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118th United States Congress

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For a general discussion of the United States government's legislative branch, see United States Congress.

118th United States Congress
117th ←
→ 119th
A photo of the United States Capitol, with a sunrise in the background.
United States Capitol (2024)
January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2025
Members100 senators
435 representatives
6 non-voting delegates
Senate majorityDemocratic
Senate PresidentKamala Harris (D)
House majorityRepublican
House Speaker
Sessions
1st: January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2024
2nd: January 3, 2024 – present
A small pin held onto an article of clothing with a Congressional seal on it
118th Congress House member pin

The 118th United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2023, and will end on January 3, 2025, during the third and fourth years of President Joe Biden's term in office.

In the 2022 midterm elections, the Republican Party won control of the House 222–213, taking the majority for the first time since the 115th Congress, while the Democratic Party gained one seat in the Senate, where they already had effective control, and giving them a 51–49-seat majority (with a caucus of 48 Democrats and three independents).[b] With Republicans winning the House, the 118th Congress ended the federal government trifecta Democrats held in the 117th.[1]

This congress also features the first female Senate president pro tempore (Patty Murray), the first Black party leader (Hakeem Jeffries) in congressional history, and the longest-serving Senate party leaders (Mitch McConnell and Dick Durbin).[c] The Senate has the highest number of Independent members in a single Congress since the ratification of the 17th Amendment after Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an Independent.[2]

The 118th Congress has been characterized as a uniquely ineffectual Congress, with its most notable events pointing towards political dysfunction.[3] The intense gridlock, particularly in the Republican-controlled House, where the Republican Conference's majority was often undercut by internal disputes amongst its members,[4] resulted in it passing the lowest number of laws for the first year of session since the Richard Nixon administration, and possibly ever.[5] This resulted in the need for a legislative coalition to pass key legislation allowing the minority to exercise powers usually reserved for the majority. The fractuous session demotivated many veteran legislators, with five committee chairs amongst the dozens declaring resignations before the end of the session, three of whom were eligible to reprise their positions if the Republican Party retained their majority for 2025.[6] A higher-than-average number of retiring lawmakers were those attempting to pass bipartisan and collaborative legislation.[7] Two complete discharge petitions were filed in late 2024, both Republican-led with majority Democratic support, demonstrating a trend towards bucking leadership and lack of party discipline;[8] such a gambit was last successful in 2015 to support the Export–Import Bank.

The Congress began with a multi-ballot election for Speaker of the House, which had not happened since the 68th Congress in 1923. Kevin McCarthy was eventually elected speaker on the 15th ballot. After relying on bipartisan votes to get out of a debt ceiling crisis and government shutdown threats, McCarthy became the first speaker to ever be removed from the role during a legislative session on October 3, 2023.[9] Following three failed attempts by various representatives to fill the post, on October 25, Mike Johnson was elected as speaker. Johnson would advance four more bipartisan continuing resolutions from November into March to avoid shutdowns.[10][11] Congress finalized the 2024 United States federal budget on March 23, 2024, through two separate minibus packages.[12] Following a contentious foreign-aid vote, a motion to remove Johnson from the speakership was defeated in a bipartisan vote.[13]

Partisan disciplinary actions have also increased. With the expulsion of New York Representative George Santos from the House in December 2023 over the opposition of the Speaker, this was the first congress since the 107th in which a member was expelled, and the first ever in which a Republican was. There was also an increase of censures passed in the House,[14] being the first congress with multiple censures since the 1983 congressional page sex scandal and the most in one year since 1870. In December 2023, House Republicans authorized an impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden,[15] followed by the impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas in February 2024, the first time a cabinet secretary has been the target of impeachment proceedings since William W. Belknap in 1876, and only the second such cabinet impeachment in history.[16][17] The charges were dismissed by the Senate, the first time the Senate dismissed impeachment articles without trial after the reading.[18]

Major events

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President Biden during his 2023 State of the Union Address with Vice President Kamala Harris and then House Speaker Kevin McCarthy
President Biden during his 2024 State of the Union Address with Vice President Harris and House Speaker Mike Johnson
Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida addressing a joint session of Congress with Vice President Harris and House Speaker Mike Johnson
Wikinews has related news:
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses a joint session of Congress with House Speaker Mike Johnson and Senator Ben Cardin

Major legislation

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Enacted

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Main article: List of acts of the 118th United States Congress

Proposed (but not enacted)

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Main article: List of bills in the 118th United States Congress
House bills
Senate bills

Major resolutions

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Adopted

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Proposed

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Vetoed

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  • H.J.Res. 27: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Revised Definition of 'Waters of the United States'".
  • H.J.Res. 30: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights".
  • H.J.Res. 39: Disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Commerce relating to "Procedures Covering Suspension of Liquidation, Duties and Estimated Duties in Accord With Presidential Proclamation 10414".
  • H.J.Res. 42: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the Comprehensive Policing and Justice Reform Amendment Act of 2022.
  • H.J.Res. 45: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Education relating to "Waivers and Modifications of Federal Student Loans".
  • H.J.Res. 98: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Labor Relations Board relating to "Standard for Determining Joint Employer Status".
  • H.J.Res. 109: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to "Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121".
  • S.J.Res. 11: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards".
  • S.J.Res. 32: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to "Small Business Lending Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B)".
  • S.J.Res. 38: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Federal Highway Administration relating to "Waiver of Buy America Requirements for Electric Vehicle Chargers".

Party summary

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Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section:
Number of members of Congress by age,
118th Congress

Senate

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  • Senate membership
  • May 31, 2024 – present
    May 31, 2024 – present
  • Begin (January 3, 2023 – January 8, 2023)
    Begin (January 3, 2023 – January 8, 2023)
  • January 8, 2023 – January 23, 2023
    January 8, 2023 – January 23, 2023
  • January 23, 2023 – September 29, 2023
    January 23, 2023 – September 29, 2023
  • September 29, 2023 – October 3, 2023
    September 29, 2023 – October 3, 2023
  • October 3, 2023 – May 31, 2024
    October 3, 2023 – May 31, 2024
Overview of Senate membership by party
  Party
(shading shows control)
 Total Vacant
Democratic Independent[d] Republican
End of previous Congress[e] 48 2 50 100 0
Begin (January 3, 2023) 48 3 49 100 0
January 8, 2023[f] 48 99 1
January 23, 2023[f] 49 100 0
September 29, 2023[g] 47 99 1
October 3, 2023[g] 48 100 0
May 31, 2024[h][50] 47 4
August 20, 2024[i] 46 99 1
September 9, 2024[i] 47 100 0
Current voting share 51% 49%  

House of Representatives

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  • House membership
  • June 3, 2024 – present
    June 3, 2024 – present
  • Begin (January 3, 2023 – March 7, 2023)
    Begin (January 3, 2023 – March 7, 2023)
  • March 7, 2023 – May 31, 2023
    March 7, 2023 – May 31, 2023
  • May 31, 2023 – September 15, 2023
    May 31, 2023 – September 15, 2023
  • September 15, 2023 – November 13, 2023
    September 15, 2023 – November 13, 2023
  • November 13, 2023 – November 28, 2023
    November 13, 2023 – November 28, 2023
  • November 28, 2023 – December 1, 2023
    November 28, 2023 – December 1, 2023
  • December 1, 2023 – December 31, 2023
    December 1, 2023 – December 31, 2023
  • December 31, 2023 – January 21, 2024
    December 31, 2023 – January 21, 2024
  • January 21, 2024 – February 2, 2024
    January 21, 2024 – February 2, 2024
  • February 2, 2024 – February 28, 2024
    February 2, 2024 – February 28, 2024
  • February 28, 2024 – March 22, 2024
    February 28, 2024 – March 22, 2024
  • March 22, 2024 – April 20, 2024
    March 22, 2024 – April 20, 2024
  • April 20, 2024 – April 24, 2024
    April 20, 2024 – April 24, 2024
  • April 24, 2024 – May 6, 2024
    April 24, 2024 – May 6, 2024
  • May 6, 2024 – June 3, 2024
    May 6, 2024 – June 3, 2024
Overview of House membership by party
  Party
(shading shows control)
 Total Vacant
Democratic Republican
End of previous Congress 216 213 429 6
Begin (January 3, 2023)[j] 212 222 434 1
March 7, 2023[j] 213 435 0
May 31, 2023[k] 212 434 1
September 15, 2023[l] 221 433 2
November 13, 2023[k] 213 434 1
November 28, 2023[l] 222 435 0
December 1, 2023[m] 221 434 1
December 31, 2023[n] 220 433 2
January 21, 2024[o] 219 432 3
February 2, 2024[p] 212 431 4
February 28, 2024[m] 213 432 3
March 22, 2024[q] 218 431 4
April 20, 2024[r] 217 430 5
April 24, 2024[s] 212 429 6
May 6, 2024[p] 213 430 5
June 3, 2024[n] 218 431 4
June 25, 2024[o] 219 432 3
July 8, 2024[q] 220 433 2
July 19, 2024[t] 212 432 3
August 21, 2024[u] 211 431 4
September 23, 2024[s] 212 432 3
Current voting share 49.1% 50.9%
Non-voting members 3 3[v] 6 0

Leadership

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Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate

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Senate President
Kamala Harris (D)
Senate President pro tempore
Patty Murray (D)

Presiding

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Majority (Democratic)

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Minority (Republican)

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House of Representatives

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House Speaker
Kevin McCarthy
Kevin McCarthy (R),
from January 7 to October 3, 2023
Patrick McHenry
Patrick McHenry (R),
from October 3 to October 25, 2023 (as Speaker pro tempore)
Mike Johnson
Mike Johnson (R),
from October 25, 2023

Presiding

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Majority (Republican)

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Minority (Democratic)

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Members

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Senate

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For year of birth, when first took office, prior background, and education, see List of current United States senators.

The numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 3 seats were contested in the November 2022 elections. In this Congress, class 3 means their term commenced in 2023, requiring re-election in 2028; class 1 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; and class 2 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2026.

House of Representatives

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Further information: List of current members of the United States House of Representatives

All 435 seats were filled by election in November 2022. Additionally, six non-voting members were elected from the American territories and Washington, D.C.[z]

The numbers refer to the congressional district of the given state in this Congress. Eight new congressional districts were created or re-created, while eight others were eliminated, as a result of the 2020 United States census.[aa][ab]

Changes in membership

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Senate changes

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See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate
Senate changes
State
(class) 		Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[ac]
Nebraska
(2) 		Ben Sasse
(R) 		Incumbent resigned January 8, 2023, to become the president of the University of Florida.[47]
Successor was appointed January 12, 2023, to continue the term.[64][ad] 		Pete Ricketts
(R) 		January 23, 2023
California
(1) 		Dianne Feinstein
(D) 		Incumbent died September 29, 2023.[48]
Successor was appointed October 1, 2023, to continue the term.[66] 		Laphonza Butler
(D) 		October 3, 2023
West Virginia
(1) 		Joe Manchin
(D) 		Incumbent changed party May 31, 2024.[39] Joe Manchin
(I) 		May 31, 2024
New Jersey
(1) 		Bob Menendez
(D) 		Incumbent resigned August 20, 2024, due to criminal conviction.[67]
Successor was appointed August 16, 2024, to finish the term ending with this Congress.[68] 		George Helmy
(D) 		September 9, 2024
New Jersey
(1) 		George Helmy
(D) 		Incumbent to resign on or around November 27, 2024, to give successor seniority advantages.[68]
Successor will be appointed having already been elected to the next term. 		TBD
California
(1) 		Laphonza Butler
(D) 		Appointment to expire in late 2024, following a special election.[69]
Successor will be elected November 5, 2024, to finish the term ending with this Congress.[70] 		TBD

House of Representatives changes

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See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives
House changes
District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[ac]
Virginia 4 Vacant Incumbent Donald McEachin (D) died November 28, 2022, before the beginning of this Congress.
A special election was held on February 21, 2023.[71] 		Jennifer McClellan
(D) 		March 7, 2023
Rhode Island 1 David Cicilline
(D) 		Incumbent resigned May 31, 2023, to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation.
A special election was held on November 7, 2023.[54] 		Gabe Amo
(D) 		November 13, 2023
Utah 2 Chris Stewart
(R) 		Incumbent resigned September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues.
A special election was held on November 21, 2023.[56] 		Celeste Maloy
(R) 		November 28, 2023
New York 3 George Santos
(R) 		Incumbent expelled December 1, 2023.[72]
A special election was held on February 13, 2024. 		Tom Suozzi
(D) 		February 28, 2024
California 20 Kevin McCarthy
(R) 		Incumbent resigned December 31, 2023.[73]
A special election was held on May 21, 2024. 		Vince Fong
(R) 		June 3, 2024
Ohio 6 Bill Johnson
(R) 		Incumbent resigned January 21, 2024, to become president of Youngstown State University.[74][75]
A special election was held on June 11, 2024. 		Michael Rulli
(R) 		June 25, 2024
New York 26 Brian Higgins
(D) 		Incumbent resigned February 2, 2024, to become president of Shea's Performing Arts Center.[76]
A special election was held on April 30, 2024.[77] 		Tim Kennedy
(D) 		May 6, 2024
Colorado 4 Ken Buck
(R) 		Incumbent resigned March 22, 2024.[78]
A special election was held on June 25, 2024. 		Greg Lopez
(R) 		July 8, 2024
Wisconsin 8 Mike Gallagher
(R) 		Incumbent resigned on April 20, 2024.[79]
A special election will be held on November 5, 2024.[80] 		TBD
New Jersey 10 Donald Payne Jr.
(D) 		Incumbent died on April 24, 2024.[81]
A special election was held on September 18, 2024. 		LaMonica McIver
(D) 		September 23, 2024
Texas 18 Sheila Jackson Lee
(D) 		Incumbent died on July 19, 2024.[82]
A special election will be held on November 5, 2024. 		TBD
New Jersey 9 Bill Pascrell
(D) 		Incumbent died on August 21, 2024.[83] Vacant until the next Congress

Committees

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Section contents: Senate, House, Joint

Senate committees

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Standing committees

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Main article: List of United States Senate committees
Committee Chair Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) John Boozman (R-AR)
Appropriations Patty Murray (D-WA) Susan Collins (R-ME)
Armed Services Jack Reed (D-RI) Roger Wicker (R-MS)
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Sherrod Brown (D-OH) Tim Scott (R-SC)
Budget Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Commerce, Science and Transportation Maria Cantwell (D-WA) Ted Cruz (R-TX)
Energy and Natural Resources Joe Manchin (I-WV) (Democrat until May 31, 2024) John Barrasso (R-WY)
Environment and Public Works Tom Carper (D-DE) Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV)
Finance Ron Wyden (D-OR) Mike Crapo (R-ID)
Foreign Relations Bob Menendez (D-NJ) until September 22, 2023
Ben Cardin (D-MD) from September 25, 2023 		Jim Risch (R-ID)
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Bill Cassidy (R-LA)
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Gary Peters (D-MI) Rand Paul (R-KY)
Judiciary Dick Durbin (D-IL) Lindsey Graham (R-SC)
Rules and Administration Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Small Business and Entrepreneurship Ben Cardin (D-MD) until September 25, 2023
Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) from September 27, 2023 		Joni Ernst (R-IA)
Veterans' Affairs Jon Tester (D-MT) Jerry Moran (R-KS)

Select, permanent select and special committees

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Main article: List of United States Senate committees
Committee Chair Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Aging (Special) Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Mike Braun (R-IN)
Ethics (Select) Chris Coons (D-DE) James Lankford (R-OK)
Indian Affairs (Permanent Select) Brian Schatz (D-HI) Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
Intelligence (Select) Mark Warner (D-VA) Marco Rubio (R-FL)
International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus) Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)

House of Representatives committees

[edit]
Main article: List of United States House of Representatives committees
Committee Chair Ranking Member
Agriculture Glenn Thompson (R-PA) David Scott (D-GA)
Appropriations Kay Granger (R-TX) until April 10, 2024
Tom Cole (R-OK) from April 10, 2024 		Rosa DeLauro (D-CT)
Armed Services Mike Rogers (R-AL) Adam Smith (D-WA)
Budget Jodey Arrington (R-TX) Brendan Boyle (D-PA)
Education and the Workforce Virginia Foxx (R-NC) Bobby Scott (D-VA)
Energy and Commerce Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA) Frank Pallone (D-NJ)
Ethics Michael Guest (R-MS) Susan Wild (D-PA)
Financial Services Patrick McHenry (R-NC) Maxine Waters (D-CA)
Foreign Affairs Michael McCaul (R-TX) Gregory Meeks (D-NY)
Homeland Security Mark Green (R-TN) Bennie Thompson (D-MS)
House Administration Bryan Steil (R-WI) Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Intelligence (Permanent Select) Mike Turner (R-OH) Jim Himes (D-CT)
Judiciary Jim Jordan (R-OH) Jerry Nadler (D-NY)
Natural Resources Bruce Westerman (R-AR) Raúl Grijalva (D-AZ)
Oversight and Reform James Comer (R-KY) Jamie Raskin (D-MD)
Rules Tom Cole (R-OK) until April 10, 2024
Michael C. Burgess (R-TX) from April 10, 2024 		Jim McGovern (D-MA)
Science, Space and Technology Frank Lucas (R- OK) Zoe Lofgren (D-CA)
Small Business Roger Williams (R-TX) Nydia Velázquez (D-NY)
Transportation and Infrastructure Sam Graves (R-MO) Rick Larsen (D-WA)
Veterans' Affairs Mike Bost (R-IL) Mark Takano (D-CA)
Ways and Means Jason Smith (R-MO) Richard Neal (D-MA)

Joint committees

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Main article: List of current United States congressional joint committees
Committee Chair Vice Chair Ranking Member Vice Ranking Member
Economic Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Rep. David Schweikert (R-AZ) Rep. Don Beyer (D-VA) Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT)
Library Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI) Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY) Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Printing Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI) Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE) Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Taxation[ae] Rep. Jason Smith (R-MO) Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) Sen. Mike Crapo (R-ID) Rep. Richard Neal (D-MA)

Officers and officials

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Congressional officers

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Senate officers

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House of Representatives officers

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Removed by a vote of the House.
  2. ^ On May 31, 2024, Joe Manchin, a senator from West Virginia, left the Democratic Party and became an Independent, but he has caucused with the Senate Democratic Caucus like the three other Independent members of the Senate. Thus, the number of Independent senators increased to four, and the number of Democratic Party members decreased to forty-seven.
  3. ^ McConnell has served as Senate Republican Leader since January 3, 2007, and Durbin has served as Senate Democratic Whip since January 3, 2005.
  4. ^ All four self-identified independents caucus with the Democrats.
  5. ^ a b In Arizona: Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on December 9, 2022. Effective January 3, 2023, Sinema does not participate in either political party caucus but keeps her seniority and continues to receive committee assignments through the Democrats.[45][46]
  6. ^ a b c d In Nebraska: Ben Sasse (R) resigned on January 8, 2023, to become President of the University of Florida.[47] Pete Ricketts (R) was appointed to fill the vacancy on January 12, 2023, and took office on January 23.
  7. ^ a b c d In California: Dianne Feinstein (D) died on September 29, 2023.[48] Laphonza Butler (D) was appointed to fill the vacancy on October 1, 2023, and took office on October 3.[49]
  8. ^ a b In West Virginia: Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on May 31, 2024. He continues to caucus with the Democrats.[39]
  9. ^ a b Bob Menendez resigned on August 20, 2024, due to criminal conviction.[51] George Helmy was sworn in as a replacement on September 9, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c In Virginia's 4th district: Donald McEachin (D) died during the previous Congress, and Jennifer McClellan (D) was elected February 21, 2023. She was sworn in on March 7.[52][53]
  11. ^ a b c d In Rhode Island's 1st district: David Cicilline (D) resigned on May 31, 2023, and Gabe Amo (D) was elected November 7, 2023. He was sworn in on November 13, 2023.[54]
  12. ^ a b c d In Utah's 2nd district: Chris Stewart (R) resigned on September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues,[55][56] and Celeste Maloy (R) was elected November 21, 2023. She was sworn in on November 28, 2023.[57]
  13. ^ a b c d In New York's 3rd district: George Santos (R) was expelled on December 1, 2023. Tom Suozzi (D) was elected February 13, 2024. He was sworn in on February 28, 2024.[58]
  14. ^ a b c d In California's 20th district: Kevin McCarthy (R) resigned on December 31, 2023. Vince Fong (R) was elected May 21, 2024. He was sworn in on June 3, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d In Ohio's 6th district: Bill Johnson (R) resigned on January 21, 2024. Michael Rulli was elected June 11, 2024. He was sworn in on June 25, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d In New York's 26th district: Brian Higgins (D) resigned on February 2, 2024. Tim Kennedy (D) was elected April 30, 2024. He was sworn in on May 6, 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d In Colorado's 4th district: Ken Buck (R) resigned on March 22, 2024. Greg Lopez (R) was elected June 25, 2024. He was sworn in on July 8, 2024.
  18. ^ a b In Wisconsin's 8th district: Mike Gallagher (R) resigned on April 20, 2024. A special election will be held on November 5, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c d In New Jersey's 10th district: Donald Payne Jr. (D) died on April 24, 2024. LaMonica McIver (D) was elected September 18, 2024. She was sworn in on September 23, 2024.
  20. ^ a b In Texas's 18th district: Sheila Jackson Lee (D) died on July 19, 2024.
  21. ^ a b In New Jersey's 9th district: Bill Pascrell (D) died on August 21, 2024.
  22. ^ Includes a New Progressive Party member who is also affiliated as a Republican.
  23. ^ Since 1920, the Senate Democratic leader has also concurrently served as the Democratic Caucus chairperson; this is an unwritten tradition.
  24. ^ In California, There are two elections, a special election to fill the seat for the final two months of this congress, and a general election for a full term starting with the 119th Congress. Butler is not running to finish the final two months of the current term.
  25. ^ a b c d e f The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is the Minnesota affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party and its members are counted as Democrats.
  26. ^ a b Puerto Rico's non-voting member, the Resident Commissioner, is elected every four years. Jenniffer González was last elected in 2020.
  27. ^ The new districts created were: Colorado's 8th; Florida's 28th; North Carolina's 14th; Oregon's 6th; Texas's 37th; Texas's 38th. The districts re-created were: Montana's 1st; Montana's 2nd.
  28. ^ The eliminated districts were: California's 53rd; Illinois's 18th; Michigan's 14th; Montana's at-large; New York's 27th; Ohio's 16th; Pennsylvania's 18th; West Virginia's 3rd.
  29. ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
  30. ^ Ricketts serves as senator on an interim basis, until a special election, which will be held on November 5, 2024, concurrently with the presidential election and the general election for Nebraska's class 1 senator. The winner of the special election will complete the remainder of Sasse's term, which expires on January 3, 2027, when the winner of the 2026 regular election will commence a full term.[65]
  31. ^ The Joint Taxation Committee leadership rotate the chair and vice chair and the ranking members between the House and Senate at the start of each session in the middle of the congressional term. The first session leadership is shown here.

References

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  1. ^ "Republicans win control of the House, NBC News projects, overtaking Democrats by a slim margin". NBC News. November 16, 2022. Archived from the original on August 21, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  2. ^ Winger, Richard (May 31, 2024). "Senator Joe Manchin Changes His Registration from Democratic to Independent". Ballot Access News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  3. ^ Binder, Sarah (December 26, 2023). "Why Congress's 2023 was so dismal". Good Authority. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  4. ^ Garrity, Kelly (November 15, 2023). "Why Republicans Are on the Verge of Fistfights". Politico. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  5. ^ "Capitol Hill stunner: 2023 led to fewest laws in decades". Axios. 2023.
  6. ^ Wong, Scott (February 22, 2024). "Republican dysfunction drives a wave of House retirements". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  7. ^ Haner, Joanne (October 9, 2024). "Analysis shows disproportionate departure of 'bridgers' in Congress". The Hill.
  8. ^ Folley, Aris (September 26, 2024). "Effort to force vote on Social Security bill stirs unrest in House GOP". The Hill.
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