Jump to content

United Airlines Flight 328

Coordinates: 39°55′44″N 105°03′18″W / 39.929°N 105.055°W / 39.929; -105.055
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tigerdude9 (talk | contribs) at 17:21, 10 October 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

United Airlines Flight 328
N772UA, the aircraft involved, seen taking-off from Los Angeles International Airport, in 2012
Incident
DateFebruary 20, 2021 13:08 MST (2021-02-20UTC20:08Z)[1]
SummaryEngine failure caused by metal fatigue
SiteOver Broomfield, Colorado, U.S.
39°55′44″N 105°03′18″W / 39.929°N 105.055°W / 39.929; -105.055
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 777-222[a]
OperatorUnited Airlines
IATA flight No.UA328
ICAO flight No.UAL328
Call signUNITED 328
RegistrationN772UA
Flight originDenver International Airport (DEN), Denver, Colorado, U.S.
DestinationDaniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Occupants241
Passengers231
Crew10
Fatalities0
Injuries0
Survivors241 (all)
Flight path of United Airlines Flight 328

On February 20, 2021, United Airlines Flight 328 (UA328/UAL328), a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight from Denver to Honolulu, suffered a contained engine failure[2] four minutes after takeoff from Denver International Airport (DEN).[1][3] Parts departing from the engine cowling of the Boeing 777-222[a] aircraft resulted in a debris field at least 1 mile (1.6 km) long over suburban residential areas of Broomfield, Colorado.[4][5][6][7] Falling debris was recorded by eyewitnesses using smartphone cameras and a dash cam.[8][9] Debris fell through the roof of a private home[4] and significantly damaged a parked vehicle.[10]

The engine failure resulted in an in-flight engine fire, extensive damage to the engine nacelle, and minor damage to the fuselage.[11] Passengers also recorded video of the engine nacelle damage and in-flight fire and posted these to social media. The failed engine was a Pratt & Whitney (P&W) model PW4077 turbofan.[12]

The crew secured the failed engine, and the aircraft returned to Denver using the remaining working engine, landing without further incident 24 minutes after takeoff at 13:28 local time.[1][13][14] There were no reported injuries to persons onboard or on the ground. The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board immediately began investigating.

Similar 777-200 series aircraft were quickly grounded by several national aviation authorities, including the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, which issued an Emergency Airworthiness Directive requiring U.S. operators of airplanes equipped with similar Pratt & Whitney PW4000-112 series engines to inspect these engines' fan blades before further flight.[11] Japan Air Lines, which had a similar incident in December 2020, retired all of its P&W-equipped Boeing 777-200s a year earlier than planned in March 2021. United Airlines, which also had a similar incident in 2018, grounded their Pratt & Whitney powered 777-200s from early to mid 2021 until July 2022 (with the exception of the accident aircraft.)

Aircraft

N772UA landing at London Heathrow in 2007, while still wearing its previous "Rising Blue" or "Blue Tulip" livery.
The same incident aircraft at Heathrow, bearing the "Battleship" livery in 1996.

The incident aircraft, N772UA,[13] is a Boeing 777-222, the United Airlines-specific variant of the original 777-200 series.[13] It was built in November 1994 (c/n 26930/Line no.5)[15] and delivered to United in September 1995. Originally the aircraft was designated as WA005, one of the original Boeing 777-200s that took part in the flight test certification program prior to its entry into commercial service.[15] Boeing stopped building the 777 with P&W PW4000 series engines in 2013,[16] and the engine is no longer in active production. After extensive repair, the grounded aircraft was returned to service on August 21, 2022.[17]

The Boeing 777 is a long-range, wide-body, twin-engine aircraft.[18] At the time of the incident it had a relatively low accident fatality rate. The only two 777 accidents with total loss of aircraft, passengers and crew are Malaysia Airlines flights MH17 that was shot down over Ukraine in July 2014 and MH370 that disappeared over the Indian Ocean in March 2014. The other fatal accidents, Emirates Flight 521 and Asiana Airlines Flight 214, were both attributed to pilot error. Two other hull losses with passenger injuries occurred: EgyptAir Flight 667 had a cockpit fire while parked at the gate at Cairo Airport, and British Airways Flight 38 crashed on landing at Heathrow Airport. The latter was attributed to a design defect in its Rolls-Royce Trent 895-17 engines, not the P&W engines on this incident aircraft.[19][20]

Engine

Inboard side of the right engine of UAL328 showing the exposed fan containment wrap (brown) and fire damage to the thrust reversers (NTSB photo)

The original 777-200 was distinctive for its Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines that are about as wide as a Boeing 737 fuselage.[21] The PW4077 variant used on the United 777-222 nominally produces 77,000 pounds-force (340 kN) of thrust.[22] It is a dual-spool, axial-flow, high bypass turbofan engine,[23] that is a higher bypass version of the PW4000-94 engine originally fitted to the Boeing 747-400. It was redesigned exclusively for the 777 with a larger 112-inch (280 cm) diameter fan section using 22 hollow-core fan blades. The PW4000-112 fan blade is a wide-chord airfoil made of a titanium alloy, about 40.5 inches (103 cm) long and about 22.25 inches (56.5 cm) wide at the blade tip. A PW4000-112 fan blade can weigh a maximum of 34.85 pounds (15.81 kg).[23]

The hollow-core fan blade that experienced metal fatigue failure in this incident had only undergone 2,979 cycles since its last trip to the P&W factory for nondestructive testing using thermal acoustic imaging (TAI) to find hidden internal defects. This interval is less than half of the 6,500 cycle test frequency established in 2019 after a similar engine failure on a previous United Airlines 777-222 flight to Honolulu (UA1175) in 2018.[24] The subject blade underwent TAI inspections in 2014 and 2016. The TAI inspection data collected in 2016 was re-examined in 2018 after the UA1175 incident.[25][26]

Japan's transport ministry ordered increased inspection frequency after the similar JAL 777-200/PW4000 engine failure incident at Naha Airport (OKA) in Japan on December 4, 2020.[21] The US Federal Aviation Administration was also considering increased inspections as a result of that incident, but had not acted prior to this incident in Denver.[24]

Crew

According to the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), the captain, Mark Stephenson (60), had been with United Airlines since 1990, with the first officer, Michael DeVore (53), joining in 1999. Both pilots were based in San Francisco. The captain reported a total of 28,062 hours total time, with 414 hours in the B777. The first officer reported a total of 18,612 hours total time, with 355 in the B777.[27]

Incident

Damage to PW4000 hollow fan blades from UA328. Note fracture surface near hub at top of photo. (NTSB photo)

The aircraft arrived at Denver International Airport (DEN) as flight UA2465 at 10:50 local time.[28][29] At 13:04 local time it departed normally from Runway 25 en route to Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) as flight UA328.[13] According to Flight Data Recorder (FDR) data and flight crew interviews by NTSB, about four minutes after takeoff, the airplane was climbing through an altitude of about 12,500 feet (3,800 m) with an airspeed of about 280 knots (320 mph; 520 km/h). The flight crew indicated to the NTSB that they advanced power at that time to minimize time in expected turbulence during their climb up to their assigned altitude of flight level 230 (roughly 23,000 ft or 7,000 m). Immediately after the throttles were advanced, a loud bang was recorded on the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR). FDR data indicated the engine made an uncommanded shutdown and the engine fire warning activated shortly after.[25] A fan blade out failure within the right (#2) engine resulted in parts of the engine cowling disintegrating and falling to the ground in Broomfield, Colorado.[30] No one on the ground or in the aircraft was injured,[31] although flying debris resulted in a hole in the wing to body fairing, a non-critical composite part designed to reduce aerodynamic drag.[32]

The flight crew contacted air traffic control to declare an emergency and request a left turn to return to the airport.[32] The flight crew began to complete checklists, including the engine fire checklist. As part of the checklist, the flight crew discharged both fire extinguisher bottles into the engine, but the engine fire warning did not extinguish until the airplane was on an extended downwind for landing. The flight crew continued to prepare for the emergency landing by completing additional critical checklists and verifying airplane performance for landing. They elected not to dump fuel for safety and time reasons and determined that the excess landing weight was not significant enough to outweigh other considerations.[25]

The captain accomplished a one-engine-inoperative approach and landing to runway 26 without further incident. Airport Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) met the airplane as soon as it stopped on the runway and applied water and foaming agent to the right engine. The base of the engine experienced a flare up, which was quickly extinguished. Once cleared by ARFF, the airplane was towed off the runway where the passengers disembarked via air stairs and were bussed to the terminal.[25] Passengers were re-booked on flight UA3025 – operated by a different Boeing 777, N773UA, a sister ship to N772UA immediately ahead of it on the production line[29] – that took off hours later.

Similar incidents

Further information: Pratt & Whitney PW4000 § Involving PW4000-112 series
Photo of UA328 fan blade's fracture surface with the origin area identified (NTSB photo)

Media analysis of this incident frequently cited three related catastrophic engine failure incidents involving Pratt & Whitney PW4000 series turbofan engines: two previous incidents on the same 777-200 aircraft family with the PW4000-112 series engines with hollow-core fan blades that developed internal cracks,[33] and one contemporaneous incident on an older widebody aircraft design with the original PW4000-94 series engine. At his press briefing two days after the incident, NTSB Chairman Robert Sumwalt said it remained to be seen whether the failure is consistent with a previous incident in February 2018 on United Airlines.[34] "I think what's important is that we really truly understand the facts, circumstances, and conditions around this particular event before we can compare it to any other events," he noted. "But certainly we will want to know if there's a similarity."[35][36]

United Airlines Flight 1175

Main article: United Airlines Flight 1175
Fracture surface of UA1175 fan blade showing discolored area and ratchet mark radiating from an interior surface of the fan blade (NTSB Photo)

On February 13, 2018, the same replacement aircraft used to accommodate the passengers from this incident, N773UA, originating from San Francisco as United Airlines Flight 1175 (UA1175), had a similar engine failure and loss of the engine cowling. This incident occurred over the Pacific Ocean approximately 120 miles (190 km) from Honolulu (HNL). The flight descended continuously from 36,000 feet (11,000 m) and landed at HNL approximately 40 minutes later with no reported injuries or loss of life.[16] The aircraft was eventually repaired and returned to service.[37]

UA1175 No. 11 fan blade root section fracture surface (NTSB photo)

The separated inlet cowl and fan doors fell in the ocean; unlike the UA328 incident, they were not recovered. The NTSB determined that a fan blade fractured from a pre-existing metal fatigue crack that had been slowly propagating since 2010, leading to the failure.[38] The investigation faulted Pratt & Whitney for not identifying the crack in two previous inspections due to a lack of training in Pratt & Whitney's thermal acoustic image (TAI) inspection process, resulting in "an incorrect evaluation of an indication that resulted in a blade with a crack being returned to service where it eventually fractured."[39][40] Boeing had been working on a redesign for a replacement fan cowl as a result of that incident, according to documents reviewed by the Wall Street Journal.[41]

Failed fan blade from JL904. Yellow arrow legend: "origin of fatigue fracture." Red arrow legend: "indicates the direction of fatigue fracture." (JTSB photo)
Photograph showing damage to UA328 right engine cowling, including the loss of the inlet fairing and fan doors (NTSB photo)

Japan Airlines Flight 904

On December 4, 2020, a 777-289 (JA8978, Ex.Japan Air System) operated as JL904 from Okinawa-Naha Airport (OKA), also experienced a similar fan blade out failure and partial loss of the fan cowl six minutes after takeoff at an altitude of 16,000 feet (5,000 m).[42][43] It returned to OKA and landed safely, but the Japan Transport Safety Board considered it a "serious incident" and launched an investigation.[44][45] They later confirmed that the engine also had two broken fan blades, one with a metal fatigue fracture, similar to both United incidents.[41] The Ex.JAS 777-289 version is powered by a PW4074 engine variant rated for 74,000 pounds-force (330 kN) of thrust.[46]

Longtail Aviation Flight 5504

Main article: Longtail Aviation Flight 5504

Coincidentally, on the same day as the United 328 incident, a Boeing 747-400BCF operating as Longtail Aviation flight LGT-5504, experienced an uncontained engine failure shortly after departing Maastricht Airport in the Netherlands, and two people were injured by debris that also fell in a residential area.[47] That aircraft was powered by four PW4056 engines,[48] a version of the earlier PW4000-94 engine.[49]

Investigation

Recovered inlet cowl and cowling debris laid out in hangar (NTSB photo)

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is investigating the incident.[9] An NTSB structures engineer and two investigators from the NTSB's Denver office collected fallen debris with local law enforcement and safety agencies over several days immediately after the incident. Most of the structure from the inlet cowl and fan cowl doors that separated from the aircraft was recovered and identified. Recovered portions of the inlet cowl, fan cowl door structure, and inlet cowl attach ring were laid out in a hangar (pictured). The inlet cowl, fan cowl doors, and thrust reversers will be examined further by NTSB investigators to map damage and cowl failure patterns after the fan blade failure, and to examine the subsequent progression of fire in the thrust reversers.[25]

Damage to the wing and the body fairing of United Airlines flight 328 (NTSB photo)

The NTSB noted upon initial inspection two fan blades had fractured, one near its root and an adjacent one about mid-span; a portion of one blade was embedded in the containment ring. The remainder of the fan blades exhibited damage to the tips and leading edges.[3] The failed blades were removed and flown by private jet to Pratt & Whitney's laboratory in Hartford, Connecticut for further examination.[32]

On February 22, 2021, National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Robert Sumwalt announced that the damage to the fan blade is consistent with metal fatigue, according to a preliminary assessment.[34][47] Sumwalt also said that, "by our strictest definition,"[50] the NTSB did not consider the incident an uncontained engine failure because, "the containment ring contained the parts as they were flying out."[2] He said the NTSB will look into why the engine cowling separated from the aircraft and why there was a fire, despite indications that the fuel supply to the engine had been turned off.[34]

Right engine fire switch and fire bottle status lights in the cockpit.

On March 5, 2021, the NTSB released an update on the incident.[51] They provided more detail on their preliminary examination of the right engine fire damage, saying they found it was primarily contained to the engine's accessory components, thrust reverser skin, and composite honeycomb structure of the inboard and outboard thrust reversers. Both halves of the aft cowl appeared to be intact and undamaged. The spar valve, which stops fuel flow to the engine when the fire switch is pulled in the cockpit, was found closed; there was no evidence of a fuel-fed fire. Examination of the cockpit found that the right engine fire switch had been pulled and turned to the "DISCH 1" position, and both fire bottle discharge lights were illuminated. Examination of the engine accessories showed multiple broken fuel, oil, and hydraulic lines and that the gearbox was fractured.[25]

In addition, the NTSB stated in this update that initial examination of the right engine fan revealed that the spinner and spinner cap were in place and appeared to be undamaged. The fan hub was intact but could not be rotated by hand. All fan blade roots were in place in the fan hub, and two blades were fractured. One fan blade was fractured transversely across the airfoil and the blade's fracture surface was consistent with fatigue. A second fan blade was fractured transversely across the airfoil and the second blade's fracture surfaces had shear lips consistent with an overload failure. The remaining fan blades were full length but all had varying degrees of impact damage to the airfoils.[25]

Final report

On September 8, 2023 the NTSB published their final report on the accident. The report revealed that the fatigue failure in the right engine was due to inadequate inspections and insufficient frequency of inspections to catch low-level crack indications. The low-level cracks continued to propagate until their ultimate failure. Additionally the use of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic, instead of aluminum as used during certification tests on engine inlet caused the inlet to fail to adequately dissipate the energy of the fan-blade out event - failing to prevent additional damage.

The NTSB found the severity of the fire damage was due to failure of "K" flanges after the blade failure. Failure of the flanges allowed hot ignition gases to spread and damage components that carried flammable fluids. The fire then propagated to undercowl and thrust reverser areas where the fire could not be extinguished.[52]

Reactions

Central portion of first image of aircraft debris tweeted out by Broomfield Police illustrating their response to the event. Image shows the engine inlet rim fairing that crushed the roof of the pickup truck behind it.
  • At 13:41, the Broomfield, Colorado Police Department posted on Twitter: "Getting reports that a plane flying over @broomfield had engine trouble and dropped debris in several neighborhoods around 1:08 pm." The department continued to update the thread, confirming that the aircraft landed safely at Denver International Airport and there were no reported injuries. They also posted several photos showing debris that had been reported, asking the public not to touch or move debris, and to report it to their non-emergency number.[53] At an impromptu press conference at Broomfield County Commons Park, where several pieces of debris landed, Public Information Officer Rachel Welte described their response to a flood of calls from the public, adding, "It's actually remarkable, given the amount of people that are at this park this time of day, we are absolutely fortunate that no one was injured."[54]
Engine nacelle fragments from UA328 found in front of Broomfield County Commons Park restroom.
  • On February 22, the day after the UA328 incident:
  • On February 23, Pratt & Whitney released a statement that the company was cooperating with federal investigators and coordinating with operators and regulators to support a revised inspection interval of the PW4000 engines.[40]
  • On February 24, the FAA followed its counterparts in the other countries and issued an Emergency Airworthiness Directive (EAD) that required U.S. operators of airplanes equipped with certain Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines to inspect these engines' fan blades with thermal acoustic imaging before further flight,[11] grounding the US fleet only operated by United.[59] Industry observers noted the FAA issued its EAD unusually quickly, just three days after the incident, and speculated this newfound urgency resulted from the Boeing 737 MAX crisis.[29]
  • On February 25, an industry source noted the fan blade inspections take approximately 8 hours per blade, and P&W could only process blades at the rate of 10 sets of 22 per engine per month. Consequently, the aircraft affected would only re-enter service very slowly, unless the FAA decides to relax the TAI inspection requirements after evaluating the initial results.[29]
  • On April 5, Japan Airlines said that it had, "decided to accelerate the retirement of all P&W equipped Boeing 777 by March 2021, which (was) originally planned by March 2022."[60]
  • On April 21, United Airlines announced that their Boeing 777-200s with PW4000 engines would be returned to service in the near future.[61] A week later, the British Civil Aviation Authority lifted its ban on Boeing 777's with the PW4000 engines, allowing them to enter UK airspace again.[62]
  • On May 12, at a Federal Aviation Administration Safety Oversight Hearing before the United States House of Representatives transportation sub-committee, FAA Administrator Stephen Dickson said the agency is "requiring the manufacturers to address strengthen(ing) the cowling" on Boeing 777-200 aircraft equipped with Pratt & Whitney engines. Separately, the agency said the timing "will depend on the completion of design and engineering work and will be approved by the FAA." and Boeing said it was continuing to work with the FAA on "potential design improvements" for the inlet and fan cowlings, but added that the, "work is exacting and time consuming."[63]
  • On June 28, the grounded United Airlines 777-200s still had not returned to service, so United announced a schedule revision to meet high demand for flights to Hawaii, but said they "anticipate the Pratt and Whitney 777s returning soon".[64]
  • On August 30, The Wall Street Journal reported that United's grounded 777-200s were unlikely to return to service until 2022 due to additional safety measures.[65]
  • On May 17, 2022, the FAA allowed United's 777-200s to resume service.[66]
  • Jin Air returned its first 777 to service on Jun 12 2022.[67]

Groundings by aircraft operators

As of 24 February 2021[68]
Airline In service In storage Total
United Airlines 24 28 52
All Nippon Airways 10 14 24
Japan Airlines 7 13 20
Korean Air 7 10 17
Asiana Airlines 6 1 7
Jin Air 1 3 4
Total 58 66 124

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The airliner was a Boeing 777-200 model; Boeing assigns a unique code for each company that buys one of its airliners, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "777-222" designates a 777-200 built for United Airlines (customer code 22).

References

  1. ^ a b c Petchenik, Ian (February 21, 2021). "United UA328 suffers engine failure departing Denver". FlightRadar24. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Gilbertson, Dawn (February 22, 2021). "United Airlines engine failure on Boeing 777 flight from Colorado: What travelers need to know". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Investigative Update: United Airlines Flight 328 Boeing 777 Engine Incident". www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Broomfield park-goers recount seeing debris fall from United Airlines plane Saturday". Boulder Daily Camera. February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  5. ^ Knowles, Hannah (February 21, 2021). "United flight's engine failure rained debris at least a mile wide near Denver, officials say". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  6. ^ "Debris from United Airlines Boeing 777 falls on Broomfield neighborhoods; flight lands safely at DIA". KMGH. February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  7. ^ Chavira, Danielle (February 20, 2021). "Plane Debris Falls From Sky & Onto Broomfield Neighborhoods". CBS Denver. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  8. ^ "US plane scatters engine debris over Denver homes". BBC News. February 21, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Silverman, Hollie; Andone, Dakin; Williams, David (February 20, 2021). "United Airlines flight suffers engine failure, sending debris falling on neighborhoods outside Denver". CNN. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  10. ^ McCue, Conor (February 23, 2021). "Insurance Expert Weighs In On Damage United Airlines Flight 328: 'Objects Falling From The Sky Are Covered'". CBS Denver – News, Weather & Sports For All Of Colorado. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c "FAA Statement on Pratt & Whitney Engine Emergency Airworthiness Directive". Federal Aviation Administration. February 24, 2021.
  12. ^ "United Airlines N772UA (Boeing 777 - MSN 26930)". www.airfleets.net. Airfleets aviation. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d Ranter, Harro. "Incident Boeing 777-222 N772UA, 20 Feb 2021". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  14. ^ "United Airlines plane with exploded engine drops debris over Denver area before emergency landing". The Colorado Sun. February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Birtles, Philip (1998). Boeing 777: Jetliner for a New Century. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7603-0581-2.
  16. ^ a b Gates, D. (February 22, 2021). "Older Boeing 777 PLANES grounded after engine BLAST rains debris over Colorado homes". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  17. ^ "N772UA United Airlines Boeing 777-200". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  18. ^ English, William. "Aviation Incident Final Report" (PDF). ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. DCA18IA092. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  19. ^ Boon, Tom (October 4, 2020). "Japan Airlines 777 Makes Emergency Landing As Engine Cover Comes Loose". Simple Flying. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  20. ^ Zhang, Benjamin (August 3, 2016). "A Boeing 777 just crashed, but it's still one of the safest planes ever to fly". Business Insider. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Japan orders airlines to ground Boeing 777 jets after U.S. incident". The Japan Times. February 22, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  22. ^ Pratt & Whitney. "PW4000-112". Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  23. ^ a b Hookey, Gordon J.; et al. (October 29, 2018). "Powerplants Group Chairman's Factual Report" (PDF). ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. DCA18IA092. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Shepardson, David (February 25, 2021). "United 777 plane flew fewer than half the flights allowed between checks: sourcretres". Reuters. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g "Aircraft Accident Investigative Update" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  26. ^ Levin, Alan (February 25, 2021). "Fan Blade That Broke on United Plane in Denver Had 3,000 Flights". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  27. ^ Reed, Ted (February 21, 2021). "United's Hero Pilots Had A Combined 60 Years Experience, Union Says". Forbes. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  28. ^ "Flight history for aircraft - N772UA". Flightradar24.
  29. ^ a b c d Ostrower, Jon (February 26, 2021). "Fresh 737 Max scars spur quick FAA moves on P&W 777s". The Air Current. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  30. ^ Wise, Jeff (February 20, 2021). "Ancient Boeing 777 Strews Debris Over Colorado". Intelligencer. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  31. ^ Knowles, Hannah (February 21, 2021). "United flight rained debris a mile wide near Denver after engine failure, officials say". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  32. ^ a b c Holcombe, Madeline; Vera, Amir (February 23, 2021). "Investigators release preliminary findings on the United Airlines flight engine failure. Here's what we know". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  33. ^ Levin, Alan (February 25, 2021). "How Cracks in Jet Engines Elude Exams, With Deadly Results". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  34. ^ a b c "Damage to fan blade in United Boeing 777 engine consistent with metal fatigue -NTSB". Reuters. Reuters Staff. February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  35. ^ Polek, Gregory (February 23, 2021). "Investigators Find Metal Fatigue in UAL 777's Failed Engine". Aviation International News. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  36. ^ NTSBgov (February 22, 2021). NTSB Media Briefing on the investigation into United 328 engine incident. YouTube. National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  37. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Serious incident Boeing 777-222 N773UA, 13 Feb 2018". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  38. ^ Levin, Alan (February 23, 2021). "Metal Fatigue Seen as Trigger for Boeing 777 Engine Failure". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  39. ^ Paradis, Cullen (February 25, 2021). "Boeing 777 Engine Covers Were Engineering Focus For Years Before Failures". International Business Times. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  40. ^ a b "Engine that endangered United flight has troubled history". NBC News. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  41. ^ a b Manfredi, Lucas (February 24, 2021). "United Flight 382 and similar incidents involving Boeing 777 with Pratt & Whitney engines". Fox Business. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  42. ^ Waldron, Greg (December 7, 2020). "JAL 777-200 engine loses panel, suffers blade damage after takeoff". Flight Global. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  43. ^ "NDI Process Failures Preceded B777 PW4077 Engine FBO - Aerossurance". Accidents & Incidents. Aerossurance Limited. July 22, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  44. ^ "JAL機 那覇空港に緊急着陸 機体左側のエンジン破損 けが人なし" [JAL aircraft Emergency landing at Naha Airport Engine damage on the left side of the aircraft No injuries] (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved December 4, 2020. NHKが那覇空港に設置したカメラでは、滑走路上で停止したあとけん引されている日本航空のボーイング777型機の機体は、左側のエンジン内部の羽根の一部がなくなり、カバーも破損しているのが確認できます。.... NHKが那覇空港に設置したカメラから撮影された映像には機体左側の第1エンジンのブレード＝羽根が破損して穴が空いているように見えるほか、外側のカバーが外れてめくりあがっているように見えます。 [According to the camera installed by NHK at Naha Airport, the Boeing 777 aircraft of Japan Airlines, which is being towed after stopping on the runway, has some of the blades inside the engine on the left side missing and the cover is also damaged.... In the image taken from the camera installed by NHK at Naha Airport, it seems that the blade of the first engine on the left side of the aircraft is damaged and there is a hole, and the outer cover is peeled off and turned up.]
  45. ^ "Japan Airlines Boeing 777 turns back after engine failure". Aerotime. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  46. ^ a b c Chokshi, Niraj; Dooley, Ben (February 26, 2021). "Boeing Calls for Global Grounding of 777s Equipped With One Engine Model". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  47. ^ a b Frost, Jamie; Freed, David; Shepardson, Laurence (February 23, 2021). "Boeing engine blowouts investigated as older 777s are suspended". Reuters. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  48. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 248036". Aviation Safety Network. February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  49. ^ "PW4000-94 Engine". Pratt & Whitney. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  50. ^ Bellamy, Woodrow, III (February 23, 2021). "Boeing 777s Equipped with Pratt & Whitney 4000 Engines Grounded Following UAL 328". Aviation Today. Retrieved February 26, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "NTSB Issues Investigative Update for United Airlines Flight 328 Engine Failure Event". www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  52. ^ "Aviation Investigation Final Report DCA21FA085". ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  53. ^ @BroomfieldPD (February 20, 2021). "Getting reports that a plane flying over @broomfield had engine trouble and dropped debris in several neighborhoods around 1:08 pm. No injuries reported at this time. Plane did not land in Broomfield. Media staging area TBD" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  54. ^ "Broomfield park-goers recount seeing debris fall from United Airlines plane Saturday – Broomfield Enterprise". Broomfield Enterprise. February 20, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  55. ^ "Japan grounds 32 JAL and ANA jets after Boeing engine fire". Nikkei. February 22, 2021.
  56. ^ Massie, Graeme (February 22, 2021). "United grounds 777s as FAA orders probe into Colorado engine failure". The Independent. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  57. ^ Charpentreau, Clement (February 22, 2021). "UK bans specific Boeing 777 following engine incidents". AeroTime News. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  58. ^ French, Cameron (February 22, 2021). "Transport Canada may consider banning Boeing 777s from airspace following engine fire". CTVNews. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  59. ^ "Boeing 777: Dozens grounded after Denver engine failure". BBC News. February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  60. ^ "Japan Airlines to retire 777 planes with Pratt & Whitney engines after United incident". Reuters. April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  61. ^ "United Airlines plans to resume operations of grounded 777 planes". Reuters. April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  62. ^ "UK Repeals Ban On Boeing 777s With PW4000 Engines". Simple Flying. April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  63. ^ "U.S. FAA to require strengthening key part on Boeing 777 engine". Reuters. May 12, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  64. ^ Griff, Zach (June 28, 2021). "United's upgrading 8 Hawaii routes with its nicest wide-body jets". www.msn.com. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  65. ^ Tangel, Andrew (August 30, 2021). "United Jets With Engines in Denver Incident May Not Fly Until Next Year". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  66. ^ Josephs, Leslie (May 17, 2022). "United Airlines says FAA has cleared 52 Boeing 777s to fly again after they were grounded for engine failure". CNBC. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  67. ^ Chua, Alfred (June 13, 2022). "Jin Air returns PW4000-powered 777s to service; takes first 737 Max". Flight Global. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  68. ^ "The complete list of grounded 777s and where they are". Flightradar24. February 24, 2021.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Airlines_Flight_328&oldid=1179518585"