List of conflicts in Ireland

This is a list of conflicts in Ireland, including wars, armed rebellions, battles and skirmishes. Irish Warriors participated in many wars in Europe and “England” as well and are not completely recognized on this page.

List of wars and rebellions in Ireland

Year(s)	Conflict	Notes
917–1014	Viking wars in Ireland
1169–75	Norman invasion of Ireland
1315–18	Bruce campaign in Ireland	Part of the First War of Scottish Independence
1333–38	Burke Civil War	A conflict among the House of Burke
1534	Kildare Rebellion
1569–73	First Desmond Rebellion	Part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland
1579–83	Second Desmond Rebellion	Part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland
1594–1603	Nine Years' War	Part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland
1641–42	Irish Rebellion of 1641	Part of the Eleven Years' War
1642–49	Confederate War	Part of the Eleven Years' War
1649–53	Cromwellian conquest of Ireland	Part of the Eleven Years' War
1689–91	Williamite–Jacobite War	Part of the War of the Grand Alliance
1798	Irish Rebellion of 1798
1803	Irish Rebellion of 1803
1831–36	Tithe War
1848	Young Irelander Rebellion
1867	Fenian Rising
1870–93	Land War
1916	Easter Rising	Part of the Irish revolutionary period
1919–22	Irish War of Independence	Part of the Irish revolutionary period
1922–23	Irish Civil War	Part of the Irish revolutionary period
1942–44	Northern Campaign	Irish republican campaign against the state of Northern Ireland
1956–62	Border Campaign	Irish republican campaign against the state of Northern Ireland
1968–98	The Troubles

List of battles in Ireland

Prehistoric era

5th century

459 – Ath Dara^[1]^[2]
464 – First Battle of Dumha Aichir ^{[citation needed]}
468 – Bri Ele ^{[citation needed]}
470 – Second Battle of Dumha Aichir ^{[citation needed]}
476 – First Battle of Granard ^{[citation needed]}
478 – Ocha ^{[citation needed]}
480 – Second Battle of Granard ^{[citation needed]}
483 – Battle of Ochae ^{[citation needed]}
489 – Tailtin ^{[citation needed]}
491 – Cell Losnaid ^{[citation needed]}
492 – Sleamhain, in Meath ^{[citation needed]}
493 – Battle for the Body of St. Patrick ^{[citation needed]}
494 – Ceann Ailbhe ^{[citation needed]}
496 – Druim Lochmaighe ^{[citation needed]}
497 – Inde Mor, in Crioch Ua nGabhla ^{[citation needed]}
499 – Seaghais ^{[citation needed]}

6th century

500 – Lochmagh ^{[citation needed]}
501 – Freamhain, in Meath ^{[citation needed]}
506 – Luachair ^{[citation needed]}
507 – Druim Deargaighe ^{[citation needed]}
528 – Luachair ^{[citation needed]}
531 – Claenloch ^{[citation needed]}
537 – Sligeach ^{[citation needed]}
544 – Cuil Conaire ^[3]
546 – Cuilne ^{[citation needed]}
556 – Cuil Uinnsenn ^{[citation needed]}
561 – Cul Dremne ^{[citation needed]}
563 – Moin Dairi Lothar ^{[citation needed]}
571 – Battle of Tola ^{[citation needed]}
572 – Battle of Doete ^{[citation needed]}
579 – Druim Mic Earca ^{[citation needed]}
585 – Kalketh ^{[citation needed]}
590 – Eadan Mor ^{[citation needed]}
594 – Dun Bolg ^{[citation needed]}
597 – Battle of Sleamhain ^{[citation needed]}
598 – Eachros ^{[citation needed]}

7th century

600 – Loch Semhedidhe ^{[citation needed]}
601 – Battle of Slaibhre ^{[citation needed]}
622 – Carn Fearadhaigh ^{[citation needed]}
622 – Lethed Midinn ^{[citation needed]}
624 – Ard Corainn ^{[citation needed]}
626 – Leathairbhe ^{[citation needed]}
628 – Ath Goan ^{[citation needed]}
634 – Magh Rath ^{[citation needed]}
637 – Battle of Moira
645 – Carn Conaill ^{[citation needed]}
648 – Cuil Corra ^{[citation needed]}
656 – Fleasach ^{[citation needed]}
660 – Ogamhain ^{[citation needed]}
666 – Battle of Aine ^{[citation needed]}
681 – Bla Sléibe ^{[citation needed]}
685 – Cenn Conn ^{[citation needed]}
686 – Leach Phich ^{[citation needed]}
688 – Imlech ^{[citation needed]}
696 – Tulach Garraisg ^{[citation needed]}

8th century

701 – Corann ^{[citation needed]}
702 – Claen Ath ^{[citation needed]}
713 – Cam Feradaig ^{[citation needed]}
718 – Battle of Almhain ^{[citation needed]}
719 – Delgean ^{[citation needed]}
721 – Druim Fornocht ^{[citation needed]}
724 – Cenn Deilgden ^{[citation needed]}
727 – Magh Itha ^{[citation needed]}
730 – Bealach Ele ^{[citation needed]}
732 – Fochart ^{[citation needed]}
733 – Battle of Ath Seanaith ^{[citation needed]}
738 – Ceanannus ^{[citation needed]}
744 – Ard Cianachta ^{[citation needed]}
749 – Ard Naescan ^{[citation needed]}
751 – Bealach Cro ^{[citation needed]}
759 – Dun Bile ^{[citation needed]}
762 – Caill Tuidbig ^{[citation needed]}
769 – Bolg Boinne ^{[citation needed]}
781 – Ath Liacc Finn ^{[citation needed]}
787 – Ard Mic Rime ^{[citation needed]}

9th century

800 – Ardrahan ^{[citation needed]}
820 – Carn Conain ^{[citation needed]}
845 – Dunamase ^{[citation needed]}
848 – Battle of Skryne ^{[citation needed]}
851 – Battle of Dundalk ^{[citation needed]}
877 – Battle of Strangford Lough

10th century

908 – Battle of Bellaghmoon
917 – Battle of Confey
919 – Battle of Islandbridge
967/8 – Battle of Sulcoit
967/8 – Burning of Luimnech
977/8 – Battle of Cathair Cuan
978 – Battle of Belach Lechta
980 – Battle of Tara
994 – Sack of Domhnach Padraig ^{[citation needed]}
994 – Sack of Aenach Thete ^{[citation needed]}
999 – Battle of Glenmama

11th century

1014 – Battle of Clontarf
1086 – Breach of Crinach ^{[citation needed]}
1087 – Conachail, in Corann
1087 – Rath Edair ^{[citation needed]}
1088 – Corcach ^{[citation needed]}
1090 – Magh Lena, in Meath ^{[citation needed]}
1094 – Bealach Gort an Iubhair ^{[citation needed]}
1094 – Fidhnacha ^{[citation needed]}
1095 – Ard Achad ^{[citation needed]}
1098 – Fearsat-Suilighe ^{[citation needed]}
1099 – Craebh Tulla ^{[citation needed]}

12th century

1101 – Battle of Grianan ^{[citation needed]}
1103 – Battle of Magh Cobha^[4]
1132 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1149 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1151 – Battle of Móin Mhór
1169/05 – Beginning of the Norman invasion of Ireland
1169/05 – Battle of Duncormac, County Wexford – Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
1169/05 – Siege of Wexford – Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
1169/05 – Battle of Gowran – Norman defeat
1170/05 – Battle of Dundonnell (aka Battle of Baginbun), County Wexford – Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
1170/08 – Battle of Waterford – Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
1170/09 – Sack of Dublin – Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
1171/08 – Siege of Dublin – Norman victory
1171 – Battle of Carrick – Norman defeat
1173 – Battle of Kilkenny – Norman defeat
1174 – Battle of Thurles – Norman defeat
1175 – Battle of Meath – Norman victory
1175 – Battle of Athlone – Norman victory
1175 – Battle of Drogheda – Norman victory
1176 – Battle of Meath – Norman defeat
1176 – Battle of Armagh – Norman defeat
1192 – Aughera – Norman defeat ^{[citation needed]}

13th century

1224 – Sack of Ard Abla ^{[citation needed]}
1225 – Sack of Loch Nen ^{[citation needed]}
1225 – Sack of Ardrahan ^{[citation needed]}
1230 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1230 – Findcairn ^{[citation needed]}
1232 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1234 – Battle of the Curragh
1235 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1247 – Battle of Ballyshannon
1247 – Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
1249 – First Battle of Athenry
1256 – Battle of Magh Slecht
1257 – Battle of Creadran Cille
1257 – Sack of Sligo ^{[citation needed]}
1260 – Battle of Druim Dearg
1261 – Battle of Callann
1270 – Battle of Áth-an-Chip

14th century

Bruce Campaign

1315 – Battle of Carrickfergus ^{[citation needed]}
1315 – Battle of Moiry Pass (June) ^{[citation needed]}
1315 – First battle of Dundalk (June) ^{[citation needed]}
1315 – Battle of Connor (September)^{[citation needed]}
1315 – Second battle of Dundalk (November) ^{[citation needed]}
1315 – Battle of Kells (December)
1316 – Battle of Skerries (January)
1316 – Second Battle of Athenry (August)
1317 – Battle of Lough Raska (August)
1318 – Battle of Dysert O'Dea (May)
1318 – Battle of Faughart (October)

1328 – Battle of Thomond
1329 – Braganstown massacre
1329 – Battle of Ardnocher
1330 – Battle of Fiodh-an-Átha
1333–1338 – Burke Civil War
1336 – Castlemore-Costello besieged and demolished by the King of Connacht ^{[citation needed]}
1340 – Battle of the O Cellaig's ^{[citation needed]}
1341 – Battle of the Clan Maurice ^{[citation needed]}
1342 – Battle of Beal-atha-Slisen – King of Connacht defeats the King of Moylurg ^{[citation needed]}
1343 – Battle of Hy-Many – MacFeorais and Clanricarde soundly defeat a small force from the Uí Maine. Achadhmona; battle between the O'Donnells, in Tirhugh
1345 – Battle of Lough Neagh – naval battle between Hugh O'Neill and the Clann Hugh Buidhe ^{[citation needed]}
1346 – Calry-Lough-Gill – O Rourke soundly defeated by the O Connors. Brian Mag Mathgamna defeats and kills 300 English somewhere in Thomond ^{[citation needed]}
1348 – Ballymote besieged and burned by MacDermot, O Connor defeated ^{[citation needed]}
1349 – O Melaghlin of Meath defeated in battle by the English ^{[citation needed]}
1355 – The English of West Connaught defeated Mac William Burke, and killed many of his people Clanricarde defeats the Mayo Bourkes and the Siol Anmchadha ^{[citation needed]}
1356 – Baile-Locha-Deacair ^{[citation needed]}
1358 – Hugh O Neill defeats the Fer Managh and Orial. O More defeats the English of Dublin in battle ^{[citation needed]}
1359 – Ballyshannon ^{[citation needed]}
1366 – Srath-Fear-Luirg ^{[citation needed]}
1368 – Oriel ^{[citation needed]}
1369 – Blencupa ^{[citation needed]}
1369 – Lough Erne – English of Munster and Desmond soundly defeated by O Brian, possibly at Limerick ^{[citation needed]}
1373 – Annaly ^{[citation needed]}
1374 – Niall O Neill defeats the English ^{[citation needed]}
1375 – Downpatrick – Niall O Neill defeats the English ^{[citation needed]}
1377 – Clann-Cuilein – Clanricarde and his allies defeated ^{[citation needed]}
1377 – Roscommon – Ruaidri O Conchobhair defeats the Mayo Burkes and the Uí Maine ^{[citation needed]}
1379 – Dreach – O Neill Mor defeats Maguire ^{[citation needed]}
1380 – Atha-leathann – Clanricarde defeated by Bourke of Mayo ^{[citation needed]}
1381 – Athlone ^{[citation needed]}
1383 – Trian Chongail – Hugh O Neill and Robin Savage kill each other in a cavalry charge ^{[citation needed]}
1384 – Carrickfergus "burned by Niall O'Neill, who thereupon acquired great power over the English" ^{[citation needed]}
1385 – Battle of Tochar Cruachain-Bri-Ele – O Conchobhair, King of Uí Falighe, soundly defeats the English of Meath
1389 – Caislen an Uabhair ^{[citation needed]}
1391 – Bealach-an-Chrionaigh ^{[citation needed]}
1392 – Ceann-Maghair ^{[citation needed]}
1394 – Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin
1395 – Cruachain – the King of Uí Failghe defeats an English expedition. O Donnell defeats and captures the sons of Henry O Neill ^{[citation needed]}
1396 – Creag – O Conchobhair Roe defeats O Conchobhair Donn. O Tuathail of Lenister inflicts a severe defeat on the Anglo-Irish ^{[citation needed]}
1396 – Sligo – O Donnell and O Connor besiege and burn the town ^{[citation needed]}
1397 – Machaire Chonnacht ^{[citation needed]}
1397 – Bun-Brenoige ^{[citation needed]}
1398 – Eachdruim Mac n-Aodha – the O Tooles and O Byrnes defeat the Anglo-Irish, killing the Earl of March ^{[citation needed]}
1398 – Magh-Tuiredh – O Conchobair Roe and allies defeated by McDonagh ^{[citation needed]}
1399 – Battle of Tragh-Bhaile – the Anglo-Irish defeat the sons of Henry O Neill ^{[citation needed]}

15th century

1400 – Dunamon. ^{[citation needed]}
1406 – Battle of Cluain Immorrais
1444 – Duibhthrian; Sligo burned by the O Donnells, Maguires and O Connors. ^{[citation needed]}
1446 – Cuil Ua bh-Fionntain ^{[citation needed]}
1449 – Muintir-Maelmora ^{[citation needed]}
1452 – Cloch-an-bhodaigh; Coirrshliabh na Seaghsa ^{[citation needed]}
1453 – Ardglass (naval battle) ^{[citation needed]}
1454 – Inis ^{[citation needed]}
1455 – Athlone: The castle of Athlone was taken from the English, having been betrayed by a woman who was in it.
1456 – Cuil Mic an Treoin (Friday 18 May) ^{[citation needed]}
1457 – Druim da Ethiar ^{[citation needed]}
1460 – Corca Bhaiscinn (naval battle) ^{[citation needed]}
1461 – Ceann Maghair ^{[citation needed]}
1462 – Waterford taken by the Butlers in a war with the FitzGeralds. ^{[citation needed]}
1462 – Lancastrian Butlers defeated by Yorkist FitzGeralds at Battle of Piltown in Wars of the Roses.
1464 – Sliabh Lugha ^{[citation needed]}
1465 – Carn Fraoich ^{[citation needed]}
1466 – Offaly; Anglo-Irish army defeated by O Connor ^{[citation needed]}
1467 – CrosMoighe-Croin ^{[citation needed]}
1468 – Beann-uamha; Scormor, in Clann Chathail mic Murray ^{[citation needed]}
1469 – Baile-an-Duibh; The Defeat of Glanog ^{[citation needed]}
1473 – Doire-Bhaile-na-Cairrge ^{[citation needed]}
1475 – Baile-Locha-Luatha ^{[citation needed]}
1476 – Beal Feirste (Belfast)^{[citation needed]}
1478 – Sligo, and the siege of Carrig Lough Ce ^{[citation needed]}
1482 – Ath-na-gCeannaigheadh ^{[citation needed]}
1483 – Traghbhaile of Dundalk ^{[citation needed]}
1484 – Moin-Ladhraighe ^{[citation needed]}
1486 – Tirawley ^{[citation needed]}
1488 – two sieges of Carraig Lough Ce ^{[citation needed]}
1489 – Belfast castle demolished by O Donnell; Ballytober Bride sacked by O Connor Roe ^{[citation needed]}
1490 – Maigh Croghan ^{[citation needed]}
1493 – Glasdromainn; Beanna Boirche; ^{[citation needed]}
1494 – O Donnell besieges Sligo for several months in the summer, but is unsuccessful ^{[citation needed]}
1495 – O Donnell besieges Sligo again; battle of Beal an Droichit; siege of Ballyshannon; battle of Termon-Daveog; Siege of Waterford ^{[citation needed]}
1497 – Bealach-Buidhe; Beal Ath Daire. ^{[citation needed]}
1498 – Cros-Caibhdeanaigh. Dungannon. ^{[citation needed]}
1499 – Tulsk. First recorded death in Ireland from a bullet. ^{[citation needed]}

16th century

1504 – Battle of Knockdoe – Fitzgeralds of Kildare defeat the Clanricarde Burkes
1522 – Battle of Knockavoe – Clash between O'Donnells and O'Neills
1534 – Battle of Salcock Wood- A force from Dublin is defeated by a coalition of the O'Tooles and Fitzgerald supporters.^[5]
1534 – Siege of Dublin Castle by 'Silken' Thomas Fitzgerald in Kildare
1535 – Siege of Maynooth Castle, the chief residence of Fitzgerald, by English forces^[6]
1539 – Battle of Bellahoe Ford – A force led by Leonard Grey routs an O'Donnell/O'Neill force^[7]
1559 – Battle of Spancel Hill, a conflict over the O'Brien succession
1565 – Battle of Glentasie – Shane O'Neill defeats the MacDonnells of Clan Iain Mor
1565 – Battle of Affane – Fitzgeralds of Desmond defeated by Butlers of Ormond
1567 – Battle of Farsetmore – Shane O'Neill defeated by O'Donnell clan
1570 – Battle of Shrule^[8]
1575 – Rathlin Island Massacre
1583 – Battle of Aura – McQuillans, MacDonnells and O'Neills fight for control of Dunluce Castle
1586 – Battle of Ardnaree – Mercenary Scots entering Connacht are surprised and destroyed by Bingham's army^[9]
1590 – Battle of Doire Leathan – part of the O'Donnell Succession dispute

Mac an Iarla War

c. 1570–1583, between the sons of Richard Burke, 2nd Earl of Clanricarde

Desmond Rebellions

First Desmond Rebellion (1569–1573)

1569 – Siege of Kilkenny ^{[citation needed]}
1569 – First Battle of Killamock ^{[citation needed]}
1571 – Second Battle of Kilmallock^[10]

Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583)

1579 – Aenachbeg ^{[citation needed]}
1579 – Sack of Youghal ^{[citation needed]}
1579 – Sack of Kinsale ^{[citation needed]}
1580 – Battle of Glenmalure
1580 – Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle
1580 – Siege of Smerwick
1582 – Allhallowtide ^{[citation needed]}

Spanish Armada

1588 – Crown mobilisation to capture survivors

Nine Years' War

1593 – Battle of Belleek
1594 – Siege of Enniskillen
1594 – Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits
1595 – Battle of Clontibret
1596 – Third Sack of Athenry
1596 – Siege of Galway, Sack of Bohermore
1597 – Battle of Casan-na-gCuradh
1597 – Battle of Carrickfergus
1598 – Battle of the Yellow Ford
1599 – Siege of Cahir Castle
1599 – Battle of Deputy's Pass
1599 – Battle of Curlew Pass
1600 – Battle of Moyry Pass
1600 – Battle of Lifford
1601 – Battle of Castlehaven
1601 – Siege of Donegal
1601 – Battle of Kinsale
1602 – Siege of Dunboy
1602 – Burning of Dungannon

17th century

18th century

1760 – Battle of Carrickfergus – Carrickfergus seized by the French for five days.
1795 – Battle of the Diamond – a sectarian faction fight in County Armagh, that led to the founding of the Orange Order

United Irishmen Rebellion

24 May – Ballymore-Eustace, Naas, Prosperous, Kilcullen
25 May – Carlow
26 May – Tara Hill
27 May – Oulart Hill
28 May – Enniscorthy
30 May – Three Rocks
1 June – Bunclody
4 June – Tuberneering
5 June – New Ross
7 June – Antrim
9 June – Saintfield
9 June – Arklow
13 June – Ballinahinch
19 June – Ovidstown
20 June – Foulksmills
21 June – Vinegar Hill
30 June – Ballyellis
27 August – Castlebar
5 September – Collooney
7 September – Ballinamuck

Several fragments of the rebel armies of the Summer of 1798 survived to fight on both in the hope of the rebellion breaking out again and of French aid. The main guerrilla groupings were:

June – November 1798 – Joseph Holt
23 July 1803 – Robert Emmet
1798 -1803 – Michael Dwyer
1798 – 1804 – James Corcoran

19th century

1803 – Irish rebellion of 1803: failed republican uprising led by Robert Emmet.
1831–1836 – Tithe War: a period of rural insurgency over the payment of tithes to the Church of Ireland by non-members.
1848 – Young Ireland rebellion: failed Irish nationalist uprising by the Young Ireland group.
1867 – Fenian Rising: an abortive attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

20th century

Irish revolutionary years

Only the major engagements of this period are listed below.

1916 – Easter Rising

Irish War of Independence

1919 January 19 – Soloheadbeg Ambush
1920 November 2 – Battle of Ballinalee
1920 November 28 – Kilmichael Ambush
1921 February 1 – Clonfin Ambush
1921 February 3 - Dromkeen ambush
1921 February 20 - Clonmult ambush
1921 February 25 – Coolavokig Ambush
1921 March 11 - Selton Hill ambush
1921 March 19 – Crossbarry Ambush
1921 March 21 - Headford Ambush
1921 March 23 - Scramoge ambush
1921 May 19 - Kilmeena ambush
1921 May 25 - Burning of the Custom House
1921 June 2 - Carrowkennedy ambush

Irish Civil War

1922 – Battle of Dublin
1922 – Irish Free State offensive
1922 – Battle of Kilmallock
1922 - Battle of Newport (County Mayo)
1922-23 - Guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War

IRA Northern Campaigns

1942–1944 – First guerrilla campaign by the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
1956–1962 – Second guerrilla campaign by the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)

The Troubles

Dissident Irish Republican Campaign

1999- Stamullen raid^[16]^[17]

References

^ The Annals of Inisfallen, Year 459
^ The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201, Year 461
^ John O'Donovan 1856, p. M544.3.
^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 3, pg 59
^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 129
^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 130
^ Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 151
^ "Battle of Shrule, 1570". Shrule.com. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
^ Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 255
^ Connolly, Contested Island, pg 267
^ Connolly, Contested Island, pg 276
^ Tinniswood, The Verneys, pg 180
^ Meehan, Confederation of Kilkenny, pg 76
^ "Exploring the secret history of Derry's Walls". Derry Journal. 1 October 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
^ Scott-Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland, pg 135
^ "Garda chief pledges to halt the Real IRA". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
^ Keogh, Elaine. "Gardai arrest 10 over arms find in bunker". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2021-11-09.

Secondary references

O'Donovan, John, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices.

External links

CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.

[1] The Annals of Inisfallen, Year 459

[2] The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201, Year 461

[FOOTNOTEJohn_O'Donovan1856M544.3-3] John O'Donovan 1856, p. M544.3.

[4] Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 3, pg 59

[5] Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 129

[6] Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 130

[7] Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 151

[8] "Battle of Shrule, 1570". Shrule.com. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

[9] Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 255

[10] Connolly, Contested Island, pg 267

[11] Connolly, Contested Island, pg 276

[12] Tinniswood, The Verneys, pg 180

[13] Meehan, Confederation of Kilkenny, pg 76

[14] "Exploring the secret history of Derry's Walls". Derry Journal. 1 October 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

[15] Scott-Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland, pg 135

[16] "Garda chief pledges to halt the Real IRA". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2021-11-09.

[17] Keogh, Elaine. "Gardai arrest 10 over arms find in bunker". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2021-11-09.

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