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Benadiri people

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Banaadiri people
البنادريون
Total population
1,486,000 (2010)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Mogadishu, Merca, Baraawe, Kismayo, Gendershe, Jaziira and other towns in Koonfuur Galbeed
Languages
Benadiri Somali, Somali, Chimwini and Mahdoonte
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bajuni,[2] Bravanese, Swahili, Somalis

The Banaadiri people (Somali: Reer Benaadir, Arabic: البنادريون) are a people group in Somalia. Banaadiris largely inhabit Somalia's southern coastline.

Overview

Although the Benadiri are sometimes described as the founders of Mogadishu (hence, their colloquial name Reer Xamar or "People of Mogadishu",[3] though the city itself is postulated to be a successor of ancient Sarapion[4]), the Benadiris originate from a group of Arab travelers who settled along the southern coast of Somalia and built stone towns for defense and trade.[5][6]

Their members also trace their origins to diverse groups. The latter includes Arab, Bantu, Indian, Persian and Somali people.[7][8][9]

Reer Xamar were instrumental in helping to consolidate the local Muslim community, especially in the coastal Benadir region.[10] During the colonial period, they were also among the founding members of the Somali Youth League, Somalia's first political party.[11]

Banaadiri Confederates

The Banaadiri people split up based on their settlements which range from Mogadishu to Barawa , named after the towns in which they are based in. The largest settlements being Mogadishu (Xamar), Marka and Barawa. In the three big cities there are clans that can also be found in other town umbrella's in the example of Asharaf, Haatim, Reer Faqi and Shanshiyo these clans can be found among all 3 towns. (Shanshiyo and Reer Faqi are part of the Biido confederacy in Baraawe)

Reer Xamar

    • Abakaaro (Haatim sub clan)
    • Reer Sheykh Muuminow
      • Reer Xaaji Maxamed
      • Reer Xaaji Aamin
      • Reer Xaaji Maxamed (....)
    • Abdi Samad
    • Ali Mohamed
    • 'Amuudi
    • Asharaf
    • Askarey
    • Aydarussi
    • Bandhaboow (a confederacy of 7 clans)[12]
      • Amin Khalaafow
      • Bahar Suufi
      • Oontiro
      • Sheybo
      • Quruwaaye
      • Ahmed Nur
      • Ali iyo Mohamed
    • Ba Fadal
    • Ba Hamish
    • Ba Sadiq
    • Ba Mukhtar
    • Dhabarweyn (3 clan confederacy)
      • Wabaas (3 clan confederacy)
        • Reer Aw Bakar
        • Reer Misgal
        • Reer Makaran
      • Mohamed Jibril
      • Haaji Qarar
    • Gudmane
    • Indho Weyne (4 clan confederacy)
      • Reer Rooblow
      • Reer Cali Musa
      • Mussa Haaji
      • Aw Mumin Hassan
    • Moorsho Mariid
    • Qalmashube(3 clan confederacy)
      • Haji Ibrahim
      • Haji Abdi
      • Baaqashwa
    • Reer Faqi
    • Reer Haaji
    • Reer Shiikh
    • Saddeh' Geedi
      • Aadan Dheere
      • Reer Cabdulle
      • Reer 'Awaale
    • Shanshiyo
    • Shamsi


Reer Jaziira ( Sheekhaal Jaziira)

    • Reer Xaaji
    • Reer Qaasim
    • Reer Maad


Reer Gendershe ( Sheekhaal Gendershe)

    • Reer Maadsheekh
    • Reer Ibrahim
    • Reer Izgowe
    • Reer Muraad
    • Naakhuude
    • Meheri
    • Gaameedle ( Macalin Faqi Burhaan)

Reer Marka

Reer Marka are also known as locally and politically as 12 koofi iyo mashayikh (Somali: 12 caps and 3 Sheikhs); there are currently 15 clans in the traditional elder council. With the clan group Reer Maanyo being considered one despite they themselves being a confederation of 4 different clans in the city of Marka.

Reer Baraawe

  • The Reer Baraawe
    • Biido
      • Ra Waali
      • Ra Ma'limu
      • Gabro
      • Ra Mashaanga
      • Reer Faqi
      • Ra Shaqali (Ra Baqtiile, Ra Duressa)
      • Cabdi Shuqaale
      • Ra Bakari (Ra Nurshe, Ra Raabe, Ra Banawari)
      • Ba Sadiq
      • Raa Mkaawu
      • Zimarka
      • Ra Mgumi
    • Haatim
    • Asharaf

Distribution

Mogadishu's coast in 1994

The Banadiri people are primarily and traditionally based on the southern coastal towns of Mogadishu, Marka and Baraawe where Reer Hamar, Reer Marka (12 koofi) and Reer Baraawe confederacies are traditionally based. They can also be found in Warsheikh and other coastal towns between Mogadishu and Baraawe such as Jaziira, Abaay Dhahaan, Dhaanane, Jilib Marka, Gendershe, Munghiya[13] and further south in the town of Kismayo. Off the coast Benadiri people are also found in towns such as Afgooye, Genale, Bulo Burto, Mahadei Weyne, Balcad, Jowhar, Beled Weyne, Diinsor, Bur Hakaba, Baidoa,[14] Bardheere, Buale, Jilib, Jamaame[15] and villages surrounding these towns.

In Mogadishu the Benadiri people are primarily found in the 2 oldest districts of the city: Hamar Weyne and Shingani. However they also have a large presences in adjacent districts to the ancient districts of Mogadishu such as 'Abdiaziz, Shibis, Boondheere, Hamar Jajab, Waaberi and Madina.[16] With the Benadiri presences in these districts being made of both the native reer Xamars and other Benadiri people who had moved to the city after the expansion that came with it being made the capital of Somalia.

Much like Mogadishu the Benadiri people in Merca are primarily based in the oldest part of the city, Saraha and Aw Balle. Much like Mogadishu the Benadiri clans in Merca also have a huge presence in the newer parts of the towns such as Ruusiya, Beytuuras, 'El Bashiirow and Buulo Jaan. Majority of the benadiri in the town are from member clans of the 12 Koofi confederacy however Bravenese and Reer Hamar people can be found here in Merca, the latter primarily moving to the city after the civil war

In Baraawe, the Bravenese people primarily live in the two oldest towns of Mpayi and Biruune. They also have a presence in Al Bamba, Baghdaadi and Bulo Baazi where they live with groups who are more recent to the town. These towns later on had their names changed by the Siad Barre government, where Biruune and Al Bamba are now Dayax (Somali: Moon), Mpaayi has been renamed Wadajir (Somali: United) and Baghdaad being renamed Hawlwadaag (Somali: Work-sharing).[17] These name changes under the nationalist socialist regime mainly came about to deny the peculiarities of the history of that city compared to other cities in Somalia.  

In the hinterlands of the coast these groups from Mogadishu, Merca and Baraawe are primarily found in trading hubs such as; Afgooye, Bur Hakaba, Baidoa, Wanlaweyne, Jowhar, Diinsoor, Bardheere and Luuq. Many of these communities were established in these places due to trade with the local clans living there or in a lot of the cases being part of a Sufi Jama'ah being found in these towns and their surroundings. In the case of Reer Shaykh Muminoow clan from Hamar Weyne district clan founder is buried in Bur Hakaba and is a Sufi saint for the Rahanweyne local clans in Bur Hakaba, Baidoa and as far as Luuq where they do siyaaro at his grave yearly along with descendants of his from both the hinterlands and the coast.[18]

Languages

The Benadiri community is not a homogenous group in regards to the languages they speak. As the language they speak is usually dictated by the region they hail from than anything.

The 12 Koofi speak a dialect of Somali colloquially referred to as Mahdoonte (Somali: Mahaa rabta, English: What do you want) or as some linguists have named Aff Asharaf[19] and in some communities in Mogadishu. Especially in the historic Shingani district. This dialect according to Benadiri elders is very similar to the Af-Reer Xamar dialect spoken in the Hamar Weyne district and it surrounding districts.[20] As there was a 3-4% difference in the dialects according to some of the elders.[20]

The Bravanese speak the Bravanese language (Chimwiini or Chimini), Northern Dialect of Swahili. Chi- is a prefix denoting "language", and Miini (Mwiini) is the alternative name of Barawa, the Bravanese people themselves would never call the town as Barawa or Brava, but rather as Miini.[21] Chimini is a standard version of the original Bravanese language which is called Chambalazi, the standard Chimini language contains and Arabic. Chambalazi contains some of the oldest Swahili words and dialects, it started to evolve through time and intermixing of other ethnicity and languages. The Barawa language is over 1000 years old, and still spoken today by approximately 30,000 Bravanese, this is due to the preservation of the language by the early scholars in Barawa. Sheikh Qassim al Barawi was the first Bravanese Scholar to start writing standard Chimini, it was written in Persian and Arabic. Throughout history, the language was used to spread Islam in the Swahili Coast, this was done via poetry and Religious books or manuscripts.[22]

Festivals

Istaqfuurow

Istaqfurow or Istaqfurlow derives form the Arabic word Astaġfiru (Arabic: أَسْتَغْفِرُ) which translates to "seeking forgiveness". Istighfar, seeking forgiveness from Allah is a common practice of Muslims all around the world and you'll hear in everyday conversation between Muslims. Istaqfuro is an annual Benadiri event held in the Hamar Weyne district of Mogadishu when there is high winds and high tides. The festive goers chant "Astaqfuru Rabukum, Innahu Kaana Qaffuura Yursilo Samaa calaykum Mitraaran" a passage from the Quran Surat Nur verse 10 which translates as "Ask Allah forgiveness, for He is forgiving He will send rain from the sky" (Arabic: فَقُلْتُ اسْتَغْفِرُوا رَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُ كَانَ غَفَّارًا). During this Festival, animals are slaughtered and prayers are said, in search of God‟s forgiveness for transgressions, to ask for the calming of the winds so that ships can sail, and for the rains to come.[23] Despite the locals treating this festival as a festival with Islamic, many believe this festival is a pre-Islamic festival where locals on the coast of southern Somalia. As the festival is a reaction to a natural phenomenon of a particular season, which is linked to the solar calendar and not the lunar which Muslims follow.[24][25]

Shirka

Shirka being done in 1885

The Shirka is a festival that happens annually in the Hamar Weyne district of Mogadishu. This festival is most generally known as dabshiid which translate to lighting of the fire in Somali (Neyrus in Persian), this festival occurs in Mogadishu at the same time as the Istunka in Afgooye, and is so similar as to be the same. The men gather in groups by lineage, and wear different coloured shirts with matching headbands to identify their clan affiliations, they also carry long sticks that they thrust up and down in rhythm as they chant and shuffle through the designated route of the neighbourhoods of Hamar Weyne.[26] At the start of the shir festivities, the Reer Faqi elders, in keeping with their position of neutrality in the community, are called upon to bless the occasion.[27] The festival starts and ends at Jama'a Xamar Weyne, Xamar Weyne near the Moorsho neighbourhood.

Notable Figures

Religious leaders

  • ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz alAmawī, was a scholar following the Shāfi‘ī school of jurisprudence and was also adviser to several sultans of Zanzibar
  • Sheikh Abubakar Sheikh Muhiyiddiin, senior Qadi of Mogadishu like his father Sheikh Muhiyidin Moalim Mukarram and high-ranking cleric for twenty years. He is the one who supplied rare and precious documents to Cerulli which enabled him (Cerulli) to reconstruct the history of the Arabs in the Benadir. A primary document of which was the Book of the Zeng, but the antique documents came from the archives of the grandfather, Moalim Mukarram, who died 1850[28]
  • Al-sheikh Mohammad Yahya Ala'deen bin Moallim Mukaram, senior Qadi in Mogadihsu and the teacher of Sheikh Abba from whom he learned the book Matin Abi Shuja[29]
  • Shaykh Abi-Bakar Bin Mihdaar, buried in Warsheekh about 70 km from Mogadishu. Pre civil war he's gravesight was a place of pilgrimage for Sufi adherents[30] but in November 2010.[31] Was the teacher of ulema such as Abd al-Raḥman bin Aḥmad al-Zaylaʽi[32] and many more.
  • Aw Osman Hassan, also known as Aw Usmaan Marki. Synonymous with the Benadiri town of Merca where there's saying "Merca 'Aday Mininka Aw Osman", which translates to as "White Merca House of Aw Osman"[33] He is venerated in not only Marka but all over Lower Shabelle, there is a mosque named after him[34] in the beginning of the city when coming from the former port where annual ziyaaros happen for Aw Usmaan. It is said that the Shaykh had died in the year 1560.[35]
  • Aw Faqi Aboor, Faqih Shaykh Ahmed bin Faqih Abubakar bin Faqih Abhajj[36] more commonly known as Aw Faqi Aboor. Is the most celebrated ancestor of the Reer Faqi's where an annual ziyaaro is done for him for 15 days annually where quran is read along with traditional practices. He's graveyard is to the west of Boondheere not too far from Villa Somalia.[37]
  • Shaykh Mohammad Ba Hassan,The ancestor of the notorious Shiikhaal Jasiira clan and the master of ‘Ilm al-Asraar (“secret knowledge”), whose shrine is visited even today in Jazira a town, south of Mogadishu.[38]
  • Shaykh Ahmed Haaji Malaaq, Religious reformer and opponent of Italian colonial conquest. Unlike his counterparts, who usually preached in masjid that were locally based or identified with a tariqa (order), Sheikh Mohhadi lectured in masjid in diverse quarters of Mogadishu, such as the Jamaa Xamar Weyne’, Fakhruddin, Arba’ Rukun, and Shingani masjid. He was well known for his anti colonial stance expressed in his khutbah (Friday sermons). In 1889, he condemned the Italo-Zanzibar treaties, which handed over the Banadir ports, including Mogadishu, and the inland territory to the Italians as colonial possessions. To show his holy defiance, he abandoned Mogadishu, darul kufr (the place of the infidels), in what he called a hijra (thus, replicating the Prophet's Hijra to Medina) to Nimow, about 15 kilometers north of Jazira on the coast, which he proclaimed darul Islam). There he established the Jama’adda Nimow (the Nimow Brotherhood).[39] Buried at Warabaale on the way to Afgooye, about 16 km from Mogadishu[40]
  • Shaykh Mahad Nur Diinlow, the teacher of Sheikh Sufi and father of Shaykh Ahmad bin Hajji Mahad Al Muqdishi, who was mentioned in the biography of Shaykh Uways al-Barawi mentioning him as being one of the most prominent Qadirriys Khulfa[41]
  • Shaykh Mohamud Hassan, the ancestor of the Reer Ma'ow (Ba Muqtar) clan of the Reer Maanyo confederacy and annual festival is held for him.[42]
  • Shaykh Sufi, Abd Al-Rahman bin Abdullah al Shashi (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الشاشي) (b. 1829 - 1904), popularly known as Sheikh Sufi, was a 19th-century Somali scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist. An annual festival is held for him in the Koodka neighbourhood of Hamar Weyne.[43]
  • Sheikh Abba, for the latter part of the twentieth century Sheikh Mahamed Sheikh Ahmed Sheikh Mahamud al-Shashy, popularly known as Sheikh Abba, was a leading member of the Mogadisho 'ulama, a follower of the Qadiriyya tariqa and a foremost sheikh of Hamar Weyne.[44]
  • Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Qaḥṭānī al-Wāʾilī (c. 1790–1869) was a Bravanese who became chief Shāfiʿī qāḍī of Zanzibar. He was the author of poems in Arabic and Swahili and other works, including one on tawḥīd and a commentary on al-Nawawīʾs Minḥāj al-Ṭālibīn.[45]
  • Sheikh Nureini Ahmed Sabiri Al Hatimi, (died December 1909), a member of the Hatimi group of Brava, was an influential ʿālim who served as qāḍī during the reign of Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar and during the very first period of Italian colonial rule. A specialist in fiqh, Sheikh Nureni also composed qaṣāʾid in Arabic. Under the influence of his teacher Shaykh Maḥmūd Waʿays he became a follower of the Aḥmadiyyah. He had close relations of friendship with Sheikh Uways and Dada Masiti, both affiliated with the Qādiriyyah, and became the teacher of Mallim Nuri.[45]
  • Dada Masiti, Mana Sitti Habib Jamaladdin (Arabic: مانا ستي حبيب جمال الدين) (c. 1810s – 15 July 1919), commonly known as Dada Masiti ("Grandmother Masiti"), was an Ashraf poet, mystic and Islamic scholar. She composed her poetry in the Bravanese dialect spoken in Barawa.[46]
  • Uways Al Barawi, Sheikh Uways b. Mohamed b. Mahadh al-Qādirī (c. 1847–1909) was the foremost sheikh of the Qādiriyyah in Somalia and teacher of Sheikh Qasim[47]
  • Sheikh Qasim Muhyiddin Maie Omar, widely known as Qāsim b. Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Barāwī (1882–1922) was a Bravanese ʿālim. After studying with the Qādirī sheikhs Uways and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbdallah al-Shāshī (“Sheikh Sufi”), he became a prominent member and propagator of the Qādiriyyah. An accomplished Arabist, he left an impressive production of religious poems in Arabic and in Chimiini. Some of the latter compositions are translations of Arabic texts.[48]
  • Shaykh Ahmed Muhiyyidin, was the teacher of Shaykh Sufi from who he received his ijaza on the qaddiriyah tariqa from.[49]
  • Sheikh Mahamuud Sh.Abdulrahman Sh. Ahmed, the paternal grandfather of Sheikh Abba and early teacher of the Sheikh.[50]
  • Sheikh Abdul Majeed Sheikh Mohammad Sheikh Sufi, the grandson of Sheikh Sufi and the teacher/mentor of Sheikh Abba after the death of his grandfather. Taught out of the Awooto Eeday mosque in Xamar Weyne district of Mogadishu.[50]
  • Shaykh Ali Maye, a revered Sufi saint of the Duruqbo clan, a yearly festival is held for him outside his shrine in Marka and it ends on the 5 of the Islamic month of Safar.[51]
  • Shaykh Mohamed Shaykh Ali Maye, son of the revered Sufi saint Shaykh Ali Maye buried in Boondhere, Mogadishu[52]
  • Sharif 'Aydarus, a famous scholar of Islamic and Somali history and pan-Islamic leader.[53]Sheikh qulatayn bin mudhir al nadhiri

From Barawe

Politics

  • Bur’i Mohamed Hamza, was a Somali-Canadian politician. From August 2012 to January 2014, he was a Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia. He later served as the State Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Somalia from January to October 2014, and subsequently as the State Minister of Finance until December 2014. He was the State Minister of the Premier's Office for Environment at the time of his death.
  • Haji Mohamed Hussien, popular pan-Somalist, founder of the Greater Somali League (GSL) in 1958, one of the 13 founders of the Somali Youth Club in 1943 [54]
  • Jeylani Nur Ikar
  • Abdirashid Mohamed Ahmed, current Petroleum minister of the Federal Government of Somalia and former minister of Commerce and industry.[citation needed]
  • Mohamed Ahmed Raajis, Human rights activist and lawyer, prominent Banadiri political opposition leader 1960-2000s and representative of the Benadiris in the reconciliation conferences during the 90s and the early 2000s. Died in Nairobi, Kenya[55] was head of the SNU party before his death
  • Dhere Haji Dheere, One of 13 SYL founders.
  • Fahma Mohamed Nuur, Lawyer, politician, parliament member since 2000, member of the federal constitutional committee, held various federal government ministers since 2000-

Sports

  • Ramla Ali, current African Featherweight Champion and the first boxer in history to have won a boxing title whilst representing Somalia.
  • Muhidin Abubakar, currently ranked as the number one amateur flyweight MMA fighter in the UK and Ireland.[56]

Film

Art

See also

References

  1. ^ "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Somalia".
  2. ^ "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Somalia".
  3. ^ Abbink, J. (1999). The total Somali clan genealogy: a preliminary sketch. African Studies Centre. p. 18.
  4. ^ Vérin, Pierre (1986). The History of Civilisation in North Madagascar. A.A. Balkema. p. 30. ISBN 9789061910213.
  5. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Somalia: The Reer Hamar and/or Benadiri, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  6. ^ Refworld.org, Refworld.org. "Situation in South and Central Somalia (including Mogadishu)" (PDF).
  7. ^ Africa, Volumes 8-9. Kraus Reprint. 1975. p. 199. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  8. ^ https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/benadiri
  9. ^ "Benadiri, the".
  10. ^ Cassanelli, Lee V. (1973). "The Benaadir past: essays in southern Somali history". University of Wisconsin: 24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.
  12. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. pp. 132–133.
  13. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 9.
  14. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 143.
  15. ^ VII Censimento Generale della Populazione. Elenco dei Comuni del Regno e loro Populazione Residente e Presente al 21 Aprile 1931-IX. Rome: Italy. Direzione Generale della Statistica. 1931. pp. 120–133.
  16. ^ Country Information and Guidance South and central Somalia: Majority clans and minority groups March 2015. 2015. pp. 30–31.
  17. ^ Bernard Moizo & Dominique Guillaud (1999). Variations. p. 34. ISBN 978-2-87678-511-3.
  18. ^ Lewis, I. M. Saints and Somalis; Popular Islam in a clan-based society. pp. 83–87.
  19. ^ Lamberti (1984). The Linguistic Situation in the Somali Democratic Republic. p. 174.
  20. ^ a b Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 111.
  21. ^ Vianello, A. 'Stringing Coral Beads': The Religious Poetry Of Brava (C. 1890-1975). p. 1.
  22. ^ 'Stringing Coral Beads': The Religious Poetry Of Brava (C. 1890-1975). p. 58.
  23. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 172.
  24. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 173.
  25. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed. Historical Dictionary of Somalia, New Edition. pp. 122–123.
  26. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 177.
  27. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 179.
  28. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 158.
  29. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 277.
  30. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 193.
  31. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 210.
  32. ^ Haji Mukhtar, Mohamed. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 202.
  33. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 217.
  34. ^ Haaji Mukhtaar, Mohamed. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 146.
  35. ^ Ahmed, Hassan. La Citta' di Marka, I Biimaal e il Dominio Sulla Costa Somala. p. 10.
  36. ^ Scott, Reese. Renewers of the age Holy men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir. p. 48.
  37. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. pp. 188–190.
  38. ^ Haaji Mukhtar, Mohamed. Historical dictionary of Somalia. p. 210.
  39. ^ Haji Mukhtar, Mohamed. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. pp. 205–206.
  40. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 245.
  41. ^ Reese, Scott. Renewers of the age Holy men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir. p. 223.
  42. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. pp. 159 and 211.
  43. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 161.
  44. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 223.
  45. ^ a b Vianello, Kapteijns & Kassim. 'Stringing Coral Beads': The Religious Poetry of Brava (c. 1890–1975). p. 78.
  46. ^ Declich, Francesca. "Sources on Islam Composed in the Vernacular: Somali Women's Religious Poetry". Islam in East Africa: New Sources. Rome: Herder. pp. 297–330.
  47. ^ Vianello, Kapteijns & Kassim. Stringing Coral Beads': The Religious Poetry of Brava (c. 1890–1975). p. 80.
  48. ^ Vianello, Kapteijns & Kassim. Stringing Coral Beads': The Religious Poetry of Brava (c. 1890–1975). p. 79.
  49. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 288.
  50. ^ a b Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 287.
  51. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 216.
  52. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 212.
  53. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-99-8.
  54. ^ Haji Mukhtar, Mohamed. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 95.
  55. ^ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. p. 157.
  56. ^ "United Kingdom & Ireland Amateur Men's Flyweight MMA Rankings". Archived from the original on 2020-03-28.
  57. ^ "Department of State. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014". Archived from the original on 2014-09-12.
  58. ^ "Department of State. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023". Archived from the original on 2014-09-12.

Further reading

  • Gundel, Joakim (2009). Clans in Somalia (PDF). Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation (Report).
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Rahanweyn
Benadiri
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