1959 in science

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The year 1959 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

February 6 – At Cape Canaveral, Florida, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile is accomplished.
February 17 – Vanguard 2, the first weather satellite, is launched to measure cloud cover for the United States Navy.
June 25 – A KH-1 Corona satellite, believed to be the first operational spy satellite, is launched as science mission "Discoverer 4" from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, aboard a Thor-Agena rocket.
August 7 – The United States launches Explorer 6 from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral.
September 15 – Russian probe Luna 3 sends back first photos of the far side of Earth's Moon.
September 19 – Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison establish the scientific rationale for SETI with the publishing of their seminal paper "Searching for Interstellar Communications" in Nature.
November 24 – Yardymli meteorite makes a landfall in Azerbaijan.
December 4 – Little Joe 2, a mission in the Mercury program, carries Sam the monkey into space.
Coma Berenicids discovered.^[1]
First successful test of a nuclear thermal rocket engine, as part of Project Rover at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States under Raemer Schreiber.^[2]

Biology

January 1 – Cultivars of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language, not in Latin.
March 26 – Jersey Zoo (now Durrell Wildlife Park) established by Gerald Durrell.
August 8 – Min Chueh Chang reports the first mammals, a litter of rabbits, grown from ova having undergone in vitro fertilisation and transferred to a surrogate mother.^[3]^[4]

Chemistry

B. J. Davis and Leonard Ornstein first describe the use of acrylamide in gel electrophoresis at a scientific meeting.^[5]

Computer science

October – Martin Gardner presents the Three Prisoners problem in probability theory.^[6]^[7]
December – The specification for the programming language COBOL is completed.
IBM ship the transistor-based IBM 1401 mainframe.
Edsger W. Dijkstra rediscovers 'Prim's algorithm'.

History of science

Society for the History of Technology begins publication of the journal Technology and Culture.

Mathematics

Kenkichi Iwasawa initiates Iwasawa theory.^[8]

Medicine

July – The medical research group studying Minamata disease comes to the conclusion that mercury is the cause.^[9]
Joseph Murray performs the world's first successful allotransplantation.^[10]
Georges Mathé, a French oncologist, performs the first bone marrow transplant on five Yugoslavian nuclear workers whose own marrow has been damaged by intense irradiation caused by a criticality accident at the Vinča Nuclear Institute, but all of these transplants are rejected.^[11]^[12]^[13]
First known case of human HIV, in the Belgian Congo.^[14]

Physics

Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm predict the Aharonov–Bohm effect.

Technology

June 9 – The USS George Washington is launched at Groton, Connecticut, as the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles (December 30 – commissioned).
Agfa introduces the first fully automatic camera, the Optima.
Eveready Battery engineer Lewis Urry invents the long-lasting alkaline battery.
Gordon Gould publishes the term Laser.^[15]
Pilkington Brothers patent the float glass process invented by Alastair Pilkington.^[16]

Events

May 7 – English scientist and novelist C. P. Snow delivers an influential Rede Lecture on The Two Cultures, concerning a perceived breakdown of communication between the sciences and humanities, in the Senate House, University of Cambridge. It is subsequently published as The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Emilio Gino Segrè, – Owen Chamberlain
- Chemistry – Jaroslav Heyrovský
- Medicine – Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg

Births

March 9 – Takaaki Kajita, Japanese nuclear physicist (Nobel Prize in Physics 2015).
August 3 – Koichi Tanaka, Japanese chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002).
August 29 – Stephen Wolfram, British-born mathematician.
September 22 – Saul Perlmutter, American astrophysicist (Nobel Prize in Physics 2011).
December 25 – Michael P. Anderson (died 2003), American astronaut.

Deaths

January 21 – Frances Gertrude McGill (born 1877), Canadian forensic pathologist.
February 15 – Sir Owen Richardson (born 1879), English physicist (Nobel Prize in Physics 1928).
June 9 – Adolf Windaus (born 1876) German chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928).
September 30 – Ross Granville Harrison (born 1870), American physiologist.
October 29 – Samuel James Cameron (born 1878), Scottish obstetrician.
November 15 – C. T. R. Wilson (born 1869), Scottish physicist (Nobel Prize in Physics 1927).

Organisations

Austria joins CERN.

References

^ "Coma Berenicids". Meteor Showers Online. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
^ Pace, Eric (31 December 1998). "R. E. Schreiber, 88, Nuclear Bomb Physicist". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ Chang, M. C. (1959). "Fertilization of Rabbit Ova in vitro" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4684): 466–67. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..466C. doi:10.1038/184466a0. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ Greep, Roy O. (1991). "Min Chueh Chang". Biographical Memoirs. United States National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ "Disc Electrophoresis". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^ Gardner, Martin (October 1959). "Mathematical Games: Problems involving questions of probability and ambiguity" (PDF). Scientific American. 201 (4): 174–182. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1059-174. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ Gardner, Martin (November 1959). "Mathematical Games: How three modern mathematicians disproved a celebrated conjecture of Leonhard Euler" (PDF). Scientific American. 201 (5): 188. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1159-181. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1959). "On Γ-extensions of algebraic number fields". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 65 (4): 183–226. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1959-10317-7. ISSN 0002-9904. MR 0124316. Zbl 0089.02402.
^ "Minamata disease". United Nations University. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
^ Machado, Calixto (2005). "The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor". Neurology. 64 (11): 1938–42. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000163515.09793.cb.
^ McLaughlin, Thomas P.; et al. (May 2000). "A Review of Criticality Accidents" (PDF). CSRIC. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Radiation doses were intense, being estimated at 205, 320, 410, 415, 422, and 433 rem.74 Of the six persons present, one died and the other five recovered after severe cases of radiation sickness.
^ Johnston, Wm. Robert (2005-09-14). "Vinca reactor accident, 1958". Database of radiological incidents and related events – Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
^ Martin, Douglas (2010-10-20). "Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
^ Pence, G. E. (2008). "Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS". Medical Ethics: Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 330.
^ Gould, R. Gordon (1959). "The LASER, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". In Franken, P.A. and Sands, R.H. (Eds.) (ed.). The Ann Arbor Conference on Optical Pumping, the University of Michigan, 15 June through 18 June 1959. p. 128. OCLC 02460155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
^ Challoner, Jack, ed. (2009). 1001 Inventions That Changed the World. London: Cassell. p. 754. ISBN 978-1-84403-611-0.

[1] "Coma Berenicids". Meteor Showers Online. Retrieved 2011-11-08.

[2] Pace, Eric (31 December 1998). "R. E. Schreiber, 88, Nuclear Bomb Physicist". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-04.

[3] Chang, M. C. (1959). "Fertilization of Rabbit Ova in vitro" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4684): 466–67. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..466C. doi:10.1038/184466a0. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[4] Greep, Roy O. (1991). "Min Chueh Chang". Biographical Memoirs. United States National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[5] "Disc Electrophoresis". Retrieved 2011-10-16.

[6] Gardner, Martin (October 1959). "Mathematical Games: Problems involving questions of probability and ambiguity" (PDF). Scientific American. 201 (4): 174–182. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1059-174. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[7] Gardner, Martin (November 1959). "Mathematical Games: How three modern mathematicians disproved a celebrated conjecture of Leonhard Euler" (PDF). Scientific American. 201 (5): 188. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1159-181. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[8] Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1959). "On Γ-extensions of algebraic number fields". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 65 (4): 183–226. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1959-10317-7. ISSN 0002-9904. MR 0124316. Zbl 0089.02402.

[9] "Minamata disease". United Nations University. Retrieved 2010-10-17.

[10] Machado, Calixto (2005). "The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor". Neurology. 64 (11): 1938–42. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000163515.09793.cb.

[11] McLaughlin, Thomas P.; et al. (May 2000). "A Review of Criticality Accidents" (PDF). CSRIC. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Radiation doses were intense, being estimated at 205, 320, 410, 415, 422, and 433 rem.74 Of the six persons present, one died and the other five recovered after severe cases of radiation sickness.

[12] Johnston, Wm. Robert (2005-09-14). "Vinca reactor accident, 1958". Database of radiological incidents and related events – Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 2012-07-02.

[13] Martin, Douglas (2010-10-20). "Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88". The New York Times.

[14] Pence, G. E. (2008). "Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS". Medical Ethics: Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 330.

[15] Gould, R. Gordon (1959). "The LASER, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". In Franken, P.A. and Sands, R.H. (Eds.) (ed.). The Ann Arbor Conference on Optical Pumping, the University of Michigan, 15 June through 18 June 1959. p. 128. OCLC 02460155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[16] Challoner, Jack, ed. (2009). 1001 Inventions That Changed the World. London: Cassell. p. 754. ISBN 978-1-84403-611-0.

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