943–967. doi:10.1017/S0018246X08007140. JSTOR 20175210. S2CID 144638496 – via JSTOR.
  27. ^ Clark, Roland (2015). Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press. pp. all. ISBN 978-0-8014-5634-3.
  28. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2020). The Independent State of Croatia 1941-45 (Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions). Routledge. pp. 54–68. ISBN 978-1-138-86811-3.
  29. ^ Suppan, Arnold (2019). The "Independent State of Croatia" Between the German Reich and Italy. pp. 537–566. ISBN 978-3-7001-8410-2.
  30. ^ Ganapini, Luigi (2 July 2007). "The Dark Side of Italian History 1943–1945". Modern Italy. 12 (2): 205–223. doi:10.1080/13532940701362730. S2CID 145668321. In 1943 Mussolini had called for 'socialization' as a means of fighting the anti-Fascist democratic forces. In this context, the ideology of National Syndicalism became the key feature of a project for the construction of a totalitarian state.
  31. ^ Bosworth, R.J.B. (March 1997). "Tourist Planning in Fascist Italy and the Limits of a Totalitarian Culture". Contemporary European History. 6 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004033. S2CID 154618035.
  32. ^ Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
  33. ^ Bedini, Belina (2014). "The Legitimation of the Albanian Totalitarian Regime". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (16): 500–505. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500.
  34. ^ "Albania's EU aspirations still hampered by totalitarian past | DW &#124". Deutsche Welle. 22 March 2012.
  35. ^ "North Korea country profile". BBC News. 9 April 2018.
  36. ^ "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". The Washington Post.
  37. ^ "Britannica Book of the Year 2014". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1 March 2014. ISBN 978-1-62513-171-3.
  38. ^ Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  39. ^ Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  40. ^ Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  41. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
  42. ^ Pei, Minxin (2021). "China: Totalitarianism's Long Shadow". Journal of Democracy. 32 (2): 5–21. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0015. S2CID 234930289.
  43. ^ Garside, Roger (May 2021). "Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak". Journal of Political Risk. 9 (5).
  44. ^ a b Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. (ed.). Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 5. There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
  45. ^ "Equatorial Guinea | EG Justice". 2012-06-22. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  46. ^ Otabela, Joseph-Désiré; Onomo-Abena, Sosthène (16 February 2009). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 978-84-362-5825-7.
  47. ^ "Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica > Búsqueda › 'Hoja Oficial del lunes : editada por la Asociación de la..." prensahistorica.mcu.es. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
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  49. ^ Thompson, M. R. (1 June 2002). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 3 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1080/714005469. S2CID 145789019.
  50. ^ O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. (1993). "Cambodia in the zero years: rudimentary totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. doi:10.1080/01436599308420354. JSTOR 3992949.
  51. ^ Makiya, Kanan (1993). Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 19. ISBN 9780393311419.
  52. ^ Bengio, Ofra (1998). Saddam's Word: The Political Discourse in Iraq. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195114393.
  53. ^ Woods, Kevin M.; Stout, Mark E. (December 16, 2010). "New Sources for the Study of Iraqi Intelligence during the Saddam Era". Intelligence and National Security. 25 (4): 547–587. doi:10.1080/02684527.2010.537033. S2CID 153605621. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  54. ^ Faust, Aaron M. (15 November 2015). The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477305577.
  55. ^ "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF).
  56. ^ Cathill, Paul (2018-09-26). "Interesting Histories: Saparmurat Niyazov — The Real General Aladeen". Medium. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  57. ^ "The Golden Man". The New Yorker. 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  58. ^ "Hall of infamy: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow". 30 November 2021.
  59. ^ Elena, Dmitrieva (2019). "Political elite of Turkmenistan. Post-Soviet period". Russia and the Moslem World. 2 (304): 49–58. ISSN 1072-6403.
  60. ^ Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450. S2CID 146940668.
  61. ^ "David Arnett" (PDF). turkishpolicy.com. 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  62. ^ "The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest". 1 September 2009.
  63. ^ Gall, Carlotta (30 July 2015). "Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead". The New York Times.
  64. ^ a b "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
  65. ^ a b "NCTC Home". www.dni.gov.
  66. ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring". The Washington Post.
  67. ^ "UN calls Eritrea a 'totalitarian' state ruled by fear". Daily Nation. Kenya. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  68. ^ "Service for Life". Human Rights Watch. 16 April 2009. p. 6 of 12. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  69. ^ Winter, Charlie (27 March 2016). "Totalitarianism 101: The Islamic State's Offline Propaganda Strategy".
  70. ^ Filipec, Ondrej (2020). The Islamic State From Terrorism to Totalitarian Insurgency. Routledge. ISBN 9780367457631.
  71. ^ Peter, Bernholz (February 2019). "Supreme Values, Totalitarianism, and Terrorism". The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice. Vol. 1.
  72. ^ Haslett, Allison (2021). "The Islamic State: A Political-Religious Totalitarian Regime". Scientia et Humanitas: A Journal of Student Research. Middle Tennessee State University.
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