Government of Nepal
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| नेपाल सरकार | |
.svg) Emblem of Nepal | |
 Flag of Nepal | |
| Government overview | |
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| Jurisdiction | Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal |
| Headquarters | Singha Durbar, Kathmandu |
| Minister responsible | |
| Government executive |
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| Website | nepal |
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Executive:
Judiciary: |
 Nepal portal |
The Government of Nepal (Template:Lang-ne) is the federal executive authority of Nepal. Prior to the abolition of the Nepali monarchy in 2006 (Nepal became a republic in 2008), it was officially known as His Majesty's Government.
The head of state is the president and the prime minister holds the position of the head of executive. The role of president is largely ceremonial as the functioning of the government is managed entirely by the prime minister, who is appointed by the Parliament. The heads of constitutional bodies are appointed by the president on the recommendation of Constitutional Council, with the exception of the attorney general, who is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.
History
Old Bharadari governmentship
The character of government in Kingdom of Nepal was driven from consultative state capacity of the previous Gorkha hill principality, known as Bharadar.[note 1][1] These Bharadars were not drawn from high caste and politically influential families. For instance; Thar Ghan aristocratic group in the earlier Gorkha hill principality. Bharadars formed a consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as councillors, ministers and diplomats.[1] There was no one single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries, consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion.[1] Another reason was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 and 1847 that led to establishment of anarchial rule.[2] The government was stated to have been controlled by regents, Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support.[2] In the end of the 18th century, the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions: Thapas and Pandes.[2] As per historians and contemporary writer Francis Hamilton, the government of Nepal[note 2] comprised
- 1 Chautariya
- 4 Kajis
- 4 Sirdar/Sardars
- 2 Subedars
- 1 Khazanchi
- 1 Kapardar.[1]
As for Regmi states, the government of Nepal comprised
- 4 Chautariyas
- 4 Kajis
- 4 Sirdar/Sardars.[1] Later, the number varied after King Rana Bahadur Shah abdicated his throne to minor son in 1799.[1] There were 95 Bharadars as per the copper inscription of King Rana Bahadur Shah.[1]
In 1794, King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal, had no official part to play.[3][4] Rana Bahadur appointed Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Chief (Mul) Kaji among the newly appointed four Kajis though Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji.[4] Kirtiman had succeeded Abhiman Singh Basnyat as Chief Kaji[5] while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief (Mul) Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah, then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah by a Chhetri Queen Subarna Prabha Devi.[4] Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794. Later, Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi[6] and his brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat, was then given the post of Chief (Mul) Kaji.[7] Later Damodar Pande was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as Chief Kaji.[8] When the exiled abdicated King Rana Bahadur Shah prepared his return in 1804, he arrested many government officials including then Chief Kaji Damodar Pande and sacked the reigning government. He took over the administration of Nepal by assuming the position of Mukhtiyar (chief authority).[9][10][11] A new government was constituted with favoring officials. Bhimsen Thapa was made a second kaji; Ranajit Pande, who was the father-in-law of Bhimsen's brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Kaji; Sher Bahadur Shah, Rana Bahadur's half-brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Chautariya; while Rangnath Paudel was made the Raj Guru (royal spiritual preceptor).[12][13] Later in April 1806, tensions arose between Chief Chautariya Sher Bahadur Shah and Mukhtiyar Rana Bahadur Shah on the night of 25 April 1806 during a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house[14][15] where around 10 pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew a sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and Bal Narsingh Kunwar, also allies of Bhimsen.[16][17] The assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river[18][19] after which Kaji Bhimsen killed 55 senior officials to benefit from the chaos.[20] He was declared Mukhtiyar (Chief Authority) of Nepal and led the new government from a royal mandate of minor King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah.[21]
Mukhtiyars ruled over the executive and administrative functions of the state until its replacement by British conventional prime minister in 1843 conferred upon then ruling Mukhtiyar Mathabar Singh Thapa.[22]
Ideals of the old Bharadari governmentship
The policies of the old Bharadari governments were derived from ancient Hindu texts as Dharmashastra and Manusmriti.[23] The King was considered as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions.[23] The judiciary functions were decided on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct.[23] The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also pardon the offenders and grant return to the country.[23] The government on practicality was not an absolute monarchy due to the dominance of Nepalese political clans making the Shah monarch a puppet ruler.[23] These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a Hindu state.
Structure
Head of State
Executive
- Prime Minister : Pushpa Kamal Dahal
- Chief Secretary : Baikuntha Aryal
Legislative
- Speaker of House of Representatives : Dev Raj Ghimire[24]
- Chairman of National Assembly : Ganesh Prasad Timilsina[25]
Judiciary
Government agencies in Nepal
Ministries
Current cabinet : Dahal cabinet, 2022
Date of formation : 26 December 2022[26]
Constitutional bodies
| Constitutional body | Head of constitutional body | |
|---|---|---|
| Position/Title | Fuc | |
| Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority | Chief Commissioner | Prem Kumar Rai |
| Office of The Attorney General | Attorney General | Dinmani Pokharel |
| Office of the Auditor General | Auditor General | Tanka Mani Sharma (Dangal) |
| Election Commission | Chief Election Commission | Dinesh Thapaliya |
| Public Service Commission | Chairman | Madhav Prasad Regmi |
| National Women Commission | Chairperson | Kamala Kumari Parajuli |
| National Human Rights Commission | Chairman | Top Bahadur Magar |
| National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission | Chairman | Balananda Poudel |
Security services
| Security Service | Head of agency | |
|---|---|---|
| Position/Title | Current Head | |
| Nepal Army | Chief of Army Staff (प्रधान सेनापति) | Gen. Prabhu Ram Sharma |
| Nepal Police | Inspector General (प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Basanta Bahadur Kunwar |
| Armed Police Force | Inspector General (सशस्त्र प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Raju Aryal |
| National Investigation Department | Chief Investigation Director | Yedu Lal Kharel |
International organisation participation
United Nations, UNDP Nepal, SAARC, ESCAP, FAO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, Interpol, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WTO.
See also
Notes
- ^ Bharadar translates as 'bearers of burden of state'.
- ^ Here the government of Nepal can simply be called Bharadari Sabha or Council of Bharadars.
- ^ a b Prime Minister Dahal is in charge of the Ministry of Forests and Environment and the Ministry of Youth and Sports since 26 December 2022.[27]
- ^ a b Prime Minister Dahal is in charge of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security since 5 February 2023.[27]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Pradhan 2012, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Pradhan 2012, p. 9.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Pradhan 2012, p. 12.
- ^ Karmacharya 2005, p. 56.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 34.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 14.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 54.
- ^ Nepal 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 15.
- ^ Nepal 2007, p. 58.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 55.
- ^ Acharya 2012, pp. 64–66.
- ^ Nepal 2007, p. 62.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 67.
- ^ Nepal 2007, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Acharya 2012, pp. 68–71.
- ^ Nepal 2007, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 16.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 71.
- ^ Kandel, Devi Prasad (2011). Pre-Rana Administrative System. Chitwan: Siddhababa Offset Press. p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e Pradhan 2012, p. 7.
- ^ "Ghimire elected Speaker of the House of Representatives". The Kathmandu Post. January 19, 2023. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ "Timilsina officially elected as NA chairperson". The Kathmandu Post. Mar 14, 2018. Archived from the original on Jul 30, 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Dahal sworn in as prime minister". The Kathmandu Post. Dec 26, 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ a b "PM Dahal shouldering responsibilities of six ministries". myRepublica. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
Works cited
- Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748
- Karmacharya, Ganga (2005), Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846, Nepal: Educational Publishing House, ISBN 9789994633937
- Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857
- Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
External links
- Official website (archived 5 October 2017)
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