Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012: Difference between revisions
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|Nearly 200 homes were damaged in an area in the northeast fringes of Charlotte |
|Nearly 200 homes were damaged in an area in the northeast fringes of Charlotte; some were destroyed. Many trees were downed. Four people were injured, including a child who was thrown across [[Interstate 485]], and found relatively uninjured. |
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|colspan="7" align=center|'''[[South Carolina]]''' |
|colspan="7" align=center|'''[[South Carolina]]''' |
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Revision as of 01:41, 9 March 2012
 GOES 13 image of the storm system on March 2 | |
| Duration | 2 days |
|---|---|
| Tornadoes confirmed | 58 confirmed, 127 reported |
| Max. rating1 | EF4 tornado |
| Fatalities | ≥ 39 |
| Areas affected | Southern United States and Ohio Valley |
| 1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale | |
From March 2–3, 2012, a deadly tornado outbreak occurred over a large section of the Southern United States into the Ohio Valley region. The storms resulted in at least 39 fatalities, most of which occurred in Kentucky.[1] Tornado-related deaths also occurred in Alabama, Indiana, and Ohio. The outbreak was the second deadliest in early March for the U.S. on record; only the 1966 Candlestick Park tornado had a higher death toll for a tornadic system in early March.[2]
Meteorological synopsis
February 2012 was unusually more active than normal in terms of the number of tornadoes, with a total of 47 confirmed tornadoes. While the first three weeks of the month were unusually quiet, the pattern changed abruptly by a major tornado outbreak, which struck the region less than 72 hours prior to this storm, killing 14 people, including 7 in Harrisburg, Illinois alone, the result of an EF4 tornado. A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for March 2 a day in advance for a large area from near Tuscaloosa, Alabama to Dayton, Ohio as an intense storm system tracked across the region in a very high shear environment.[3] Intense tornadoes were possible.[3] On the morning of March 2, it was upgraded and a high risk of severe weather was issued for Middle Tennessee and central Kentucky, later extended into Central and Southern Indiana and southern Ohio.[4][5] The Storm Prediction Center mentioned the potential for significant tornadoes.[5] Multiple PDS tornado watches were issued shortly thereafter.[6][7]
The outbreak began fairly early in the morning, with an initial round of storms and tornadoes associated with the incoming warm front attached to a rapidly deepening low pressure area over the central Great Lakes.[8] The initial round of storms allowed for a strong warm air mass to enter the region, with temperatures rising to near record levels for early March and instability combining with extreme wind shear, resulting in a highly volatile air mass.[5] As a result, a second, much larger broken line of discrete supercells developed and followed the Ohio River, with additional storms developing farther south. During the afternoon, those cells tracked eastward across the Ohio Valley, passing near Louisville, Kentucky and south of Cincinnati, Ohio with devastating results.[7]
As isolated activity developed farther south, intense supercells also formed in central Kentucky in the late afternoon hours and tracked east into the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields region before weakening as they reached West Virginia later that evening. That area had the highest wind shear – with helicity values as high as 800 m2/s2 (despite lower instability) and that allowed the storms to spin violently, resulting in severe damage in several communities.[9][10]
The next day, on March 3, the cold front continued to push eastwards toward the United States East Coast, although the most severe activity took place near the Georgia-Florida state border.[11] A slight risk of severe weather was issued for a small area extending from Cape Hatteras to the Mississippi Delta.[12] A mesoscale convective system in South Carolina was responsible for hail reports in the area, although the threat for tornadoes was reduced with lower instability levels.[13] Most tornado activity for the day was associated with an upper-level system in Florida, also causing damaging wind gusts.[14] On March 4, most of the cold front responsible for the outbreak had already moved into the Atlantic Ocean with only a small portion of thunderstorms extending into Florida. A slight risk was issued for a section of Florida.[15] Some scattered activity lingered around the East Coast for the duration of the day, but no additional tornadoes were reported.[16]
Tornadoes
| EFU | EF0 | EF1 | EF2 | EF3 | EF4 | EF5 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 58 |
March 2 event
| List of reported tornadoes – Friday, March 2, 2012 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | ||||||
| EF3 | SE of Athens | Limestone, Madison | 34°45′35″N 86°57′11″W / 34.7597°N 86.9531°W | 1510 | 34.4 miles (55.4 km) | The tornado caused significant structural damage to houses and barns, including much roof damage, and some damage to outer walls. It also uprooted several trees. There were minor injuries reported. Hardest area affected was near Harvest which was previously hit on April 27, 2011 by EF5 strength winds. |
| EF2 | SE of Meridianville | Madison | 34°51′01″N 86°34′13″W / 34.8502°N 86.5702°W | 1606 | 7.3 miles (11.7 km) | Buckhorn High School was damaged and numerous weaker houses were destroyed in the area. Extensive tree and power line damage reported.[17] Injuries reported.[18] |
| EF0 | W of Elkmont | Limestone | 34°54′56″N 87°02′48″W / 34.915456°N 87.046579°W | 1958 | 2.74 miles (4.41 km) | Weak tornado uprooted several trees |
| EF0 | Edgewood area | Limestone | 34°51′23″N 87°00′52″W / 34.856398°N 87.014329°W | 2126 | 4.99 miles (8.03 km) | Weak tornado uprooted several trees |
| EF1 | NE of Athens | Limestone | 34°00′N 86°51′W / 34.°N 86.85°W | 2139 | 2.6 miles (4.2 km) | Several trees were uprooted and destroyed, as well as roof damage to houses and barns. |
| EF1 | Beechwood area | Lowndes | 32°05′09″N 86°46′40″W / 32.0859°N 86.7779°W | 2353 | 17.7 miles (28.5 km) | Tornado snapped or uprooted numerous trees and damaged two homes |
| EF1 | NE of Suttle | Perry, Dallas, Autauga | 32°32′55″N 87°09′11″W / 32.5486°N 87.1531°W | 0315 | 19.2 miles (30.9 km) | Primarily struck in rural areas; snapped trees, destroyed a hunting camp mobile home, and did shingle and window damage at Paul M. Grice State Park. Tornado caused by the same supercell that caused the Verbena tornado. |
| EF2 | Verbena area | Chilton, Coosa | 32°43′31″N 86°32′01″W / 32.7254°N 86.5337°W | 0403 | 28 miles (45 km) | Preliminary assessments revealed an EF2 tornado in Verbena. Several well-built houses were heavily damaged and hundreds of trees were snapped or uprooted. Continued into Coosa County and dissipated northeast of Nixburg |
| EF2 | Jackson's Gap area | Tallapoosa, Chambers | 32°52′00″N 85°58′01″W / 32.8666°N 85.9669°W | 0453 | 31.3 miles (50.4 km) | 1 death – Multiple-vortex tornado destroyed four mobile homes near Jackson's Gap, and one mobile home just outside of Trammel Crossroads. Tornado caused by the same supercell that caused the Verbena tornado. |
| Illinois | ||||||
| EF? | S of Trenton | Clinton | 38°33′N 89°41′W / 38.55°N 89.68°W | 1610 | unknown | Minor damage reported including fences damaged. |
| Tennessee | ||||||
| EF1 | Ooltewah | Hamilton, Bradley | 35°04′N 85°05′W / 35.06°N 85.09°W | 1750 | unknown | Tornado reported on Interstate 75 at Hunter Road. At least 20 houses ripped off of foundation, others with roof damage. At least 17 people have been injured. Possibly one or multiple tornadoes. Damage was also reported in the Cleveland area. Preliminary rating. |
| EF2 | NW of Delano | McMinn | 35°18′N 84°38′W / 35.30°N 84.64°W | 1830 | unknown | Tornado reported by a storm spotter. Several houses were destroyed and people have been injured. |
| EF2 | Tellico Plains | Monroe | 35°22′N 84°18′W / 35.37°N 84.30°W | 1854 | 14.6 miles (23.5 km) | Thirty houses reported damaged or destroyed in the area. |
| EF0 | Boonshill area | Lincoln | 35°12′42″N 86°44′32″W / 35.2116°N 86.7422°W | 2045 | 0.6 miles (0.97 km) | A community center sustained damage and trees were uprooted. |
| EF1 | S of Kingston Springs | Cheatham | 36°06′N 87°06′W / 36.10°N 87.10°W | 2148 | 1 mile (1.6 km) | A barn was destroyed, several houses sustained minor roof damage and trees were snapped. |
| EF0 | ENE of Dayton | Rhea | 35°29′N 85°01′W / 35.49°N 85.01°W | 2245 | 2.6 miles (4.2 km) | A double-wide trailer was rolled off its foundation. |
| EF3 | Harrison | Hamilton | 35°04′N 85°16′W / 35.07°N 85.26°W | 2330 | unknown | Public report of a tornado on Interstate 24 just outside the city. Preliminary rating subject to change. Tornado was initially rated EF1; however, further surveys revealed high-end EF3 damage along the tornado's path. |
| EF2 | Dodson Branch area | Jackson, Putnam, Overton | 36°17′N 85°23′W / 36.28°N 85.38°W | 2326 | 11.3 miles (18.2 km) | Significant damage reported north of Cookeville. At least 40 houses were damaged or destroyed and hundreds of trees were uprooted or snapped by this large wedge tornado. Three people were injured. |
| EF2 | Harrogate area | Claiborne | 36°35′N 83°38′W / 36.58°N 83.64°W | 0129 | unknown | Several houses sustained major roof damage. |
| EF0 | S of Mascot | Knox | 36°01′N 83°46′W / 36.02°N 83.77°W | 0305 | 2.1 miles (3.4 km) | Tornado rolled a trailer and caused sporadic tree damage. |
| EF1 | N of Haletown (1st tornado) | Marion | unknown | 0.6 miles (0.97 km) | ||
| EF1 | N of Haletown (2nd tornado) | Marion | unknown | 0.3 miles (0.48 km) | ||
| EF0 | N of Farragut | Knox | unknown | 0.31 miles (0.50 km) | Several trees and power lines were snapped | |
| Indiana | ||||||
| EF2 | WSW of Wadesville | Posey | 38°05′N 87°50′W / 38.08°N 87.84°W | 1837 | 6 miles (9.7 km) | One wood frame home was destroyed and several other structures were damaged to varying degrees. |
| EF4 | New Pekin to Chelsea | Washington, Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Trimble (KY) | 38°31′N 86°01′W / 38.52°N 86.02°W | 1950 | 49 miles (79 km) | 11 deaths – See section on this tornado |
| EF1 | Henryville area | Clark | 2030 | 6.5 miles (10.5 km) | Storm surveys indicated that an EF-1 tornado with winds of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) struck the south portion of Henryville after an EF-4 had struck less than 30 minutes earlier. | |
| EF3 | Holton area | Ripley | 39°05′N 85°20′W / 39.08°N 85.34°W | 2100 | 11 miles (18 km) | 2 deaths – Extensive damage reported in the area. At least six others were injured. Surveys currently underway. |
| North Carolina | ||||||
| EF? | SW of Etowah | Transylvania | 35°16′N 82°39′W / 35.27°N 82.65°W | 1840 | unknown | A house was heavily damaged and trees and power lines were snapped. |
| EF2 | Murphy | Cherokee | 35°16′N 82°39′W / 35.27°N 82.65°W | 0103 | unknown | Structural damage reported to a few businesses and several houses were also damaged. |
| Kentucky | ||||||
| EF? | Henderson | Henderson | 37°50′N 87°35′W / 37.84°N 87.58°W | 1843 | unknown | Tornado reported in the east side of the community. Power flashes were reported. |
| EF2 | SE of Uniontown | Union | 1938 | 6.5 miles (10.5 km) | A home had most of its roof removed. A grain bin and several barns were destroyed or damaged, along with mainly minor damage to a few homes and other structures. Several trees and power poles were blown down. One person sustained minor injuries. | |
| EF? | Clay | Webster | 37°29′N 87°49′W / 37.48°N 87.82°W | 2010 | unknown | Large tornado reported just outside town. |
| EF? | Owensboro | Daviess | 37°46′N 87°07′W / 37.76°N 87.12°W | 2022 | unknown | Tornado reported in the city. |
| EF3 | Crittenden area | Grant, Kenton | 38°47′N 84°38′W / 38.79°N 84.63°W | 2030 | 10 miles (16 km) | 4 deaths – Tornado Emergency issued. Many houses were destroyed and others damaged, with at least two houses removed from their foundations. 3 vehicles were thrown over a quarter mile. Many trees were downed. Debris falling from this storm caused the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport to stop all flights for one hour.[19] |
| EF2 | SSW of Hawesville | Hancock, Breckinridge | 37°50′N 86°33′W / 37.83°N 86.55°W | 2038 | 17.4 miles (28.0 km) | Tornado made several touchdowns. Two chicken farms were severely damaged and hundreds of chickens were killed or lost. Several trees were downed and a metal structure was damaged. |
| EF3 | SSE of Milton | Trimble | 2041 | 3.4 miles (5.5 km) | A fire house was destroyed, along with the Pumper Tanker inside and numerous pieces of equipment located nearby. Four mobile homes were also destroyed, and several other homes sustained lesser damage and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.[20] | |
| EF1 | W of Carrollton | Carroll | 38°40′N 85°15′W / 38.66°N 85.25°W | 2044 | 2.2 miles (3.5 km) | Severe damage reported in Carrollton. One house was destroyed and many others damaged. |
| EF0 | E of Cloverport | Breckinridge | 37°50′N 86°34′W / 37.83°N 86.56°W | 2044 | 120 yards (110 m) | Small rope tornado damaged a metal building. |
| EF0 | SW of Guston | Meade | 2102 | 0.75 miles (1.21 km) | Brief tornado damaged a home. | |
| EF2 | N of Owenton | Owen | 38°36′N 84°53′W / 38.60°N 84.89°W | 2125 | 5 miles (8.0 km) | A house and numerous barns were heavily damaged or destroyed. Several other houses sustained minor damage. Three people were injured. |
| EF3 | Peach Grove to Hamersville, OH | Campbell, Pendleton, Clermont (OH), Brown (OH) | 38°51′N 84°20′W / 38.85°N 84.33°W | 2140 | 23 miles (37 km) | 3 deaths – Severe structural damage reported on both sides of the Ohio River. Many houses and businesses were damaged or destroyed, some nearly flattened, and several modular homes were flattened and blown away. All three fatalities were in Ohio. Numerous injuries also occurred. |
| EF0 | Berlin | Bracken | 38°41′N 84°10′W / 38.69°N 84.16°W | 2202 | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | Damage to trees and outbuildings. |
| EF1 | E of Alvaton | Warren | 2206 | 2 miles (3.2 km) | A tornado embedded within a larger area of straight line winds destroyed a barn and tool shed. | |
| EF3 | Wellington/West Liberty areas | Menifee, Morgan, Johnson, Lawrence, Wayne (WV), Lincoln (WV) | 37°54′N 83°37′W / 37.90°N 83.61°W | 2239 | 95 miles (153 km) | 11 deaths – Four Tornado Emergency bulletins issued. Extensive damage across its path, including extreme damage in West Liberty. Six fatalities in West Liberty, three near Frenchburg, and two in Blaine; at least 75 people injured.[21] Tornado was on the ground for 95 miles with a peak wind speed of 165 mph and a peak width of 1 mile.[22] The tornado was the first F3/EF3 in Eastern Kentucky since 1988. |
| EF1 | Owingsville area | Bath | 38°08′15″N 83°46′39″W / 38.1375°N 83.7774°W | 2308 | Unknown | Numerous trees snapped or uprooted and several barns and residences damaged |
| EF3 | Salyersville to Greyeagle, WV | Wolfe, Magoffin, Johnson, Martin, Mingo (WV) | 37°43′N 83°13′W / 37.71°N 83.21°W | 2350 | 49 miles (79 km) | 2 deaths – Tornado Emergency issued. Many businesses and homes destroyed. |
| EF2 | East Bernstadt area | Laurel | 37°12′N 84°11′W / 37.20°N 84.19°W | 0005 | 6.3 miles (10.1 km) | 5 deaths – Numerous houses were damaged or destroyed in the area. Numerous trees were downed. |
| Ohio | ||||||
| EF? | Bentonville | Adams | 38°45′N 83°37′W / 38.75°N 83.61°W | 2222 | unknown | Severe damage to several houses. Several people were injured – one seriously. |
| EF1 | N of Seaman | Adams | 38°57′18″N 83°35′17″W / 38.955°N 83.588°W | 2225 | 3 miles (4.8 km) | Tornado damaged a barn and a home. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. |
| EF0 | SW of West Union | Adams | 38°47′N 83°34′W / 38.78°N 83.57°W | 2230 | 50 yards (46 m) | Brief tornado |
| EF2 | NE of West Union | Adams | 38°49′N 83°31′W / 38.81°N 83.52°W | 2233 | 11 miles (18 km) | Five mobile homes destroyed, three homes damaged. Dozens of cattle were killed and three people sustained injuries. |
| EF0 | Otway area | Scioto | 38°51′N 83°13′W / 38.85°N 83.21°W | 2246 | 2 miles (3.2 km) | Tornado damaged two homes and a fire station. |
| EF0 | NE of Rarden | Scioto, Pike | 38°57′29″N 83°12′25″W / 38.9581°N 83.2070°W | 2251 | 4 miles (6.4 km) | A mobile home sustained significant damage. |
| EF0 | SW of Piketon | Pike | 39°00′N 83°06′W / 39.00°N 83.10°W | 2253 | 2 miles (3.2 km) | Numerous trees were snapped and uprooted. On tree fell upon a mobile home, severely damaging it. |
| Mississippi | ||||||
| EF1 | Baxterville | Lamar, Forrest | 31°05′N 89°35′W / 31.08°N 89.59°W | 0023 | 12 miles (19 km) | The tornado caused numerous tree damage along its path. Mobile homes were flipped and various roofs were damaged. A storage shed sustained heavy damage as well. |
| EF0 | NNE of Carson | Jefferson Davis | 31°35′N 89°46′W / 31.59°N 89.76°W | 0547 | 0.25 miles (0.40 km) | A mobile home's porch was destroyed, and another mobile home was knocked off its piers. A few trees were snapped and uprooted. |
| Georgia | ||||||
| EF3 | N of Buchanan | Haralson, Paulding | 33°51′N 85°13′W / 33.85°N 85.21°W | 0115 | 29 miles (47 km) | High-end EF3 tornado confirmed with a repair shop destroyed, mobile homes flipped, a church damaged and many trees knocked down. Damage at an elementary school in the community of Dallas as well as at least a dozen of homes. Surveys still ongoing – may have been stronger. One person was injured. |
| EF1 | NE of Marietta | Cobb | 33°58′41″N 84°27′13″W / 33.9781°N 84.4537°W | 0214 | 1 mile (1.6 km) | Several buildings had roof damage and many trees were snapped or uprooted. |
| Virginia | ||||||
| EF1 | Ewing | Lee | 36°38′N 83°26′W / 36.63°N 83.43°W | 0142 | unknown | A house was heavily damaged and trees were uprooted. |
| Sources: SPC Storm Reports for 03/02/12, NWS Huntsville, NWS Wilmington, OH, NWS Peachtree City, NWS Jackson, KY, NWS Charleston, WV, NWS Lousiville, KY | ||||||
March 3 event
| List of reported tornadoes – Saturday, March 3, 2012 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Carolina | ||||||
| EF2 | Harrisburg/North Charlotte area | Mecklenburg, Cabarrus | 35°16′N 80°41′W / 35.26°N 80.68°W | 0734 | 3.2 miles (5.1 km) | Nearly 200 homes were damaged in an area in the northeast fringes of Charlotte; some were destroyed. Many trees were downed. Four people were injured, including a child who was thrown across Interstate 485, and found relatively uninjured. |
| South Carolina | ||||||
| EF0 | NNW of Columbia | Richland | 34°04′N 81°04′W / 34.07°N 81.07°W | 1036 | unknown | Brief tornado knocked down branches and trees. |
| Georgia | ||||||
| EF0 | ENE of Colquitt | Miller | 31°12′N 84°41′W / 31.20°N 84.68°W | 1220 | Unknown | Several trees were snapped and a home suffered some damage to its roof and porch. |
| EF0 | SSW of Vada area | Decatur | 31°03′N 84°26′W / 31.05°N 84.43°W | 1330 | 3.37 mi (5 km) | Possible tornado destroyed a metal frame home, a camper and multiple sheds. Several vehicles and irrigation pivots were also overturned. |
| EF3 | N of Moody Air Force Base | Lowndes, Lanier | 31°00′N 83°15′W / 31.00°N 83.25°W | 1800 | 11.2 mi (18 km) | Tornado destroyed several homes, some of which were pushed off their foundation. Two mobile homes were flipped and numerous trees and power lines were downed and debarked. |
| Sources: SPC Storm Reports for March 3, 2012, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg | ||||||
New Pekin – Henryville tornado
The most violent tornado of the outbreak was an EF4 that carved a 49 mi (79 km) path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to Bedford, Kentucky. Along its track, the tornado destroyed hundreds of homes and killed 11 people. The most severe damage took place in the small communities of New Pekin, Henryville and Chelsea, Indiana.[23]
The tornado first touched down around 2:50 p.m. EST along the south side of Fredericksburg and soon began causing damage. Tracking east-northeast, the storm initially tracked through mainly wooded areas, snapping and uprooting many trees. Several minutes later, the tornado intensified, estimated to be an EF2, and destroyed a "metal power structure." Along State Route 135, the storm further intensified and ripped large chunks of 3 in (7.6 cm) asphalt off roads and tossed them 10 to 30 yd (9.1 to 27.4 m). As it neared the south side of New Pekin, the tornado widened and strengthened even more. By this time, it reached EF4 strength with winds estimated at 170 mph (270 km/h). A large factory was completely leveled and wiped off its foundation and debris was thrown up to 0.75 mi (1.21 km) downwind. Nearby, five people were killed after their mobile home was destroyed. As it neared Clark County, the storm maintained high-end EF3 to EF4 strength. Several more homes were completely destroyed east of New Pekin and a few vehicles were tossed over 100 yd (91 m).[23]
See also
- 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak – the previous outbreak on February 28 and 29
- Tornadoes of 2012
References
- ^ Guyett, Susan; Stoll, John D. (March 3, 2012). "UPDATE 7-Rescue, cleanups continue in US tornado zone, 39 dead". Reuters. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Beitler, Stu (October 8, 2007). "Jackson, MS Tornado, Mar 1966". GenDisasters. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ a b Goss, Steve (March 1, 2012). "March 1, 2012 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Thompson, Rich; Leitman, Elizabeth (March 2, 2012). "March 2, 2012 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c Jewell, Ryan; Rogers, Jaret (March 2, 2012). "Mar 2, 2012 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Mead, Corey (March 2, 2012). "PDS Tornado Watch 57". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ a b Mead, Corey (March 2, 2012). "PDS Tornado Watch 58". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Mead, Corey (March 2, 2012). "Tornado Watch 56". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Mead, Corey (March 2, 2012). "PDS Tornado Watch 62". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Dial, Greg (March 2, 2012). "Mesoscale Discussion 220". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "Daily Weather Maps – Saturday March 3, 2012". The National Weather Service. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Smith, Darrow (March 3, 2012). "Mar 3, 2012 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Broyles, Chris (March 3, 2012). "Mesoscale Discussion 228". Storm Prediction Center. National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Kerr, Brynn (March 3, 2012). "Mesoscale Discussion 231". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Darrow, Smith. "Mar 4, 2012 0100 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ "SPC Storm Reports for 03/04/12". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ Stephens, Challen (March 2, 2012). "Buckhorn High School battered by morning tornado, but anticipated to be ready for some classes Monday". The Huntsville Times. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Roop, Lee (March 2, 2012). "Meteorologists say up to 6 tornadoes hit Huntsville, Alabama area in echo of April 2011". The Huntsville Times. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ url=http://www.lex18.com/news/storm-debris-causes-brief-closure-at-cincinnati-northern-kentucky-international-airport/
- ^ "Storm destroys Milton Fire & Rescue station". Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ Spears, Valerie. "Death toll rises to 19; at least 300 injured in Friday's storm". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ url= http://www.kentucky.com/2012/03/05/2096127/more-than-18000-without-power.html
- ^ a b "March 2, 2012 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service office in Louisville, Kentucky. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.