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Beachwood, New Jersey

Coordinates: 39°55′42″N 74°12′08″W / 39.928405°N 74.202189°W / 39.928405; -74.202189
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Beachwood, New Jersey
Borough of Beachwood
Map of Beachwood in Ocean County. Inset: Location of Ocean County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Map of Beachwood in Ocean County. Inset: Location of Ocean County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Census Bureau map of Beachwood, New Jersey
Census Bureau map of Beachwood, New Jersey
Coordinates: 39°55′42″N 74°12′08″W / 39.928405°N 74.202189°W / 39.928405; -74.202189[1][2]
Country United States
State New Jersey
County Ocean
IncorporatedApril 12, 1917
Government
 • TypeBorough
 • BodyBorough Council
 • MayorRonald F. Roma Jr. (R, term ends December 31, 2023)[3][4]
 • Municipal clerkSusan Minock[5]
Area
 • Total
2.76 sq mi (7.16 km2)
 • Land2.76 sq mi (7.16 km2)
 • Water<0.01 sq mi (<0.01 km2)  0.04%
 • Rank358th of 565 in state
17th of 33 in county[1]
Elevation62 ft (19 m)
Population
 • Total
11,045
 • Estimate 
(2019)[12]
11,312
 • Rank222nd of 566 in state
12th of 33 in county[13]
 • Density3,878.4/sq mi (1,497.5/km2)
  • Rank158th of 566 in state
4th of 33 in county[13]
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))
ZIP Code
Area code(s)732/848
FIPS code3402904180[1][16][17]
GNIS feature ID0885153[1][18]
Websitewww.beachwoodusa.com

Beachwood is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population increased to 11,045,[9][10][11] reflecting an increase of 670 (+6.5%) from the 10,375 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,051 (+11.3%) from the 9,324 counted in the 1990 Census.[19] the highest recorded in any decennial census.

Beachwood was incorporated as a Borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 22, 1917, from portions of Berkeley Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 12, 1917.[20]

History

What is now the borough of Beachwood dates its settlement to a 1914 plan backed by the publishers of the New-York Tribune, under which 1,763 acres (7.13 km2) of Berkeley Township were purchased and sectioned off as a summer colony called "Beachwood". Buyers paid $19.60 for a plot of land measuring 20 by 100 feet (6.1 m × 30.5 m) and received a six-month subscription to The Tribune as a bonus. The first residents of the community moved in during April 1915, and work on a Club House, the Pier, the Bath House, the Lodge, a dining hall and a railroad station were planned to be completed by the end of May. Other offerings within the development included tennis courts, and facilities along the beach and on the river for canoeing, sailing and swimming. The first "cottages" in the community were constructed during that first summer season.[21]

A Property-Owner's Association was established in 1916. In addition to overseeing local services within the development, the organization also advocated that the community should become an independent municipality.[21] Legislation was passed by the Legislature on March 22, 1917, and a referendum approving the establishment of the borough passed on April 12.[20] On May 11, the borough's first council was elected, along with Joseph H. Senior, who was chosen by the voters as Beachwood's first mayor. A Board of Education was formed the following year, with school transportation provided on the back of a truck outfitted with wooden benches.[21]

In December 2008, the Beachwood Historical Alliance was established, with the goal of the creation of an official town-run Preservation Commission for the purpose of recognizing, restoring and preserving aspects of Beachwood's formation, history and heritage.[22]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.76 square miles (7.16 km2), including 2.76 square miles (7.16 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km2) of water (0.04%).[1][2]

The borough borders the Ocean County municipalities of Berkeley Township, Pine Beach and South Toms River.[23][24][25]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
192020
19303941,870.0%
194065065.0%
19501,25192.5%
19602,765121.0%
19704,39058.8%
19807,68775.1%
19909,32421.3%
200010,37511.3%
201011,0456.5%
2019 (est.)11,312[12][26][27]2.4%
Population sources:1920-2000[28]
1920[29] 1920-1930[30] 1930-1990[31]
2000[32][33] 2010[8][9][10][11]

2010 Census

Template:USCensusDemographics

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $78,611 (with a margin of error of +/− $5,668) and the median family income was $83,083 (+/− $4,210). Males had a median income of $58,981 (+/− $3,686) versus $46,632 (+/− $5,031) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,366 (+/− $1,915). About 5.2% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.[34]

2000 Census

As of the 2000 United States Census[16] there were 10,375 people, 3,475 households, and 2,818 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,757.3 people per square mile (1,451.4/km2). There were 3,623 housing units at an average density of 1,312.1 per square mile (506.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.66% White, 0.97% African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.11% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.22% of the population.[32][33]

There were 3,475 households, out of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.31.[32][33]

In the borough the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.[32][33]

The median income for a household in the borough was $59,022, and the median income for a family was $64,190. Males had a median income of $41,204 versus $30,189 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,247. About 2.9% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.[32][33]

Government

Local government

Beachwood was originally governed under the Walsh Act commission form of government, which was maintained until the mid-1970s.[35] Beachwood is now governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey.[36] The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle.[6] The Borough form of government used by Beachwood is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.[37][38]

As of 2020, the Mayor of Beachwood is Republican Ronald F. Roma Jr., whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Beachwood Borough Council are Council President Edward Zakar (R, 2022), William J. Cairns (R, 2021), Beverly Clayton (R, 2021), Gregory Feeney (R, 2020), Steven Komsa (R, 2020) and Gerald (Jerry) LaCrosse (R, 2022), .[3][39][40][41][42][43][44]

Bill Cairns was appointed to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2015 of Thomas Miserendino, who died in office in June 2015.[45]

Federal, state and county representation

Beachwood is located in the 3rd Congressional District[46] and is part of New Jersey's 9th state legislative district.[10][47][48]

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 3rd congressional district is currently vacant following the resignation of Andy Kim (D, Moorestown).[49][50] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Andy Kim (Moorestown, term ends 2031).[51][52]

For the 2024-2025 session, the 9th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Carmen Amato (R, Lacey Township) and in the General Assembly by Greg Myhre (R, Stafford Township) and Brian E. Rumpf (R, Little Egg Harbor Township).[53]

Template:NJ Ocean County Freeholders

Politics

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,714 registered voters in Beachwood, of which 1,329 (19.8%) were registered as Democrats, 1,661 (24.7%) were registered as Republicans and 3,718 (55.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties.[54] Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 60.8% (vs. 63.2% in Ocean County) were registered to vote, including 81.5% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 82.6% countywide).[54][55]

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 51.9% of the vote (2,264 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 47.0% (2,048 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (48 votes), among the 4,397 ballots cast by the borough's 6,979 registered voters (37 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.0%.[56][57] In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 51.5% of the vote (2,610 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 46.2% (2,342 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (68 votes), among the 5,064 ballots cast by the borough's 7,008 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.3%.[58] In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 58.9% of the vote (2,755 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 40.0% (1,869 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (38 votes), among the 4,676 ballots cast by the borough's 6,492 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 72.0.[59]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 71.4% of the vote (2,064 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 27.1% (782 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (43 votes), among the 2,960 ballots cast by the borough's 6,897 registered voters (71 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.9%.[60][61] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 64.3% of the vote (2,169 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 27.8% (937 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.2% (175 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (57 votes), among the 3,375 ballots cast by the borough's 6,933 registered voters, yielding a 48.7% turnout.[62]

Education

Public school students in kindergarten through twelfth grade attend the Toms River Regional Schools, a regional public school system based primarily in Toms River Township that is the state's largest suburban district. In addition to students from Toms River, the district also serves the boroughs of Beachwood, Pine Beach and South Toms River.[63] As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 18 schools, had an enrollment of 15,472 students and 1,171.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1.[64] Students in kindergarten through 5th grades attend either Beachwood Elementary School in Beachwood or Pine Beach Elementary in the neighboring community of Pine Beach. Intermediate school students attend Toms River Intermediate School South in Beachwood for grades 6–8. High school students attend Toms River High School South in Toms River Township for grades 9–12. The district's board of education has nine members; seats are allocated based on population, with one seat allocated to Beachwood.[65]

Transportation

The northbound Garden State Parkway in Beachwood

Roads and highways

As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 57.09 miles (91.88 km) of roadways, of which 44.82 miles (72.13 km) were maintained by the municipality, 9.30 miles (14.97 km) by Ocean County and 1.49 miles (2.40 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 1.48 miles (2.38 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[66]

The Garden State Parkway passes through the borough, connecting Berkeley Township in the south to South Toms River in the north.[67]

Public transportation

NJ Transit offers local bus service to and from Atlantic City on the 559 route.[68]

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Beachwood include:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020.
  2. ^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Our Elected Officials, Borough of Beachwood. Accessed April 12, 2020.
  4. ^ 2020 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  5. ^ Our Department Contacts, Borough of Beachwood. Accessed March 15, 2018.
  6. ^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 49.
  7. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Borough of Beachwood, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 4, 2013.
  8. ^ a b 2010 Census: Ocean County, Asbury Park Press. Accessed June 3, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Beachwood borough, Ocean County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 11, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d Municipalities Sorted by 2011-2020 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Egg Harbor township Archived 2014-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed May 11, 2012.
  12. ^ a b QuickFacts for Beachwood borough, New Jersey; Ocean County, New Jersey; New Jersey from Population estimates, July 1, 2019, (V2019), United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  13. ^ a b GCT-PH1 Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 11, 2012.
  14. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Beachwood, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed May 11, 2012.
  15. ^ ZIP Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed August 25, 2013.
  16. ^ a b U.S. Census website , United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  17. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  18. ^ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  19. ^ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  20. ^ a b Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 201. Accessed May 11, 2012.
  21. ^ a b c Perry, Ruth. Fifty Years of Beachwood, 1917 - 1967 Archived 2012-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, Borough of Beachwood, 1967. Accessed at the website of the Beachwood Historical Alliance, August 20, 2013.
  22. ^ Home Page, Beachwood Historical Alliance. Accessed October 29, 2016.
  23. ^ Areas touching Beachwood, MapIt. Accessed March 6, 2020.
  24. ^ Ocean County Map, Coalition for a Healthy NJ. Accessed March 6, 2020.
  25. ^ New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019.
  26. ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  27. ^ Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2020.
  28. ^ Barnett, Bob. Population Data for Ocean County Municipalities, 1850 - 2000, WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  29. ^ Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed August 25, 2013.
  30. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 718. Accessed December 25, 2012. Listed as Barnegat City.
  31. ^ New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network. Accessed June 28, 2015.
  32. ^ a b c d e Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Beachwood borough, New Jersey Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  33. ^ a b c d e DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Beachwood borough, Ocean County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  34. ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Beachwood borough, Ocean County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  35. ^ The History of Beachwood, NJ, Borough of Beachwood. Accessed June 3, 2011.
  36. ^ Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011. Accessed November 18, 2019.
  37. ^ Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask" Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014.
  38. ^ "Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey", p. 6. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 3, 2015.
  39. ^ 2019 Municipal Data Sheet, Borough of Beachwood. Accessed April 12, 2020.
  40. ^ 2020 Ocean County & Municipal Elected Officials, Ocean County, New Jersey Clerk, updated March 2, 2020. Accessed April 12, 2020.
  41. ^ Borough of Beachwood, Ocean County, New Jersey. Accessed April 12, 2020.
  42. ^ 2019 General Election Official Results November 5, 2019, Ocean County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 15, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020.
  43. ^ 2018 General Election Official Results November 6, 2018, Ocean County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 19, 2018. Accessed January 1, 2019.
  44. ^ 2017 General Election Official Results November 7, 2017, Ocean County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 15, 2017. Accessed January 1, 2018.
  45. ^ Staff. "Tom Miserendino, Beachwood Fire Chief & Councilman, 1944 – 2015" Archived August 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Riverside Signal, June 8, 2015. Accessed August 9, 2015. "This week the borough mourns the passing of Thomas D. Miserendino, former and sitting borough councilman, ex-chief of the Beachwood Vol. Fire Company (noted as the company's longest-serving chief and also member since 1971, the year he moved to Beachwood), Vietnam war veteran and Navy Senior Chief, who passed away Thursday, June 4th at the age of 71."
  46. ^ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020.
  47. ^ 2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed October 30, 2019.
  48. ^ Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  49. ^ Coyne, Kevin. "Garden Variey Q&A: Andy Kim", New Jersey Monthly, May 2021. Accessed April 25, 2023. "Grew up in Marlton and Cherry Hill; Lives in Moorestown"
  50. ^ https://www.politico.com/news/2024/12/08/new-jersey-andy-kim-senate-00193194
  51. ^ U.S. Sen. Cory Booker cruises past Republican challenger Rik Mehta in New Jersey, PhillyVoice. Accessed April 30, 2021. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
  52. ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/andy-kim-new-jersey-senate/
  53. ^ Legislative Roster for District 9, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 9, 2024.
  54. ^ a b Voter Registration Summary - Ocean, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  55. ^ GCT-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  56. ^ "Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Ocean County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  57. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Ocean County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  58. ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Ocean County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  59. ^ 2004 Presidential Election: Ocean County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  60. ^ "Governor - Ocean County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  61. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Ocean County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  62. ^ 2009 Governor: Ocean County Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  63. ^ Toms River Regional School District 2015 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed July 11, 2016. "Toms River Regional is the largest suburban school district in the state, with a population of approximately 16,000 students learning in a pre-kindergarten early learning center, twelve elementary schools, three intermediate schools and three high schools. Despite its size, the district takes enormous pride in providing a neighborhood school concept with high-quality educational programs, facilities, and services for students from our four sending towns of Beachwood, Pine Beach, South Toms River, and Toms River."
  64. ^ District information for Toms River Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  65. ^ Board of Education, Toms River Regional Schools. Accessed March 6, 2020. "The Toms River Board of Education is comprised of nine members. Six are elected from Toms River Township, and one each from the Boroughs of Pine Beach, Beachwood and South Toms River."
  66. ^ Ocean County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 18, 2014.
  67. ^ Garden State Parkway Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, January 1997. Accessed October 20, 2014.
  68. ^ Ocean County Bus / Rail Connections, NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 26, 2010. Accessed December 25, 2012.
  69. ^ Wiedenfeld, David A.; and Carriker, Melbourne R. "In Memoriam: Melbourne Armstrong Carriker Jr., 1879-1965", The Auk, January 2007. Accessed July 26, 2016. "So Vista Nieve was sold, and the Carriker family moved to Beachwood, New Jersey. Times were hard for the family for the next year and a half. While waiting for the position to open at the academy, Carriker—a skilled carpenter—worked in that trade as a contractor, and was active in local politics."
  70. ^ via Associated Press. "Spitzer call girl sues 'Girls Gone Wild' impresario", Asbury Park Press, April 29, 2008. Accessed April 29, 2008. "Dupre, born Ashley Youmans, lived in Beachwood and Wall while growing up and attended Wall High School."
  71. ^ Clunn, Nicholas. "Project Earns High Marks; Lacey schools rave about renovations", Asbury Park Press, October 1, 2003. Accessed May 11, 2012. "Mark Geiger, a math teacher from Beachwood, said his new classroom in the high school's addition - referred to as the 'West Wing' here - has made teaching a bit easier."
  72. ^ Cronin, Steve. "9th Legislative District / Jeffrey Moran", The Press of Atlantic City, November 6, 1989. Accessed July 26, 2016. "In some ways, it can be said Assemblyman Jeffrey Moran has conducted only one campaign for office. That campaign started when Moran entered the 1985 Republican primary and continues as the Beachwood man now seeks his third term in the lower house."