2010 Pichilemu earthquakes

Coordinates: 34°18′04″S 72°07′48″W / 34.301°S 72.13°W / -34.301; -72.13
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2010 Pichilemu earthquake
Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010
House damaged by the Pichilemu earthquake, in the epicentre town, as seen on 16 April 2011.
Pichilemu earthquake shakemap produced by the United States Geological Survey
UTC time??
Magnitude6.9 Mw[1][2]
6.3 ML[2]
Depth33.1 kilometres (20.6 mi)*[2]
EpicenterPichilemu, Chile
34°18′04″S 72°07′48″W / 34.301°S 72.13°W / -34.301; -72.13[2]
Areas affectedChile
Argentina
Max. intensityMM X
Peak acceleration0.086g (Curicó, Maule)[3]
TsunamiSmall tsunami
Casualties1 dead

The 2010 Pichilemu earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010), also known as the Libertador O'Higgins earthquake, was a 6.9 MW intraplate earthquake that struck Chile's O'Higgins Region on 11 March 2010. The earthquake was centred 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the city of Pichilemu, according to the University of Chile Seismological Service.

The earthquake was caused by increased regional stress arising from an earthquake on 27 February, centered offshore Maule Region, which was felt throughout central Chile. The 11 March earthquake was at first thought to be an aftershock from the 27 February event, but University of Chile Seismologist Jaime Campos identified it as an "independent earthquake". The Hawaii-based Pacific Tsunami Warning Center pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the epicentre, although only small waves were seen in the Pichilemu area. One person was reported dead. At least eleven aftershocks immediately followed, causing panic throughout coastal towns between the Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions.

The earthquake was specially destructive in the epicentre town, Pichilemu, capital of Cardenal Caro Province. The city hosts five National Monuments of Chile, of which two, the Agustín Ross Park and the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, were seriously damaged by the earthquake. It also damaged the villages of La Aguada and Cardonal de Panilonco. Rancagua, the capital of O'Higgins Region, was also damaged, leading President Sebastián Piñera to declare a catastrophe state in O'Higgins Region.

Background

Nearly all of the territory of Chile is subject to earthquakes, arising from strains in the subducting Nazca and South American Plates or shallow strike-slip faults. The subduction zone along the Chilean coast produced the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.[4] Some earthquakes which occurred near the epicentre of the 11 March 2010 event are the 1985 Algarrobo and Pichilemu (or Lago Rapel) earthquakes.[5]

On 27 February 2010, a strong earthquake, which reached a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale, hit central Chile. The earthquake occurred in the region of the plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates, offshore Maule Region. The earthquake produced a tsunami which caused great damage in cities and towns along the Chilean coast;[6] Pichilemu was "devastated" after the earthquake and tsunami struck.[7]

The 6.9 earthquake of 11 March 2010 occurred two weeks after the 27 February event.[8] Chilean seismologists, including Sergio Barrientos from the University of Chile Seismological Service, were worried about the "absence of an earthquake around magnitude 7 following the February 27 quake."[9] Two foreshocks of the 11 March event occurred on 5 March: one reached magnitude 5.7, and the other magnitude 5.2; both were felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions.[10]

Geology

The Pichilemu earthquake was caused by the change in regional stress from the 27 February earthquake. Preliminary analyses by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) of the 11 March earthquake locations and seismic-wave radiation patterns suggested that the event resulted from normal faulting within the subducting Nazca plate or the overriding South America plate, unlike the 27 February earthquake, which occurred as thrust faulting on the interface between the two plates.[1] Later in 2010, University of Chile Seismologist Sergio Barrientos stated that the earthquake was produced inside the South American plate.[11] While news media reported the earthquake as an aftershock of the February earthquake in Chile,[8][12] a preliminary geological summary issued by the USGS considered it to be an independent earthquake,[1] a conclusion which seismologist Jaime Campos of the University of Chile also reached.[13][14]

Seismic hazard near the epicentre of the earthquake.

The earthquake has been given three different locations: the University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile) stated that the event occurred 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Pichilemu, at a depth of 33.1 kilometres (20.6 mi);[2][15][16] the United States Geological Service reported the earthquake occurred 105 kilometres (65 mi) west of Rancagua, capital of O'Higgins Region, at a depth of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi); and local online newspaper Pichilemu News reported the earthquake occurred 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Pichilemu, between the villages of Panilonco and La Aguada, and reached a moment magnitude of 7.2.[17]

On 15 March 2010, seismologist Mario Pardo from the University of Chile Seismological Service ruled out that Pichilemu was experiencing a seismic swarm, after public concerns about the continued aftershocks in the area;[18] as of that date, more than 50 aftershocks had occurred in the area, the strongest of them measuring 6.7 in the moment magnitude scale, minutes after the initial quake.[19] From the pattern of aftershocks, it has been suggested that this earthquake originated from rupture along a previously unknown geological fault, the Pichilemu Fault, between Pichilemu and the commune of Vichuquén in Maule Region, at 15 km depth, 40 km in length and 20 km wide.[20][21] At first it was not known whether this fault was formed during the earthquake or if it was just reactivated,[21][22] however geologist José Cembrano from the University of Chile affirmed that "[the fault] corresponds to a long life fault, in a million years time, whose activity had not been detected before."[21][23]

In a 2012 publication titled Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone, it was stated that, in total, 10,000 aftershocks were located in the Pichilemu area for the first six months after the mainshock; this pronounced crustal aftershock activity with mainly normal faulting mechanisms found in approximately a 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide region, with sharp inclined borders and oriented oblique to the trench.[21]

Reaction

Army personnel at La Cruz Hill, Pichilemu, shortly after the earthquake occurred.

The earthquake took place minutes before the new President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, was sworn in, at about 12:15 local time (15:15 UTC), at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso, where the shaking was clearly felt.[24] The presidents of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay were also present, but television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted;[25] however, it was reported the ceremony was "speeded," as Piñera cancelled the ceremonial lunch with his visitors and traveled to Rancagua, one of the cities most affected by the earthquake.[17]

A Pacific-wide tsunami warning was not issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the epicentre, roughly the area between La Serena and Concepción.[26] Half an hour after the earthquake, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada, SHOA) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions, as a way of "keeping people protected" against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis.[17][27][28] President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami.[28] Following the tsunami alert, thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to La Cruz Hill, some staying for several days,[29][30] and received advice from members of the Army.[31] People from the village of Cáhuil stayed at Cordón.[32] The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around 15:50 local time (18:50 UTC).[33]

President Piñera declared a catastrophe state in O'Higgins Region as a result of the earthquake, and appointed Army General Antonio Yackcich as Area Commander in Chief (Jefe de Plaza) for the region, while he was visiting Rancagua that day.[34][35]

Damage and casualties

The Agustín Ross Park balustres were destroyed after the earthquake.

At Pichilemu, the epicentre town, the earthquake destroyed the balustres surrounding Agustín Ross Park, damaged severely the recently re-inaugurated Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, and the Espinillo, and Rodeillo villages.[32][36] The earthquake was accompanied by "great noise," according to witnesses from the Pichilemu villages of Cardonal de Panilonco and La Aguada;[17] most of the already damaged buildings in La Aguada fell down, including the local church. The road to Cardonal de Panilonco was damaged, and many houses built with adobe did not resist the shaking.[37] The mayor of Rancagua, Eduardo Soto, reported severe damage to homes in the town.[38] The old Basílica del Salvador in Santiago, which was damaged during the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake and was never repaired, suffered additional damage.[39] The earthquake was also reported to have been felt in Mendoza,[40] Bariloche, Córdoba, San Rafael, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Asunción.[41][42]

According to a preliminary report by the National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry (Oficina Nacional de Emergencias del Ministerio del Interior, ONEMI) on 11 March 2010, only 'small waves, without any [special] kind of characteristics' were seen in the area surrounding Pichilemu,[43] while the USGS reported a small tsunami, with sea wave heights of 16 centimetres (0.525 ft) at Valparaíso, and 29 centimetres (0.951 ft) at San Antonio.[1] Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter reported strong waves in Pichilemu[44] and Bucalemu.[45] The Santa Julia overpass located between Rancagua and Graneros collapsed,[43] and part of the Pan-American highway was damaged.[45] A power outage affected Pichilemu for two days, beginning right after the earthquake struck,[46] and there were partial power outages in Mostazal, San Fernando and Peumo.[43]

One person died of a heart attack during the earthquake in Talca, Maule Region.[47] A United States Geological Survey summary of the earthquake reported damage at Rancagua,[1] 177 kilometers southwest of Pichilemu.[48] Relief efforts for the 27 February earthquake stalled for about six hours because of the constant aftershocks.[45]

Aftershocks

Several buildings in Pichilemu were damaged after the earthquake and its aftershocks.

Following the main shock, there were two aftershocks of magnitude 6 or greater. The first of them occurred at 11:55 local time (14:55 UTC), fifteen minutes after the initial quake, and was centered in the commune of La Estrella, Cardenal Caro Province, at a depth of 18.0 kilometres (11.2 mi), reaching a magnitude of 6.7; another aftershock, of magnitude 6.0, took place eleven minutes later, at 12:06 local time (15:06 UTC), this time centered in Pichilemu, at a depth of 29.3 kilometres (18.2 mi).[42] In total, there were ten aftershocks within the six hours after the 6.9 magnitude earthquake, two of magnitude 6 or greater, and seven between 5 and 6.[49]

Almost two months later, on 2 May 2010, an aftershock of magnitude 5.8 MW struck the Chilean O'Higgins Region, at 10:52 am local time (14:52 UTC). The aftershock was centered 44 kilometres (27 mi) southwest of Navidad, and occurred at a depth of 32.9 kilometres (20 mi), according to the University of Chile Seismological Service.[50] The National Emergencies Office (ONEMI) reported that the aftershock was felt most strongly in Talca, 258 kilometres (160 mi) south of Santiago, and that there were no casualties, only some telephone lines had collapsed.[51] Six other aftershocks subsequently hit the Pichilemu area that day.[52] The United States Geological Survey measured the aftershock with a magnitude of 5.9.[53]

A further aftershock of the Pichilemu earthquake occurred on 29 September 2010 at 12:29 local time (16:29 UTC).[54] It reached magnitude 5.6, and its epicentre was centered 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southwest of Lolol,[54] 43 kilometres (27 mi) southwest of Santa Cruz,[55][56] at a depth of 50 kilometres (31 mi).[54][55] Telephone lines collapsed in O'Higgins Region. No infrastructural damage or casualties was reported. The aftershock was felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions. The event reached Mercalli V intensity in Rancagua, Navidad, Talca, Curicó, amid other cities and towns.[54]

As of February 2013, there have been about 8,500 aftershocks of the Chilean February and March 2010 earthquakes according to the University of Chile Seismological Service, with most taking place in the proximities of Pichilemu. Seismologist Sergio Ruiz said that "a significant number of aftershocks" will take place at least until 2015.[57]

See also

References

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  51. ^ "Sismo de 5.9 grados en Chile" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Día. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Seis sismos se han percibido este domingo en el sector de Pichilemu" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "Shakemap us2010vubl". United States Geological Survey. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ a b c d "Sismo de mediana intensidad entre regiones de Valparaíso y Maule" (in Spanish). National Emergencies Office of Chile. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ a b "Informe de sismo sensible" (in Spanish). University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio de Sismología de la Universidad de Chile). 2 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "Chile: el sismo fue de 5,9 grados" (in Spanish). BBC News. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ "Terremoto del 27/F ha tenido 8.500 réplicas en Chile". La Nación (in Spanish). Empresa Periodistica La Nación S.A. 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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